The Migration

Upon receiving divine direction to depart from Mecca, Muhammad began taking preparation
and informed Abu Bakr of his plan. On the night of his departure, Muhammad's house was
besieged by men of the Quraysh who planned to kill him in the morning. At the time,
Muhammad possessed property of the Quraysh given to him in trust, so he handed it over to
Ali and directed him to return it to its owners, and asked him to lie down on his bed assuring
him of God's protection. It is said that when Muhammad emerged from his house, he recited
the ninth verse of sura Ya-Seen of the Quran and threw a handful of dust at the direction of
the besiegers, causing the besiegers to be unable to see him.[23] [24] Soon Muhammad joined
Abu Bakr, left the city, and the two took shelter in a cave outside the city. Next morning, the
besiegers were frustrated to find Ali in Muhammad's place. Fooled and thwarted by
Muhammad's plan, they rummaged the city in search for him,[25] and some of them eventually
reached the threshold of the cave, but success eluded them. When the Quraysh came to know
of Muhammad's escape, they announced heavy reward for bringing Muhammad back to
them, alive or dead. Unable to resist this temptation, pursuers scattered in all directions. After
staying for three days, Muhammad and Abu Bakr resumed their journey and were pursued by
Suraqa bin Malik. But each time he neared Muhammad's party, his horse stumbled and he
finally abandoned his desire of capturing Muhammad.[13] After eight days' journey,
Muhammad entered the outskirts of Medina around June 622 CE,[26] but did not enter the city
directly. He stopped at a place called Quba', a place some miles from the main city, and
established a mosque there. After a fourteen-days' stay at Quba', Muhammad along with Abu
Bakr continued their migration to Medina, participated in their first Friday prayer on the way,
and upon reaching the city, were greeted cordially by its people.

Aftermath
[show]

List of battles of Muhammad

Main article: List of expeditions of Muhammad
The Islamic prophet Muhammad's followers suffered from poverty after fleeing persecution
in Mecca and migrating with Muhammad to Medina. Their Meccan persecutors seized their
wealth and belongings left behind in Mecca.[27]
Beginning in January 623, some of the Muslims resorted to the tradition of raiding the
Meccan caravans that traveled along the eastern coast of the Red Sea from Mecca to Syria.
[citation needed]
Communal life was essential for survival in desert conditions, as people needed
support against the harsh environment and lifestyle. The tribal grouping was thus encouraged
by the need to act as a unit. This unity was based on the bond of kinship by blood.[clarification
needed][28]
People of Arabia were either nomadic or sedentary, the former constantly traveling

from one place to another seeking water and pasture for their flocks, while the latter settled
and focused on trade and agriculture. The survival of nomads (or Bedouins) was also partially
dependent on raiding caravans or oases, thus they saw this as no crime.[29][27]
According to Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar), a modern Islamic hagiography of
Muhammad written by the Indian Muslim author Safi ur-Rahman Mubarakpuri, Muhammad
ordered the first caravan raid led by Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib (Muhammad's uncle) seven
to nine months after the Hijra. A party of thirty to forty men assembled at the seacoast near
al-Is, between Mecca and Medina, where Amr ibn Hishm (Abu Jahl), the leader of the
caravan was camping with three hundred Meccan riders.[30][31][32][33]
Ubaydah ibn al-Harith was the commander of the second raid. This raid took place nine
months after the Hijra, a few weeks after the first one at al-Is.[30][31][32][33]

See also

Battle of Badr

List of Islamic terms in Arabic

Prophetic biography

List of expeditions of Muhammad

References
1.
Chronology of Prophetic Events, Fazlur Rehman Shaikh (2001) p.51-52 Ta-Ha Publishers
Ltd.
"Dates of Epoch-Making Events", The Nuttall Encyclopaedia. (Gutenberg version)
Mahomet is an archaism used for Muhammad... See Medieval Christian view of
Muhammad for more information.
Chronology of Prophetic Events, Fazlur Rehman Shaikh (2001) p.52 Ta-Ha Publishers
Ltd.
Moojan Momen (1985),An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: History and Doctrines of
Twelver Shi'ism, Yale University Press, New edition 1987, p. 5.
F. A. Shamsi, "The Date of Hijrah", Islamic Studies 23 (1984): 189-224, 289-323
(JSTOR link 1 + JSTOR link 2).
Al-Biruni confirms it was the 8th. cf. Chronology of Prophetic Events, Fazlur Rehman
Shaikh (2001) p.51 Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd.
Al-Biruni confirms it was the 12th
Chronology of Prophetic Events, Fazlur Rehman Shaikh (2001) pp.51-52 Ta-Ha
Publishers Ltd.
Caussin de Perceval writing in 1847 as reported in 1901 by Sherrard Beaumont
Burnaby, Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars (London: 1901) 3745.
Sell, Edward (1913). The Life of Muhammad. Madras: The Christian Literary Society
for India. p. 70. Retrieved 19 January 2013.

 Holt, P. M.; Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis (2000). The Cambridge History of
Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-521-21946-4.
Shibli Nomani. Sirat-un-Nabi. Vol 1. Lahore
Khan (1980), p.70
Holt, Lambton, and Lewis (2000), p. 40
Sell (1913), p. 71.
Hitti, Philip Khuri (1946). History of the Arabs. London: Macmillan and Co. p. 116.
Holt, et al (2000), p. 40
Khan (1980), p. 73.
Sell (1913), p. 76.
Holt, et al (2000), p. 39
Holt, et al (2000), p. 39-40
Ibn Kathir (2001). Stories of the Prophet: From Adam to Muhammad. Mansoura: Dar
Al-Manarah. p. 389. ISBN 977-6005-17-9.
"Ya-Seen Nineth Verse". Retrieved 4 February 2014.
Muir (1861), vol. 2, p.258-9
Fazlur Rehman Shaikh (2001). Chronology of Prophetic Events. London: Ta-Ha
Publishers Ltd. pp. 51-52
John Esposito, Islam, Expanded edition, Oxford University Press, p.4-5
Watt (1953), pp. 16-18
Loyal Rue, Religion Is Not about God: How Spiritual Traditions Nurture Our
Biological,2005, p.224
Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar (Free Version), p. 127.
Mubarakpuri, When the Moon Split, p. 147.
Haykal, Husayn (1976), The Life of Muhammad, Islamic Book Trust, pp. 217218,
ISBN 978-983-9154-17-7
1.

Hawarey, Dr. Mosab (2010). The Journey of Prophecy; Days of Peace and
War (in Arabic). Islamic Book Trust. Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in
Arabic. English version here

External links