ABSTRACT
Caustic ingestion is a serious medical problem with a variety of
clinical presentations and a complicated clinical course. This
article reviews the epidemiology and pathophysiology of caustic
ingestion as well as the most current approaches to diagnosis
and treatment. Finally, a recent case will be presented that
highlights the difficulty this problem poses to a medical team.
accounts for most of the serious injuries and longterm complications seen among both children and
adults.3 Short-term complications include perforation
and death. Long-term complications include stricture
and increased lifetime risk of esophageal carcinoma.7
In children, 18% to 46% of all caustic ingestions are
associated with esophageal burns. This number may
be higher in adults who often consume larger
amounts of the caustic substance as part of a suicide
attempt.7,8 Because of its importance, a large portion
of the discussion will be concerned with esophageal
injuries.
Lupa, M
Acid
Bleaches and
other caustics
Example
Injury
Findings
Grade 0
Grade 1 (mucosal)
Grade 2a
(transmucosal)
Grade 2b
Normal mucosa
Edema, hyperemia of mucosa
Blisters, hemorrhages, erosions, whitish
membranes, exudates
Grade 2a findings plus deep or
circumferential ulceration
Small scattered area of ulceration and
areas of necrosis
Extensive necrosis
Grade 3a
(transmural)
Grade 3b
Lupa, M
Figure 1. Endoscopic view of the epiglottis and vocal cords 4 days after ingestion.
models though they do not change stricture formation
rate or infection rate in numerous series.1,4 Antacids
decrease pepsin and acid exposure, which may delay
healing of the esophagus, though again, rigorous trials
are lacking. Larythrogenic drugs, such as N-acetylcysteine and penicillamine, and mitomycin, an antibiotic
and antineoplastic agent, decrease rate of collagen
crosslinking and inhibit protein synthesis, respectively,
and decrease scarring and stricture formation in animal
models.1,5 Data from human trials are lacking.4
Steroids have been a controversial treatment
since they were first shown to decrease granulation
and stricture formation in animal models.4 Some
prospective and retrospective reports have shown
that steroids decrease stricture formation in grade 2
injuries in humans.1,9,10 Recent meta-analyses have
revealed conflicting results. One recent analysis in
2005 included a total of 10 studies15 in which 572
patients showed no decreased incidence of stricture,
with steroids used for second and third-degree (grade
2 and grade 3) burns. In contrast, a meta-analysis of
362 children showed a 40% rate of stricture in the nosteroid group versus a 19% rate of stricture in the
steroid-treated group.14
The landmark randomized trial by Anderson et al2
found no difference in the incidence of stricture
formation with the use of steroids, though the number
of patients in the study was relatively low. A definitive
study on the value of steroids is lacking but, if used,
most resources suggest the concurrent use of
antibiotics.2,4,7 Dosing is controversial and recommendations vary widely.1,8 Side effects of steroids,
especially vulnerability to infection, should be considered.2
CASE REPORT
The following case highlights the complexities of
treating patients who experience caustic ingestion.
Volume 9, Number 2, Summer 2009
Figure 2. Endoscopic view of the epiglottis and vocal cords 11 days after ingestion.
clinical course remained complicated. He was found
to have a stricture involving from 15 to 25 cm of his
esophagus, and balloon dilations were performed
under fluoroscopic guidance 32 days after his initial
injury.
This case highlights the unpredictability of these
injuries. This is made most apparent by the gastric
perforation despite only low-grade findings on initial
endoscopy. Furthermore, the patient had a relatively
unremarkable barium swallow; yet, he developed an
extensive stricture, which currently still requires
dilations, despite all the efforts (antibiotics, nasogastric tube, endoscopies) taken by the team providing
his medical care. Although the indications and
descriptions of standard of care are useful, the
unpredictable nature of these injuries continues to
trump expectations for patient outcomes and for
complications.
COMPLICATIONS
As evidenced by the above case, complications
can occur even in low-grade injuries, though most
long-term sequelae are seen in injuries that are more
severe. Esophageal stricture may be seen as early as
3 weeks after ingestion.2,15 It occurs in 10% to 20% of
caustic injuries, most commonly at the level of the
cricoid cartilage, the region of the aortic arch, and
below the left main stem bronchus, as well as the
esophageal hiatus, all of which are anatomic regions
of narrowing in the esophagus.1,11 Stricture can lead
to severe dysphagia, with approximately 80% of
strictures causing obstructive symptoms 2 months
after their formation.8 Of children ingesting alkalis,
30% will develop esophageal burns; of these, 50%
will develop strictures.5 Severe and recalcitrant
strictures may require esophageal replacement with
colon or jejunum interpositional grafts, while less
58
CONCLUSION
The epidemiology and pathophysiology of caustic
ingestion has been thoroughly described in the
The Ochsner Journal
Lupa, M
REFERENCES
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