IMMUNOLOGY:

1. Innate Vs. Adaptive:

Innate
Goal: prevent organism establishing

Always available (readily)

Inherited by mother

Born with

First to response

Consistent response

Nonspecific

1.Cytokines, Chemotaxis (signal for specific condition,

chemical messenger that initiates immune
response )

Adaptive
Acquired
Develops (breast feeding contributes for small
amount)
Antigen specific
Has memory through exposure
Diverse
Rapidly adaptive
Specific, but it turns of
2 main classes
Humoral

antibody

2. complement pathway: end result=> cell lysis

3.Lysozyme: an Enzyme breaking down bacteria

Cell
mediated

4. ROS: taking electron from matters , disrupting

DNA

Secreted protein: Ig

5. lactic acid: Excess H+ uptake

6. Defensins: host defense peptide
7. Iron: ferrous molecule is very reactive, it binds
with transferrin to circulate in the system
8. C- reactive Protein: used in lab work, not
specific, opsonizes foreign matters
Phagocytosis of foreign molecule by:

Mechanism of action:

Eosinophil

1.

Recognition

Neutrophil (PMN)

2.

Activation

Dendrite cells

3.

Efector stage

Natural killer cells

4.

Decline

5.

Memory of exposure

These cells check whether a cell is from body or not

Blymphocytes
TLymphocytes

KEY FEATURES:
-

TLR recognize pathogen associated

molecular patterns(PAMPs)

PAMP examples: LPS(G- bacteria), flagellin

(bacteria), ssRNA(viruses)

KEY FEATURES:
-

Memory cells: activated B and T cells,

subsequent exposure to a previously
encountered antigen

They get faster and stronger in

response after each exposure

2. What are cytokines and their action:

a. Chemical messengers between cells
b. Control and regulate immune response via recruit cells, stimulate cells, direct
response, induce cells
i. Autocrine: self-regulated
ii. Paracrine: through other cells/specific target
c. Released by TH and macrophages
d. Once they are produced , they interact with needed immune cells (cell surface
antigens)

3. Cellular effects of immunity

Monocytes

Macrophages

Has a horse shoe big nucleus

Granular appearance, has granucytes within cell

Lysosome presence

Monitors the environment

Has phagocytic vesicles

Late phase->phagocytes->macrophages->phagocytosis material

Works closely with APC(uses antigen and T-Lymphocytes)

Incomplete(matures as it circulates in body)

Its name depends on its location

Examples:
-

Histiocytes: connective tissue

Microglial: macrophages of blood

Mesangial: macrophages of kidney

They are APC-T cells

Can initiate immune respond
Important in immune system
Dendritic cells

APC
Present antigen to T cells
Name depends on the location
Examples:

Follicular cells

Granulocytes

epidermal: Langerhans

intrestial: solid organ

Special class

Only interact with B cells

Doesnt interact with T cells

Multinuclear:

Eosinophils

PMNs

75% (most)

Eosin

5%

Basophil 1%

1. Parasites
2. Allergic reaction
3. Phagocytosis
4. Release Lytotoxin
5. Controls inflammation
6. Increase with asthma, Addisons disease

Basophiles

Mass cells

Natural killer
cells

B cells

T Cells

IgE (Allergy)

Do not phagocytose

Release chemical messengers and histamine

VAA (Vasoactive Amine)

Late Efect

Shape: single cell/mass cells look diferent than the nucleus

Tissue outside of vessel

Release of histamine

Allergy IgE mediated

Appearance similar to basophiles

Origin: Lymphocyte

Close to activated B/T cells

Interacts with MHC I (natural way to identify cells)

Cancerous/ tumor. Viral infection

Recognize antigens

Produce antibody

Maintain immunological memory

T helpers(CD4+) assist B cells to produce antibodies

Produce cytokines to activate other cells of immune system

T killers (CD8+) kill virus infection directly

Delayed cell mediated hypersensitivity

Acute and chronic organ rejection

4. 3 steps of phagocytosis
a. ID
b. INGEST (MICROTUBULE IS NEEDED)
c. DESTROY

5. Pathological conditions when the immune response breaks down.

a. HYPERSENSETIVITY
b. IMMUNE DEFFIECIENCY :
6. Hypersensitivities. Immune def., autoimmune, transplant.
Immunodeficiency: impaired response by a block in development/ function of cells
Hypersensitivity: inappropriate immune response/asthma, allergies
Autoimmunity: immune attack against host health tissues
Transplant rejection: immune regeneration as transplanted organ difers from host

7. Diff cells, diff lines: myeloid and lymphoid lines and what cells are in each.

Stem cell
Pluripotent

IL 3 stimulates for both lymphoid and myeloid

a) A)
Lymphoid
a. B cells
b. T cells
b) Myeloid

Granu myeloid colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) causes the

a. Granucy
te

shift to myeloid

b. Basophil
e
c. RBC
d. Eosinop
hil
e. Platelet

8. Specific characteristics of the each cells. Major characteristics of the cells. And their major
function and how they are regulated.

9. What diff conditions: diff cells that could be involved with.

a. Basophils and mast cells are both activated in response to allergens and bound to
IgE and release of histamine is the end result. Mast cells are outside of vessel and
within tissue/ basophile in vessel
10.The major organ in the lymphatic system. Primarily and secondary
Primary (generative) lymphoid organs:
Maturation of lymphocytes
Bone marrow
Thymus
Fetal liver
Secondary (peripheral):
Activation of lymphocytes via antigen interaction
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Mucosal association of lymphoid tissue

11.What each organ does. Liver as a neonate has a diff function as liver in adults. So diff
functions like that. Ex lung flat lung in the neonates and diff in adults. Neonate vs adults.

Neonate

Adult

Liver

Major immunologic function

Shifts to Filtering

Thym
us

Is very large due to increased production of T cells

shrinks

12.Cytokines. Only the ones done in class.

IL1/TNF

Primary for fever, complications from G bacterial endotoxin LPS/Acute

Inflammation mediator

IL-2

T cell activation & diferentiation, regulates T H cells colonial expansion, antigen

recognition

IL-3

GM-CSF, essential for bone marrow and immune cells development

IL-4

B cell stimulation to make IgE/T cell diferentiation to promote humoral immune

response

IL-6

Secondary for fever

IL-7

Expansion of B and T cells

IL-10

Transferring growth factor beta (TGF-B) immune suppressive, dendritic

cells/macrophages/innate IR

IL-11

Stimulate megakaryocytes

IFN-

Macrophage and CMI activation/B-cell production of some subtypes of Ig

TGF-

Inhibits production and activation of lymphocytes and other leukocytes

GMCSF

Maturation and diferentiation of granulocytes and monocytes

13.5 diff types of receptor. Type 1 and type 2 , Ig and transmembrane domains
a. Type I
b. Type II

c. TNF
d. Ig Superfamily
e. -Helical receptors (7- transmembrane)

14.JAK STAT pathway (Janas Associated Receptor Signal Transduction Associated

Transcription )
-

Binding of cytokine turns on receptor

Cross- P of JAKs by receptor

JAKs phosphorylate the receptor, providing binding sites for STAT proteins

Phosphorylate STAT proteins

Dimerization and migration into nucleus

o

Changes in gene transcription

As a result of cytokines binding to receptors, rate of gene transcription is altered

o

Some: Inc rare of gene transcription

Eg, IL2 inc transcription of cytokines => T cells from G 1 to S phase

Some: Dec rate of gene transcription

Eg, IL-10 inhibits transcription and expansion of class II MHC molecules by

PNPC => dec in T cell activation

15.Diff categories for cytokines: 3main categories and major cytokines of the each system.
( innate and adaptive)

Innate
IL-1/TNF
IL-2
IL-10

Adaptive
IL-2
IL-4

Hematopoiesis
IL-3
IL-7
IL-11

IFN-
IFN-

GM-CSF
TGF-

16. The clinical application of cytokine: INF alpha has a diff application, just the cytokine class.
What the cytokines are used for. ( this might not be that important)
IL-1

IL-2
IL-3
IL-11
IFN-
IFN-
GM-CSF

Stimulate cell immunity, T-cell rxn

Post chemo, building IR/Stimulating all WBC
Inc platelet, platelet disorder/inflammatory
Viral therapy/sever hepatitis, cancer
Inc Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI)/ Chronic Granulomas Disease (CGD)
Second most common after IFN/ helps in production of Myeloid cell lines/ Hematopoietic function