KL
Du m ba rton Oa k s By z a n t i n e S y m p o si a a n d Col l o qu i a
Series Editor
Margaret Mullett
Editorial Board
John Duffy
John Haldon
Ioli Kalavrezou
Sharon E. J. Gerstel
Du m ba rto n Oa k s R e s e a rc h L i b r a ry a n d C ol l e c t io n
www.doaks.org/publications
Designed and typeset by Melissa Tandysh
Cover: View from the Villehardouin Castle at Mystras toward Sparta and the hills
of Parnon (photo: S. Gerstel)
Frontispiece: Church of the Virgin Hodegetria, Mystras, ornamental detail
(photo: S. Gerstel)
CONTENTS
KL
Acknowledgments L ix
Introduction L 1
sharon e. j. gerstel
The Morea through the Prism of the Past L 9
Elizabeth Jeffreys
The Architectural Layering of History in the Medieval Morea:
Monuments, Memory, and Fragments of the Past L 23
Amy Papalexandrou
The Songbook for William of Villehardouin, Prince of the Morea
(Paris, Bibliothque nationale de France, fonds franais 844):
A Crucial Case in the History of Vernacular Song Collections L 57
John Haines
The Triangle of Power:
Building Projects in the Metropolitan Area
of the Crusader Principality of the Morea L 111
Demetrios Athanasoulis
Coinage and Money in the Morea
after the Fourth Crusade L 153
Julian Baker and Alan M. Stahl
The Frankish Morea:
Evidence Provided by Acts of Private Transactions L 187
Helen G. Saradi
Ac k now l e dgm e n ts
KL
The majority of the chapters in this volume wer e pr esented as papers at the 2009
Dumbarton Oaks symposium Morea: The Land and Its People in the Aftermath of the Fourth Crusade.
On behalf of the authors, the editor would like to acknowledge the support of Jan M. Ziolkowski, Director
of Dumbarton Oaks. The editor also warmly thanks Alice-Mary Talbot, former Director of Byzantine
Studies, for organizing a wonderful symposium and Margaret Mullett, current Director of Byzantine
Studies, for helping to bring this volume to fruition.
With this publication we honor the memory of Titos Papamastorakis, one of the contributors to this volume. A joyful friend and innovative thinker, Titos devoted his career to writing about Byzantine art in
the Peloponnese. May his memory be eternal.
Thebes
Patras
Glarentza
Blachernai
Andravida
Chlemoutzi
Corinth Isthmia
Nemea
Ayios Vasileios
Argos
Mouchli
Merbaka
Nauplion
2000 m
1500 m
Kalamata
1000 m
Mystras Sparta
Parori
Pylos
500 m
Methone
200 m
Geraki
Zaraka
Korone
Monemvasia
100 m
Tigani
0m
Mani Peninsula
Kythera
100
200 km
Athens
KL
Sh a ron E . J. Gerst el
n the last two decades, archaeologists, geographers, and anthropologists focusing on landscape have developed a rich theoretical framework to support discussions of settlement patterns, community identity, place, memory, and collective
ritual.1 In examining the southern Peloponnese I would like to consider overlapping landscapesagrarian, sacred, and artisticand the place of villagers, settlements, and churches within these landscapes.
Nominally returned to Byzantine control in 1263, the land and its people were knit together by the
relationship of peasant and overlord, a relationship that inscribed settlements within an agricultural
landscape that was centuries old and engaged villagers in a seasonal cycle regulated by planting and harvesting, growth and decline. Yet the landscape was also set under the protection of holy powers. Divided
by metropolitan jurisdictions and marked by monasteries, hermitages, and small shrines, this sacred
landscape was ordered by a calendar of ritual celebration that had other temporal dimensions.
The natural environment plays a critical role in initiating any discussion of landscape. The Taygetos
and Parnon mountain ranges divide the southern Peloponnese into geographic microregions of highlands and valleys (fig. 1).2 Through the valley that rests between them flows the Eurotas River, which starts
its journey at the border of Arkadia and flows south to meet the Lakonian Gulf below the fertile plains of
Helos. Its many tributaries, formed from the torrents of water that descend from Taygetos and Parnon,
carved out deep ravines that separated populations on a seasonal basis.3 Divisions in populations that
1 The bibliography on this subject is extensive. See, among others, J. B. Jackson, Discovering the Vernacular Landscape
(New Haven, 1984); K. F. Anschuetz, R. H. Wilshusen, and C. L. Scheik, An Archaeology of Landscapes: Perspectives
and Directions, Journal of Archaeological Research 9, no. 2 (2001): 157211; W. Ashmore and A. B. Knapp, eds., Archaeologies
of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives (Malden, 1999); E. Hirsch and M. OHanlon, The Anthropology of Landscape:
Perspectives on Place and Space (Oxford, 1995). For a recent analysis of landscape studies within a Greek context, see H. Forbes,
Meaning and Identity in a Greek Landscape: An Archaeological Ethnography (Cambridge, 2007), 949.
2 For a discussion of the regions topography, see A. Philippson, Der Peloponnes:Versuch einer Landeskunde auf geologischer
Grundlage (Berlin, 1891).
3 On the effects of these torrents, see P. Armstrong, W. G. Cavanagh, and G. Shipley, Crossing the River: Observations
335
Church of the
Virgin Hodegetria
(Aphentiko),
Brontocheion
Monastery, Mystras,
Chamber of the
Chrysobulls,
detail of vault and
north wall (photo:
courtesy of the Fifth
Ephoreia of Byzantine
Antiquities, Sparta)
Figure 1
Map of the
southeastern
Peloponnese (map
by M. Saldaa)
336
sharon e. j. gerstel
Figure 2
337
Figure 3
Figure 4
sharon e. j. gerstel
saints, the monumental texts, held aloft by otherworldly hands and sealed with the likeness
of Christs face, are iconic.8 Placed below the
blessing Christ, the enumerated privileges are
thus sanctioned by heaven. This relationship is
spelled out in the iambic verse that is divided by
the angels into four stanzas that mention Christ
as the lord of lords, the Palaiologoi, and the
founder of the church, Pachomios.9
Painted in a single campaign, the chrysobulls
are ordered by date, beginning on the east wall
with a text of 131415 and ending on the north with
a text of 1322.10 The text on the north wall covers
an earlier one, most likely also a chrysobull.11 The
scrolls originally had likenesses of golden seals
at the bottom.12 Writing in 1892, Constantine
Zesiou observed the likeness of Christ on one,
but this image and the others are long gone.13 The
letters, painted reddish brown, are approximately
8 For a reading of illuminated chrysobulls as the animated record of imperial donation, see A. Cutler, Legal
Iconicity: The Documentary Image, the Problem of Genre,
and the Work of the Beholder, in Byzantine Art: Recent
Studies; Essays in Honor of Lois Drewer, ed. C. Hourihane
(Princeton, 2009), 6379.
9 Millet, Inscriptions, 99100; A. Rhoby, Byzantinische
Epigramme auf Fresken und Mosaiken, vol. 1 of Byzantinische
Epigramme in Inschriftlicher berlieferung (Vienna, 2009),
23941.
10 K. Zesiou, : ,
in idem, (Athens, 1892), 4571 (hereafter );
idem, :
, in , vol. 1,
(Athens, 1917), 7294, nos. 2014; Millet, Inscriptions,
97156; F. Dlger, Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des Ostr
mischen Reiches von 5651453 (Munich and Berlin, 1960),
4:2305, 2341, 2437, 2438, 2483, 2485, 2633. I am very grateful to
Liz James, who provided me with a copy of her unpublished
masters thesis, Four Chrysobulls from the Monastery
of the Brontochion, Mistra (University of Birmingham,
1986). For Byzantine chrysobulls, see A. E. Mller, Imperial
Chrysobulls, in Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies, ed.
E. Jeffreys, J. Haldon, and R. Cormack (Oxford, 2008), 129
35. For chrysobulls of Andronikos II, see P. Alexander, A
Chrysobull of the Emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus in
Favor of the See of Kanina in Albania, Byzantion 15 (1940
41): 167207.
11 This chrysobull mentions the church of SS. Theodore.
It is the only one of the five to use the term Morea. Millet,
Inscriptions, 118.
12 For a discussion of golden seals, see P. Grierson, Byzan
tine Gold Bullae, with a Catalogue of Those at Dumbarton
Oaks, DOP 20 (1966): 23953.
13Zesiou, , 43; Millet, Inscriptions, 99 n. 1.
339
Figure 5
340
sharon e. j. gerstel
Figure 6
to Mouchlion
Androusa
Br
os
iot
r
ve
Ri
Mitatoba (Agrapidoula)
ys
Mystras Kalogonia
R
as
rot
Eu
r
ive
341
Figure 7
342
sharon e. j. gerstel
343
Figure 8
Brysi
Br
to
sio
sR
r
ive
Theologos
Trypi
Mystras
Figure 9
Identifiable
properties from
sigillion of 1366 (map
by M. Saldaa)
344
sharon e. j. gerstel
345
346
sharon e. j. gerstel
Figure 10
Church of the Virgin Hodegetria (Aphentiko), Brontocheion Monastery, Mystras, view of nave
(photo: S. Gerstel)
Figure 11
Church of St. Demetrios (Metropolitan Church), Mystras, view of nave (photo: S. Gerstel)
Mapping the Boundaries of Church and Village
347
348
sharon e. j. gerstel
Figure 12
Figure 13
349
Trypi
Mystras Magoula
Parori
Leuke
er
Eur
ot a s Riv
Figure 14
Figure 15
Parori, excavated
tombs (photo: D.
Charalambous)
350
sharon e. j. gerstel
Figure 16
Figure 17
351
Figure 18
villages and broader regions under the jurisdiction of Frank, Florentine, Venetian, or Byzantine.
These boundary lines were not simply markers of
territory, but signifiers of power.68 Artificially created and dynamic in their frequent redefinition,
these boundaries exploited the natural landscape
of the region and fixed the place of villages and villagers within an imagined landscape.
Monemvasia
Monemvasia, located on the eastern coast of
the Peloponnese and divided from the region of
Mystras by Parnon, was also guaranteed lands
and people by imperial decree. A chrysobull of
June 1301 issued by Emperor Andronikos II to the
metropolitan of Monemvasia enumerates substantial properties given to the city.69 These rich
agricultural lands include:
the village of Ganganeas,70 with its
paroikoi, estates, its rights and its use, land
in the village of Nomia with its paroikoi,71
352
sharon e. j. gerstel
and those in the village of Teria.72 A hamlet () in Lyra, with its paroikoi and
estates, of Mountouson, and estates at
Sion; a village in the plain called Episkopia
with its paroikoi and the land owned by
the church; fields in different locations of
Helos with water mills that were erected
by the church and a vineyard;73 a hamlet
called St. Kournoutos with its paroikoi;
another hamlet called Kamara with its
paroikoi and estates; the Monastery of
St. George at Prinikos with its paroikoi,74
a lake, and the entire contribution of
acorns, half of which previously went to
the civil administration;75 the village of
Peziamenoi with its paroikoi and estates
and all of the rights that go with it;76 the
village of Philodendron with its paroikoi
and estates; the monastery of St. John
the Baptist in Zaraphona with its paroikoi
72 The wall paintings in Terias cemetery church of the
Dormition have been compared stylistically to late thirteenth-century frescoes in the church of the Taxiarchs in the
village of Ayios Nikolaos near Monemvasia and the church
of St. Nicholas near Geraki: Drandakes et al., ,
... (1982): 38689 (V. Kepetzi). Wall paintings
in the chapel of St. Anna, attached to the north side of the
church of the Dormition, have been dated to the late twelfth
or thirteenth century based on style. See Drandakes et al.,
, ... (1982): 38991 (V. Kepetzi).
For an architectural study of the two buildings, see A. G.
Kalligas et al., A Church with a Roman Inscription in
Tairia, Monemvasia, BSA 97 (2002): 46990.
73 For the area of Helos, which is also mentioned in the
Mystra chrysobulls of 131415 and 1319, see above, note 20.
74 The site of the church of St. George at Prinikos can be
identified as Brinikon, modern Asteri. See Gritsopoulos,
, 45; G. A. Pikoulas,
: (Athens, 2001), no. 543.
75 Centuries later William Leake described Prinikos as
about a mile from the sea side; opposite to it begins the
lagoon which extends for a mile along the shore, and then
becomes a marsh as far as the south-eastern extremity of
the plain, where the beach ceases, and the hills end in cliffs
over-hanging the sea. The lake is about half a mile broad in
the widest part: W. M. Leake, Travels in the Morea, 3 vols.
(London, 1830), 1:199. Leake (200) also noted the ruins of a
chapel outside of the village.
76 Modern-day Glykovrysi. See Gritsopoulos, ,
45; Pikoulas, , nos. 884, 885 (). The church of
St. George in the cemetery of Ano Glykovrysi may have been
constructed in the Byzantine period. See Drandakes et al.,
, ... (1983): 236 (S. Kalopissi).
and all of the rights attached to it;77 vineyards at Phota;78 in the village of Pollon
Xenion the amount of 25 hyperpyra; a
hamlet at Ripiai with its neighboring site of
Kalamion and Dikasterion, and the possessions of the most holy church at Sorakas,79
Koulendia,80 Koumaraia, Voulkane, Mese,
and Dodaia, but also at Nodys, which also
comprises a lake, a tower, and an old castle.
Most of these villages can be located today, and
many preserve the remains of modest churches
that were painted in the late thirteenth or early
fourteenth century (fig. 19). Several of the villages,
including Zaraphona (modern-day Kallithea),
Phota (modern-day Phoutia), and Koulendia
(modern-day Helleniko), preserve two or even
three churches that can be dated to the late Byzan
tine period, a pattern of multiple church construction that is typical for agrarian villages of
this period.
Like the Mystras chrysobulls and acts, the
Monemvasia chrysobull includes agricultural
features such as mills, vineyards, and fields. The
77 Modern-day Kallithea. The cave church of St. John
the Baptist, outside of the village, is dated to the early fourteenth century: N. B. Drandakes,
- , in :
(Athens, 1991), 13640. In the fourteenth
century, a narthex was added to the impressive basilica at
the center of Zaraphona. See D. Hayer, La Dormition-dela-Vierge de Zaraphona (Laconie): Des lments nouveaux,
BZ 80 (1987): 36070.
78 Modern-day Phoutia. The church of St. John is found
north of the settlement of Ayia Sophia, which belongs to
Phoutia. The singled-aisled church is in ruins: Drandakes et
al., , ... (1982): 4012 (V. Kepetzi). The
single-aisled church of St. George, today the villages cemetery church, preserves paintings from circa 1400. The paintings have been compared stylistically to those preserved
in the Cheimatissa Monastery near Phloka: Drandakes
et al., , ... (1982): 4024 (V. Kepetzi).
V. Kepetzi,
, in : . .
(Thessalonike, 1994), 50830.
79 The church of St. John to the east of the abandoned village has been dated to the late thirteenth century: Drandakes
et al., , ... (1982): 400 (V. Kepetzi).
80 Modern-day Helleniko. At least three Byzantine
churches are preserved in the village and its surrounds: St.
Paraskeve, the Transfiguration, and St. John. See Drandakes
et al., , ... (1982): 4078 (V. Kepetzi).
353
Mystras
as
rot
Eu
Zaraphona
(Kallithea)
Ri
v er
Prinikos
(Asteri)
Helos
Peziamenoi
(Glykovrysi)
Ganganeas
Monemvasia
Teria
Lira
Nomia
Sorakas
Phota (Phoutia)
Koulendia
(Elleniko)
Figure 19
Identifiable properties
from chrysobull of 1301
(map by M. Saldaa)
sharon e. j. gerstel
Figure 20
A-Tzouras (Panagia
Kyra), Lira, exterior
(photo: S. Gerstel)
355
Figure 21
Chrysobull of 1314
(Athens National
Library 1462)
(courtesy of the
National Library of
Greece)
Figure 23
Chrysobull of 1314
(Athens National
Library 1462)
(courtesy of the
National Library of
Greece)
356
sharon e. j. gerstel
Figure 24
Astros
Identifiable
properties from
chrysobull of 1314
and boundary line
(map by M. Saldaa)
Kastanitza
Dyrrachion
Voulkano
Zinzina (Polydroson)
r
ve
Ri
sR
ota
Eur
ysi
Mystras
Socha
Pylos
Prophetes Elias
iver
Br
s
oto
St. Euthymios
Amyklion
Arkasa
Kyparissaia
Zarax (Gerakas)
Monemvasia
357
85Kalligas, Byzantine Monemvasia, 11213. For a topographical discussion of this text, see the excellent article
by G. Pikoulas, ,
.. 13 (1996): 393404. For Astros, see above, note 26.
86 A cave church dedicated to John the Baptist is located
outside of Polydroso. Preserved frescoes from the Byzantine
period include a representation of John the Baptist, the
Deesis, four frontal full-length bishops, and St. Nicholas.
An inscription in a narrow band above the Deesis asked the
Lord to Remember your servant, Leo the priest, and his
wife and child, Amen. A later inscription suggests that the
paintings were completed in 1335. See .. 35 (1980):
2.1:167, figs. 71a, b; N. B. Drandakes,
, in
,
, 19 (Athens, 199293): 1736.
87 K. Diamanti,
:
, .... 32 (2011): 1931.
88 See J. M. Cook and R. V. Nicholas, Laconia, BSA 45
(1950): 261 n. 3.
89 MM, 1:21621; Zakythinos, DGM, 2:28283; On
the complicated history of Amyklion, see E. Kislinger,
,
2 (1990): 7491.
358
sharon e. j. gerstel
Sacred Landscapes
Borders are as important for the territories they
enclose as for those they exclude. Between the
boundaries and endowed villages of Mystras and
Monemvasia lay the elevated ground of Parnon,
whose sloping hills, occasionally cut by deep
ravines, played host to numerous monasteries and
hermitages. Like their brethren in other regions of
Byzantium,91 monks in the southern Peloponnese
created a sacred landscape that exploited dramatic
physical features of mountaintops and, conversely,
chasms carved into the earths surface. The monasteries of the Holy Forty Martyrs near Theologos
(fig. 25), the Virgin Chrysaphitissa in Chrysapha,
the Old Monastery at Vrontamas (fig. 26), and
St. George at Lykobouno (near Daphni)92 are all
Figure 25
93 A modern-day road connects the first three monasteries. According to local residents, a path that runs across
the plateau connects the monasteries at Vrontamas and
Lykobouno (near Daphni).
94 Cave chapels are found in a number of ravines, on both the
Taygetos and Parnon sides of the valley. See N. B. Drandakes,
, in
,
, 13 (198788): 21318; A. Bak
ourou, ,
in
(Athens, 198283), 40440; N. B. Drandakes,
, in ,
, ed. L.
Kastrinake, G. Orphanou, and N. Giannadakes (Heraklion,
1987), 1:7984; Drandakes,
, 1736; N. Dran
dakes,
, in
(Athens, 1994), 1:8389; N. B. Drandakes,
,
.... 15 (19891990): 17993; Drandakes,
- , 13639;
N. B. Drandakes, - , .
... 17 (19931994): 22329.
(photo: S. Gerstel)
359
Figure 27
Cave chapel of
A-Giannaki,
Zoupena (Hagioi
Anargyroi). St.
Catherine with
adjacent inscription
naming Kale Alype
(photo: S. Gerstel)
360
sharon e. j. gerstel
Figure 28
Figure 29
Monasteries and
hermitages in Lakonia
(map by M. Saldaa)
Vassaras
A-Giannaki
Tzitzina
Theologos
Mystras
Panagia Hodegetria
Panagia Peribleptos
Panagia Pantanassa
Chrysapha
Zaraphona (Kallithea)
Eur
otas
Ri
ver
Lykobouno
St. George
Vrontamas
Old Monastery
Phloka
Panagia Cheimatissa
Lyra
Monasteries
Cave Chapels
Monemvasia
Panagia Hodegetria
(Hagia Sophia)
Panagia Kyra
(A-Tzouras)
Panagia Pantanassa
imposing monasteries of Mystras were all dedicated to aspects of the Virgin: the Hodegetria,
Peribleptos, Pantanassa; many of them were
also linked through specific imagery to important Marian cults in Constantinople, such as the
Zoodochos Pege. Monemvasia, too, promoted
Hodegetria. See N. Oikonomids, The Holy Icon as Asset,
DOP 45 (1991): 40.
361
362
sharon e. j. gerstel
363
Figure 30
St. Nicholas,
Ayios Nikolaos,
St. Theophanios
(photo: S. Gerstel)
364
sharon e. j. gerstel
Figure 31
Crucifixion, Athens,
Byzantine and
Christian Museum, acc.
no. 981 (photo: courtesy
of the Byzantine and
Christian Museum)
Zakynthos.122 Yet another famous icon, a representation of the Crucifixion, is said to have come
from the church of Christ Elkomenos (fig. 31).123
122 K. Kalogeras, , ,
TFByzNgPhil 46 (Athens, 1950), 2224; N. Katramis,
(Zakynthos, 1880), 188.
123 M. Chatzidakis, :
(18841984):
(Athens, 1984),
Dated to the second half of the fourteenth century, the icon is an example of the refined style of
2122, pl. 8; A. Xyngopoulos,
,
1 (1956): 2349. The icon, through stylistic comparisons to
paintings in the Peribleptos Church, has been attributed to
an artist from Mystras. Although the icon was found in the
church of Christ Elkomenos, Monemvasia, its original location in the city remains unknown.
365
between 1287 and 1302.124 A painter from the metropolitan center may have decorated the walls
of the Monastery of the Virgin Cheimatissa in
Phloka, in close proximity to Monemvasia.125 The
paintings of this unpublished katholikon have
been used as a stylistic benchmark for a number
of smaller monuments in the region, suggesting
the existence of an identifiable, regional style.126
Other churches in the region of Monemvasia
reveal a style of painting that is quite different from that of Mystras, but yet one that rivals
the quality of its monumental decoration. The
very abraded painting of a bishop in A-Tzouras,
for example, shows attention to modeling and
graded tonalities in color and reveals an awareness of the volumetric style of painting common in Constantinople in this period (fig. 32).
Unpublished paintings in the sanctuary of the
Pantanassa katholikon, located between the villages of Pantanassa and Geroumana (Kryobrysi),
are monumental in scale and of extremely high
quality (fig. 33).127 Unlike the flat, linear paintings found in many churches in the Lakonian
countryside, the preserved figures of Christ and a
frontal bishop in the five-domed church are modeled, and the color application is sophisticated.
Similarly, the fourteenth-century decoration of
the narthex of the church of St. George Babylas in
Figure 32
A-Tzouras (Panagia
Kyra), Lira, hierarch
(photo: S. Gerstel)
sharon e. j. gerstel
Figure 33
367
Figure 34
Church of George
Babylas, Belanidia.
Angels rolling up
the scroll of heaven
(photo: S. Gerstel)
368
sharon e. j. gerstel
A bbr e vi ation s
KL
Mitteilungen
des Deutschen
Archologischen Instituts,
Athenische Abteilung
AnnalesESC Annales: Economies, socits, civilisations
....
..
..
ArtB Art Bulletin
AStIt Archivio storico italiano
AStNap Archivio storico per le
province napoletane
ASV Archivio di Stato,
Venice (unpublished
documents)
BCH Bulletin de correspondance
hellnique
478
abbreviations
EHR
EO
....
EtBalk
EtByz
Gerland, NQ
GOTR
IG
JArS
JHS
JIAN
JB
JSAH
JSav
JWarb
..
..
Libro dabaco
Livre de la conqueste
LT J. Longnon and P.
Topping, eds., Documents
sur le rgime des terres
dans la principaut de
More au XIV e sicle
(Paris and The Hague,
1969). [Cited by page and
line numbers]
MarbJb Marburger Jahrbuch fr
Kunstwissenschaft
MlRome Mlanges darchologie et
dhistoire, cole franaise
de Rome
MHR Mediterranean Historical
Review
MittIG Mitteilungen des Instituts
fr sterreichische
Geschichtsforschung
MM F. Miklosich and J.
Mller, Acta et diplomata graeca medii aevi
sacra et profana (Vienna,
186090)
MP See Chrysostomides, MP
Nanetti, DV A. Nanetti, ed.,
Documenta veneta Coroni
& Methoni rogata:
Euristica e critica documentaria per gli oculi capitales Comunis Veneciarum
(secoli XIV e XV), vol. 1,
Fondazione Nazionale
Ellenica delle Ricerche;
Istituto di Ricerche
Bizantine, Fonti 3 and 7
(Athens, 19992007)
NC Numismatic Chronicle
NCirc Numismatic Circular
NCMH New Cambridge Medieval
History (Cambridge and
New York, 19952005)
.
NQ See Gerland, NQ
OCP Orientalia christiana
periodica
ODB A. P. Kazhdan et al., eds.,
The Oxford Dictionary of
Byzantium (New York
and Oxford, 1991)
abbreviations
479
480
abbreviations
VizVrem Vizantiiskii vremennik
Zakythinos, DGM D. A. Zakythinos, Le
despotat grec de More,
vol. 1, Histoire politique,
and vol. 2, Vie et
institutions, revised
and amplified edition
by C. Maltzou
(London, 1975)
Zibaldone da Canal A. Stussi, ed., Zibaldone
da Canal: Manoscritto
mercantile del sec. XIV,
Fonti per la Storia di
Venezia, Sez. VFondi
Vari (Venice, 1967)
ZRVI Zbornik radova
Vizantolokog instituta,
Srpska akademija nauka
A b ou t t h e Au t hor s
KL
482
(Athens, 2001), Papamastorakis published numerous book chapters and articles, including A
Visual Encomium of Michael VIII Palaeologos:
The Exterior Wall-Paintings of the Mavriotissa at
Kastoria, .... 15 (198990): 22138;
Funerary Representations in the Middle and Late
Byzantine Periods, .... 19 (199697):
285303; Ioannes Redolent of Perfume and His
Icon in the Mega Spelaion Monastery, Zograf 26
(1997): 6573; Tampering with History: From
Michael III to Michael VIII, BZ 96 (2003): 193
209; and Pictorial Lives: Narrative in ThirteenthCentury Vita Icons, 7 (2007):
3363.
Helen Sar adi is Professor of Byzantine His
tory and Byzantine Civilization at the University
of the Peloponnese. Her research interests lie in
the Byzantine notarial system and related socioeconomic issues, the Byzantine city, and the
ancient tradition and monuments in Byzantium.
Her publications include Le notariat byzantin
du IX e au XV e sicles (Athens, 1991), Il sistema
notarile bizantino (VIXV secolo) (Milan, 1999),
and The Byzantine City in the Sixth Century:
Literary Images and Historical Reality (Athens,
2006). She is currently working on the rhetoric of
the city in the Palaiologan period.
Ter esa Shawcross is Assistant Professor in
Byzantine History at Princeton University. Her
research is concerned with the history and culture
of the eastern Mediterranean in the late medieval period. Recent work has explored the consequences of the fragmentation of the Byzantine
Empire in the period between the crusader and
Ottoman conquests. She is currently writing
on Byzantine political theory. Her publications
include The Chronicle of Morea: Historiography
in Crusader Greece (Oxford, 2009). She received
a New Directions Fellowship from the Mellon
Foundation in 2012.
A lan Stahl is Curator of Numismatics at
Princeton University and a lecturer in the Depart
ments of Classics and History. His work focuses
on the coinages of the medieval Mediterranean
and the history of Venice in the Middle Ages
483
484
i n de x
KL
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrative material. Medieval persons are listed, when possible, by family name. Kings,
popes, patriarchs, and persons with toponyms (e.g., Guillaume le Vinier) are listed by first name, except where the
toponym is especially familiar (e.g., Joinville, John of). Churches are found under their location rather than under the
name of the church unless otherwise indicated (e.g., the church of the Koimesis at Merbaka is listed under Merbaka).
Manuscripts are gathered under the main entry manuscripts and then listed by city and institution.
Abouri, Andrea (notary), 192
Abulafia, David, 73
Acciajuoli, Angelo, 251
Acciajuoli, Antonio, 202
Acciajuoli, Bartolomea, 202
Acciajuoli, Bindaccio, 203
Acciajuoli, Donato, 297n70
Acciajuoli, Francesca, 202
Acciajuoli, Giovanni, 204
Acciajuoli, Nerio, 195, 2012, 204, 226, 25859, 265
Acciajuoli, Niccol
historical writing and sense of the past, 15, 19
private legal transactions of, 209
rural exploitation and market economy, 15, 19, 218,
220, 222, 22831, 241, 246, 258, 259
settlement analysis and, 297, 298
Acciajuoli, Renier, 171
Acciajuoli family and lands in the Morea, 5, 299, 341n22,
345, 448
Achaia. See Frankish Morea; Morea
acorn cups and kermes, 226, 230, 26367
Acre
cotton exports and, 261
fall of (1291), 28081, 284
Acrocorinth
Bordone on, 465
castle of, 127, 130, 137, 140, 280
coins found at, 154n12, 160, 171
Ad Thaliarchum (Horace), 54
Address to the Despot Constantine (Bessarion, 1444), 445
Address to the Emperor Manuel on the Affairs in the
Peloponnese (Plethon, 14071418), 42223, 434, 435,
438, 439, 443, 447
Adeliza of Louvain (queen of England), 6566
Adenet le Roi (poet and musician), 92
Advisory Address to the Despot Theodore on the Peloponnese
(Plethon, 14071418), 42223, 434, 435, 438, 439, 443,
447
Aegean ware, 281
Aegina, Omorphi Ekklesia, 37n49
Aeneas, foundation myths associated with, 10, 443, 462
Against Plethons Doubts about Aristotle (Gennadios),
440n155
Agallon, Nicholas Boullotes, 421n16
Agapitos, Panagiotis, 18
Agathias (monk), 444
Agesilaus (ruler of ancient Sparta), 437, 444
Agnes of Courtenay, 77
485
486
index
index
487
488
index
index
489
490
index
index
491
492
index
index
493
Glarentza (continued)
Chlemoutsi and, 119, 129, 138
coins found at, 115, 154, 171, 177
cotton exports, 26061, 263n451
currants and currant trade, 257, 259
East Gate, 119, 120
as economic center of Frankish Morea, 116, 12627
founding of, 11516
grain sales and exports, 248
htel des princes at, 120, 122, 141
as military and strategic site, 116, 119
mint, 3, 115, 119, 120, 126, 159, 162n92, 163, 16470, 172,
175, 176
monetization of economy and, 273
olive oil consumption in, 242
plan, fortifications, and gates, 11620, 117, 118, 12022,
125
political geography of Frankish Morea and, 112, 113,
14142
population, 117
St. Francis, church of, 123, 12325, 124, 125, 144, 151
St. Mark, Venetian church of, 12023
Sea Gate, 11819
as urban settlement, 120, 12526
as Venetian stronghold, 431
Villehardouin family castle at, 84
wine exports from, 255
Glatsa, churches of the Panagia and the Savior at, 14546,
149
Glyka, Euphrosyne, 359
Gonia, 301
Gorgias (Plato), 420n9
Gospel books, private legal transactions written in,
18891, 189, 190, 196, 345
Gothic architecture, 26, 38, 113, 123, 138, 141, 142, 14451
Gothic manuscripts, 19, 105
Gozzoli, Benozzo (painter), 418, 423
grains
mills and milling, 24648, 34546
rural exploitation and market economy, 225, 23132,
24549, 270
stable isotope analysis and consumption of, 32829,
33031
Grandes Chroniques de France, 17
Greek Despotate. See Byzantine Despotate
Greek subjects
in the Frankish Morea, 111, 112, 145, 151. See also
settlement analysis in northeastern Peloponnese;
skeletal remains
under Ottoman and Venetian rule, 468, 47273
Gregoras, Nikephoros, 372, 424, 434
Gregory IX (pope), 83n153
Gregory the Monk, 421n16
Gregory of Nyssa, will inscribed on omophorion of,
St. Nicholas, Klenia, 186, 191, 2034
Gregory, Timothy E., 4, 5, 277, 482
Greshams Law, 167
494
index
index
495
496
index
Korone (Coron)
acorn cups and kermes, 264, 265, 266, 267
coins and money, 172
cotton, 261, 262, 263
currants, 257n398, 258n409, 260
export-oriented agriculture and, 270, 272
grains, 246, 248
labor service, 227n97
in Liber insularum archipelagi (Buondelmonti, 1420),
464
livestock for slaughter in, 268
monopolies, absence of, 272
olives and olive oil, 236, 23944
peasant workforce, 216, 217, 21923, 225, 269
pirate attacks on, 102
polyculture and polyactivity, agricultural, 226
private legal transactions, 188, 204, 205
as Venetian port city, 12, 85, 431, 432
wine and vineyards, 250, 251, 254, 255, 256
Kosmina, 218, 229, 240, 241
Kotychi, 230, 247
Koudouma, monastery at, 315
Koulendia (Helleniko), 353, 355
Kountoura, 240
Kourelis, Kostis, 125n72, 14142n176
Krak des Chevaliers, 127, 130n101, 132, 139
Kreipe, Heinrich, 54
Kremmydi, 218n16, 240, 24546, 252, 253
Krestena, 218, 229, 241, 251, 252, 253, 273n534
Kritoboulos, Michael, 372
Krokodeilos family, 442, 443n172
Kryovrysi, 362n100
krypteia, 439
Kydones, Demetrios, 372, 44445
Kyprianos (abbot of Brontocheion monastery, Mystras),
389
Kyriakakis, James, 310, 311
Kythera, 194, 195, 363, 366
La Borria, 231n134
labboraggio tax, 255, 258
labor service/corve labor (angareia, servicium personale,
or sputica), 218, 22730, 231, 245
Laborde, Jean-Benjamin de, 58
laconism, revival of
Florence, Plethon, and Cosimo de Medici, 452
medieval view of ancient Sparta, 441
Mystras as new Sparta, 44346, 448
by Plethon, 43541, 437, 447
precursors to and influences on Plethon, 43640,
44445
successors of Plethon on, 44546
Ladies Parliament, 101
Laiou-Thomadakis, A., 217n13, 273n537
The Lakedaimonian Constitution, 436
Lakonian churches, spolia used in, 3947, 4042, 44, 45
Lakonica, 436
Lampoudios, Matthew, 438
Lampros, P., 169
Lampros, Spyridon, 20, 188, 210
Lampsakos, 228n110
Lando, Marco, 222
landscapes, Orthodox. See Orthodox landscapes
Laskaris, Nikolaos, 31011
Laurent, Vitalien, 373
Laws (Plato), 438n140, 440, 447
Le Goff, Jacques, 68
Le Vot, Gerard, 60n17
Leake, William, 286, 353n75
leases of land, 20710, 23233, 251, 271
leasing of olive oil presses, 241
legal transactions, private. See private legal transactions
in Frankish Morea
Leo X (pope), 420
Leondari, 364
Leonessa, Aikaterina de, 203
Leonessa, Egidio de, 201
Leonessa, Niccol de, 207, 210
Leonte, Florin, 5, 397, 483
Lepanto, 431
Leslie, Brian, 327
Letter to the Emperor on the Isthmus (Plethon, 14071418),
42223, 434, 438, 439, 443, 447
Leuke, 348
Liber de Podagra (Demetrios Pepagomenos), 254
Liber insularum archipelagi (Buondelmonti, 1420), 461,
464
Libro dabaco, 261
Libro de varie romanze volgari, 72, 73, 91, 93, 9899, 100
Life of St. Louis (John of Joinville), 57, 58, 61
Lignages dOutremer, 8283
Ligourio
coins found at castle of, 154n12
cotton grown at, 261, 262
Likinnioi, 20
Limenites, Nicholas, 437
Lira. See Lyra
literary spolia, 31, 4748
Lithero, 231n136, 268
Liudprand of Cremona, 330
Livadi, Kythera, Hagioi Notarioi in church of St. Andrew
at, 195
lives of saints. See saints lives in Peloponnese
livestock, 22526, 268, 270
Livistros and Rhodamne, 17, 18, 19
Livre de la conqueste (French version of Chronicle). See
Chronicle of the Morea
livre des usages, 95
Longaniko, Laconia, 364
Longo, Pascquale, 169, 188
index
497
498
index
499
500
index
index
501
502
index
parataxis, 410
Pardos, Gregory, 11
Paris, lack of songbooks for, 63
Paris-Acre Master, 95
Parnon highlands, monasteries and hermitages of,
35862, 35961
paroikoi (villeins), 21617
Parori
burials at, 34849, 350, 362
church of the Virgin in, 13, 34850, 350, 441
42
Inscription of Parori (1389), 413, 417, 44142
Parthenon, Athens, 30n29, 46n75, 51, 201
Parti de mal (song, London, BL Harley 1717), 56, 66, 67,
69
partitioned villages or casaux de paron, 21819, 226, 270
Passava, 342
past, importance of, 23, 56. See also historical writing
and sense of the past; Renaissance memory theater,
maps of the Morea as; spolia
Patras
fortifications at, 140
guesthouse of Latin archbishop in, 2
private legal transactions from, 188, 19293, 195,
197200, 2037, 210
rural exploitation and market economy, 220, 222, 234,
240, 242, 245, 247, 248, 250, 255, 260, 262, 267, 273
St. Nicholas, monastery of, 207, 210
as Venetian stronghold, 431
Paul the Confessor, 195
Pausanias, 51n99, 438
Pazzi Conspiracy, 452n240
peasants
corve labor (angareia, servicium personale, or
sputica), 218, 22730, 231, 245
paroikoi (villeins), 21617
surplus production, 27172
workforce demographics, 21625, 26769
Pegolotti, Francesco Balducci
on coins and money, 161, 172, 177
rural exploitation and market economy, 242, 244,
248n293, 255, 257, 259n413, 260, 261, 265, 266
Pelagonia, Battle of (1259), 2, 101, 103, 104, 167
Peloponnese, as term, 12. See also Morea
Penna, Vasso, 157
Pepagomenos, Demetrios, 254
Pericles, 427
Perpignan, Palace of the Kings of Majorca at, 139, 140
Peruzzi family, 448
Petenello, Stefano, 222
Peter I of Courtenay (Latin emperor of Constantinople),
23n2, 80
Peter II of Courtenay (Latin emperor of Constantinople),
23n2
Peter of Argos, 11n16
Petoni, 23031, 239, 24748, 253, 264
Petrarch, 15
Peutinger Table (Codex Vindobonensis 324), 459
Philibert de Naillac, 137, 259
Philip II Augustus (king of France), 3, 137, 13839, 161
Philip III (king of France), 19
Philip of Anjou, 103, 104, 107, 165
Philip of Savoy, 108n316, 164, 166, 286
Philip of Taranto, 166, 167
Philip of Toucy (Latin regent-emperor of
Constantinople), 80, 81, 87
Philippe dAlsace, 68
Philippe de Thaon, 66
Philippidou-Braat, Anna, 189
Phlious, church of Rachiotissa at, 28n20
Phloka, Epidauros Limera, church of the Virgin
Cheimatissa at, 363, 366
Phota (Phoutia), 353, 355
Piada (village), 240, 261
Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius (later Pope Pius II), 449n216
Pierre of Craon, 79
Pierre de Saint-Supran, 201
Pigkes, Theodore, 192, 193, 195, 198, 205, 206
Pikoulas Tower Museum column shaft, 350, 352
pine resin, 251
piracy, 85n169, 102, 22021, 248, 267, 268, 284, 403, 468
Pius II (pope; formerly Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini),
449n216
Plato and Platonism, 41920, 422, 436, 43840, 44748,
452, 457
Platsa, church of St. Nicholas in, 389
Plethon (George Gemistos), 5, 41952. See also laconism,
revival of
Address to the Emperor Manuel on the Affairs in the
Peloponnese (Plethon, 14071418), 209, 42223,
434, 435, 438, 439, 443, 447
Advisory Address to the Despot Theodore on the
Peloponnese (Plethon, 14071418), 42223, 434,
435, 438, 439, 443, 447
Against Plethons Doubts about Aristotle (Gennadios),
440n155
Book of Laws (c. 1428), 423, 44041, 447
Byzantium and Morea, ties to, 42023
contemporary conditions in the Peloponnese,
response to, 43035
Cosimo de Medici and, 420, 422, 423, 427, 44852
death of, 42324
Description of the Entire Peloponnese, Coastal and
Interior, 436
On the Events after the Battle of Mantinea (Plethon),
43637, 437
Funeral Oration for Theodore and, 399400, 402, 444
in Gozzolis Procession of the Magi, 418, 423
grave at Tempio Malatestiano, Rimini, 419, 421
historical writing and sense of the past, 14, 2021
On How Plato Differs from Aristotle (c. 1439), 419n4,
440n156
index
503
504
index
Black Death, effects of, 218, 222, 223, 224, 244, 249,
26770
cheese production and sale, 22526, 234, 237
commutation of labor service, 22829
Constantinople, importation of foodstuffs by, 234,
237, 270
coopers, casks, and barrels, 251, 258
cotton, 26063
currants, 25760
demesne and estate lands, 227, 23031, 252
documentary sources, 21415, 27475
feudal system and, 216, 232, 27172
in fifteenth century, 424, 43334
figs and fig trees, 204, 225, 257, 258, 259
grains, 225, 23132, 24549, 270
hired labor, 232, 271
interplay of three political entities in Peloponnese,
21315, 214
iron plowshares, 22324, 246, 270
labor service/corve labor (angareia, servicium
personale, or sputica), 218, 22730, 231, 245
land as backbone of, 217, 225
landowners, commercial exploitation of production
by, 27273
lease contracts, 23233, 251, 271
livestock, 22526, 268, 270
massarie or zevgilateia, 228, 23132, 245, 246, 247, 249,
268, 269, 298n73
mills, grain, 24648
monetization of economy, 27273
monopolies, 241, 248, 252, 257, 259, 264, 265, 271, 272
Plethons proposals regarding, 429, 435, 43839, 447
political and territorial history, 21516, 26970, 27374
polyculture and polyactivity, 22527
silk industry, 237, 239, 261, 263, 26467, 270, 271, 272
stasis or stasia (household unit), 218
taxes and taxation, 21620, 223, 22527, 229, 230,
231n133, 238, 240, 242, 243n241, 24446, 252,
25558, 261, 262, 267, 269, 27175
warfare and political upheaval, effects of, 21822,
268, 269
water resources and irrigation, 23031, 270
wine and vineyards, 231, 232, 233, 24957
woodland and scrubland products, 22627
Rutebeuf (poet), 101
Sabatini, Francesco, 70
Saccocci, Andrea, 167
St. Demetrios, Mystras
construction of, 37273
episcopal acts on columns of, 34652, 347, 349, 350,
351, 357
interior, nave, 347
nave and narthex paintings, 390, 39091, 391
spolia, 13, 4447, 45, 53
town, relationship to, 374
St. Martin of Tours, coins issued by Abbey of, 161
saints, cults of, 194, 195, 36062, 363, 374
index
505
Seventh Crusade, 5758, 60, 68, 77, 8890, 91, 93, 95, 103,
104
Sgouroi, 11
Shawcross, Teresa, 5, 6, 14, 15, 18, 419, 483
Short, Ian, 65
Short Chronicles, 372
Sichna, 247
Sicilian School of poetry, 7273, 75, 91, 93, 9899, 100
The Sicilian Vespers (Runciman), 103
sigillion, Brontocheion monastery, 343, 374, 389
Sigismund (Holy Roman Emperor), 427
Sigoli, Simone, 265
silk industry
Plethons reform proposals and, 422, 429, 433, 443,
452n239
rural exploitation and market economy, 237, 239, 261,
263, 26467, 270, 271, 272
Simona of Villehardouin, 99n259
Siripando, Giovanni, 229
skeletal remains, 4, 30933. See also stable isotope
analysis
ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis, 31415
Athenian Agora, 311, 312, 32122, 324, 33132, 333
Corinth. See under Corinth
dietary insights, 32832, 333
Gattilusio burials, Mytilene, church of St. John, 311,
312, 322, 328, 331, 332, 333
morphological analysis, 31314
Nemea, 321, 322, 323, 324, 331, 333
osteological approaches, 309, 313
Parori, 34849, 350, 362
stylistic approaches to establishing Greek versus
Frankish identity, 31012
Stymphalos, 307, 321, 322, 323, 324, 327, 331, 333
thalassemia lesions, 285, 314
Zaraka, Cistercian monastery at, 312, 321, 322, 323,
324, 327, 331, 333
Sklavochori, 250
slaves and slavery, 205, 220, 235n166, 430
Socha, 358
soldino (coin), 152, 159, 167, 169, 17071, 17273, 175
Solon, 13, 445n184
Sonetti, Bartolommeo da li, 458
song collections and songbooks, 6075
attribution issues, 6263, 6465
crusades as favored theme in, 68
earliest extant songbook, 61, 71, 75
international nature of songbook production and
trade, 58, 6061, 63, 66, 73
Italian and Sicilian songs, 7273, 75, 91, 93
Levant, written-out song in Old French koine from,
6870
nonbook song collections, 6162, 62
organization and structure of, 6263, 71, 72, 73
origins of vernacular written-out songs in AngloNorman England, 6368, 67
painted miniatures in, 59, 71, 72, 73, 74
506
index
Strabo, 461n18
Strategopoulos, Caesar Alexios, 392n54
Strovoiati, Dimitrius, 241
Strozzi, Palla di Palli, 427, 449
Strozzi, Salamone di Carlo, 449
Stymphalos, stable isotope analysis of skeletal remains at,
307, 321, 322, 323, 324, 327, 331, 333
Succhyna, 220
Summa Theologiae (Thomas Aquinas), 426
surnames, kinship patterns, and population stability,
21718, 219
Symeon of Ragusa, 205
Symeon of Thessalonike, 412, 415
Symes, Carol, 73
Synaxarium of Constantinople, 375, 376, 381, 385, 391, 392
Synkrisis (Demetrios Chrysoloras), 415
Synopsis Minor, 197
Tabula Peutingeriana (Codex Vindobonensis 324), 459
Tagliacozzo, Battle of (1268), 103, 104
Taillebourg, Battle of (1242), 96
Talbot, Alice-Mary, 311
tanning and dyeing agents from acorn cups and kermes,
226, 230, 26367
Taranto, Nicola, 233n152
taverns, 252
taxes and taxation
coins and money, 178
French taxes on travelers, 68
land taxation in 15th century Morea, 43031
Orthodox landscapes and, 336, 345, 357
Plethon and, 42829, 43032, 435, 438, 442n169
private legal transactions and, 200, 207, 209
rural exploitation and market economy, 21620, 223,
22527, 229, 230, 231n133, 238, 240, 242, 243n241,
24446, 252, 25558, 261, 262, 267, 269, 27175
settlement analysis and, 29799
Venetian, 472
Venetian trade freedoms in the Morea, 43132
Taxiarches of Kontostephanos, monastery of, 210
Teatro della guerra (Coronelli, 1708?), 454, 45657, 463,
470, 472
Teatro Olimpico, Vicenza, 457, 458
Tempio Malatestiano, Rimini, grave of Plethon at, 419,
421
Teria, 353, 363
Terkova, 343
Ternaria document (1285), 172
tetarteron (coin), 15556, 15760, 158, 174
Teutonic Knights, 140
textiles. See also silk industry
cotton production and export, 26063
fifteenth-century trade patterns and, 43334
thalassemia, 285, 314
index
507
508
index
territories in Peloponnese, 216. See also rural exploitation and market economy
trade freedoms in the Morea, 43132
William of Villehardouin and. See under songbook of
William of Villehardouin
Venier, Dolfin, 26263, 274
Veroli, Leonardo de, 15, 19, 70, 73, 81, 90, 101, 107, 202
Vervena, 270
Viadro, Marino, 264, 265
Vidal, Pierre, 61, 71
Vilain of Arras, 94
Villehardouin coat of arms, architectural elements displaying, 114, 120, 122
vineyards and wine, 231, 232, 233, 24957
Virgil, 10
Virgin Mary. See also specific churches dedicated to the
Virgin, under place name
cults of, 36062, 374, 39193
Filippo di Novaras songs in honor of, 69
Hodegetria icons
Mega Spelaion icon, dispute over ownership of,
393
Monemvasiotissa, 26465
maledictions of, 199200
songbook of William of Villehardouin and, 75,
83n151, 84, 90, 95, 105, 106
Zoodochos Pege, cult of, 361, 374, 375, 389, 392
Viterbo, Treaty of (1267), 19n70, 103, 104, 105, 115, 116, 126,
164, 165
Vitruvius, De architectura, 457
Vituri, 231
Vostitsa (Aigion), 221, 466
Vourkano, 240, 247
Vouvali, chapel of St. John the Theologian at, 33940n17
Vranoussi, Era, 188, 199, 207
Vrontomas, Old Monastery at, 35859, 359
Vrysika, Church of the Holy Apostles, 352n71
Walcheren, Battle of (1253), 91, 93n87
War of Troy, 3, 1621
warranty, formulas of, 198
water resources and irrigation, 23031, 270
William I the Conqueror (king of England), 65
William II of Villehardouin. See also songbook of
William of Villehardouin
Anna Komnena Doukaina (Agnes) of Epiros, third
marriage to, 58, 97100, 107, 1078, 114, 137n133
Byzantine Greeks, war with, 9798, 100103, 115,
21516, 220, 284, 372
Carintana dalle Carcere, second marriage to, 8588,
87, 90, 95, 97, 99
church and castle building by, 8385, 86, 151
coins of, 84, 85, 152, 158, 159, 163, 16465, 177
death of, 107, 165
family background, birth, and upbringing, 7579, 77
index
509
Zigabenos, 13
Zink, Michel, 71n74
Zoodochos Pege, cult of, 361, 374, 375, 389, 392
Zorzi, Bertolome, 68
Zorzi, Ermolao, 266
Zoupena, cave church of A-Giannaki at, 35960, 360,
362n101
Zourtza (Kato Phigaleia), 343
zovaticum, 246
Zufferey, F., 71n75
Zygouries, 293, 299
510
index