UNIVERSITY GOCE DELCEV STIP

FACULTY OF PHILOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

ELT Methodology

SEMINAR PAPER

- The Direct Method-

Mentor

Candidate:

Martin Nikolovski
Index No. 16296
Stip, May 2012
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CONTENTS
1. Introduction ...2
2. Principles and procedures................................... 4
3. Guidelines for teaching oral language... 5
4. Teaching techniques.............................................................................6
5. Advantage and disadvantage.............................................................7
6. Activity..................................................................................................8
7. Activity9
8. Reference ... 10

Introduction:

Gouin had been one of the first of the nineteenth-century reformers to attempt to
build a methodology around observation of child language learning. Other reformers
toward the end of the century likewise turned their attention to naturalistic principles of
language learning, and for this reason they are sometimes referred to as advocates of a
"natural" method. In fact at various times throughout the history of language teaching,
attempts have been made to make second language learning more like first language
learningIn the sixteenth century, for example, Montaigne described how he was
entrusted to a guardian who addressed him exclusively in Latin for the first years of his
life, since Montaigne's father wanted his son to speak Latin well. Among those who tried
to apply natural principles to language classes in the nineteenth century was L. Sauveur
(1826-1907), who used intensive oral interaction in the target language, employing
questions as a way of presenting and eliciting language. He opened a language school
in Boston in the late 1860s, and his method soon became referred to as the Natural
Method.
Sauveur and other believers in the Natural Method argued that a foreign language
could be taught without translation or the use of the learner's native tongue if meaning
was conveyed directly through demonstration and action. The German scholar F.
Franke wrote on the psychological principles of direct association between forms and
meanings in the target language (1884) and provided a theoretical justification for a
monolingual approach to teaching. According to Franke, a language could best be
taught by using it actively in the classroom. Rather than using analytical procedures that
focus on explanation of grammar rules in classroom teaching, teachers must encourage
direct and spontaneous use of the foreign language in the classroom. Learners would
then be able to induce rules of grammar. The teacher replaced the textbook in the early
stages of learning. Speaking began with systematic attention to pronunciation. Known
words could be used to teach new vocabulary, using mime, demonstration, and
pictures.

These natural language learning principles provided the foundation for what came to be
known as the Direct Method, which refers to the most widely known of the natural
methods. Enthusiastic supporters of the Direct Method introduced it in France and
Germany (it was officially approved in both countries at the turn of the century), and it
became widely known in the United States through its use by Sauveur and Maximilian
Berlitz in successful commercial language schools.

Principles and procedures

Classroom instruction was conducted exclusively in the target language.

Only everyday vocabulary and sentences were taught.

Oral communication skills were built up in a carefully graded progression

organized around question-and-answer exchanges between teachers and
students in small, intensive classes.

Grammar was taught inductively.

New teaching points were introduced orally.

Concrete vocabulary was taught through demonstration, objects, and pictures;

abstract vocabulary was taught by association of ideas.

Both speech and listening comprehension were taught.

Correct pronunciation and grammar were emphasized.

Guidelines for teaching oral language

Never translate: demonstrate

Never explain: act

Never make a speech: ask questions

Never imitate mistakes: correct

Never speak with single words: use sentences

Never speak too much: make students speak much

Never use the book: use your lesson plan

Never jump around: follow your plan

Never go too fast: keep the pace of the student

Never speak too slowly: speak normally

Never speak too quickly: speak naturally

Never speak too loudly: speak naturally

Never be impatient: take it easy

Teaching techniques

Dictation: The teacher chooses a grade appropriate passage from a book and
reads the text aloud three times. The first time the passage is read the students
only listen. The second time the passage is read it is read phrase by phrase, with
the teacher pausing long enough for students to write down what they have
heard. The third time the text is read, it is read at normal speed and the students
check their work.

Objective: Listen attentively, courteously, and purposefully to a range of texts

from a variety of cultural traditions for pleasure and information.

Reading Aloud: Students take turns reading sections of a passage, play, or

dialog out loud. At the end of each student's turn the teacher uses gestures,
pictures, examples, or role play to help the students make meaning of the text.

Objective: Orally and silently read a range of contemporary and classical grade
appropriate texts for enjoyment and information.

Advantage

It follows the natural order in which a child learns L1, that is, listening, speaking,
reading, writing.

It lays great emphasis on speaking, the most important skill for many learners.

It avoids the unnatural block of translation in the communication process.

Learners learn the language, not about the language.

Learners have an active role.

Lively classroom procedures motivate the learner.

The emphasis on speech make it attractive for those who need real
communication in L2.

Disadvantage

There is little systematic structural practice.

Learners run the risk of inducing incorrect rules.

The method can be effectively used only by teachers who are native speakers.

The learner is confronted with unstructured situations too soon.

A great deal of teacher-energy is required.

Activity: the teacher show some pictures to children and the children need to guess
what is on the pictures without telling them.
- teacher: what is on this picture?
- Child: its a dog.
- Teacher:in what color is this dog?
- Child: green.
- Teacher: good, its a green dog.
- (teacher shows other picture)
- Teacher: whats this?
- Child: its a yellow dog.
- Teacher: very good.
Positive:
This technique helps the children to create new set of words and helps them better to
memorized them.
Negative:
Without some help from the teacher it takes to much time for children to give the correct
answer.

ctivity: the teacher asks a student to tell one of his yesterday's activity and the student
should then ask another student the same question and so on until the last student.
- Teacher: John what did you do yesterday?
- John: I played computer games.
- Teacher: OK, now repeat the same question to Ana
- John: Ana what did you do yesterday?
- Mary: I did my homework.
- Teacher: OK, now repeat the same question to Michel.
- Ana: Michel what did you do yesterday?
- Michel: I ate sandwich.

Objective: oral communication by asking and providing answers to

questions enables students to develop their speech and expression.

REFERENCE

http://teflpedia.com/Direct_Method

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_method_(education)

http://www.shvoong.com/books/1760534-direct-method-dm-englishteaching/

http://www.preservearticles.com/201105216929/direct-method-ofteaching-english.html

http://www2.uniwuppertal.de/FB4/anglistik/multhaup/methods_elt/5_audio_lingual_approa
ch.htm

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