IMPORTANT POINTS
IF DO IS TO BE PURIFIED IN A HFO PURIFIER, WHAT SIZE OF GRAVITY DISC WILL BE
CHOSEN ?
Over flow reasons
HEAT EXCHANGERS
WHAT PROVISION IS GIVEN FOR EXPANSION OF TUBES IN SHELL AND TUBE TYPE HX?
Why purging vent is required? What happens if air is in?
PLATE TYPE HEAT EXHANGER DIS ADV
REFREGIRATION
THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVE
REF USED ONBOARD NOW A DAYS ?
HOW IS OIL DRAINED BACK TO THE COMPRESSOR FROM EVAPORATOR?
Refer comp
- Running hot
- Suction side frosting
- Temp disch high reasons ?
REFRIGERANT PROPERTIES
REFER LUB OIL PROPERTIES
AIR IN THE SYSTEM
Ref temp over charge and under charge
What s the use of injection valve In hermetic compressors
GENERAL
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OIL SEAL AND MECH SEAL
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SAFTEY AND RELIEF VALVE
WHAT IS RESONANCE ? i.e. why ship vibrates heavily at critical rpm ?
WORKING OF SALINOMETER
Work hardening
Nitriding
Annealing and normalising diff
ICCP
COMPRESSORS
SPECS
WHY SRPING PLATE VALVES ARE PREFFERED
DIFFERENCE S BETWEEN REFER COMP AND AIR COMPRESSORS
SAFTEY DEVICES
OXYGEN ANALYSER
COMBUSTIBLE GAS METER OR EXPLOSIMETER
TANK SCOPE
- DIFFERENCE B/W TANK SCOPE AND EXPLOSIMETER?
PUMPS
SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS (FRAMO)
GENERAL
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OIL SEAL AND MECH SEAL
OIL SEAL
STERN TUBE LIP SEAL
Sealing Directly in contact with the
shaft
Garter spring provided to increase the
snapping force on the shaft
Probability of leaking is high
Renewal is easy
Cheap
Less life compared to mech seal
MECH SEAL
PUMP GLAND SEAL
Sealing not in direct contact , its in
contact with mating surfaces
Axial spring is provided held in tension
by a grub screw
Good integrity of sealing
Difficult as the whole pump has to be
dismantled
Costly
Better life provided there is no dust
inclusions
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PIPE THREAD AND BOLT THREAD ?
-
A straight thread is the thread you would find on a bolt and nut.
A tapered thread is the thread you would find on water/gas pipe connections.
A tapered thread is a sealing thread.
A straight thread is an axial load bearing thread.
LIMITATIONS
- Firstly it cannot be used on materials which cannot be magnetised such as austenitic
steel and non-ferrous metals.
- Secondly it would not detect a crack which ran parallel to the lines of magnetism.
Stud extractor
Drilling and tapping
Welding a nut on it
NOW, YOU WOULDVE STUDIED WHAT S MUFF COUPLING ! IF SURVEYOR ASKS YOU
WHAT S THE ULTIMATE ADVANTAGE BENIFFITED OUT OF IT , WHAT WOULD YOU SAY?
-
If muff coupling is not fitted, then imagine your coupling a normal bolted one !
Now, in the dry dock, it s required to take out the prop shaft to check for trueness
WORKING OF SALINOMETER
WORK HARDENING
-
This is a natural process due to prolonged working of metals, the inner crystalline sct
automatically gets dislocated resulting in increasing hardness and reduced ductility
Because of the dislocation of internal grain sct, stresses will be developed in the metal
and would soon lead to failure
Eg: Chain blocks, wire slings etc
NITRIDING
-
Working
-
Advantages
- No change in shape after this process
- No machining required
NORMALIZING
-
Normalising done on Bed plates , Crank shaft after forging etc (i.e. stresses are relieved )
ANNEALING
-
ICCP
(ref samath sirs notes)
Electro chemical potential
- Mg 1.48 V
- Zn 1.01 V
- Al 0.75 V
- Fe 0.61 V
- Cu 0.36 V
Advantages of zn over ICCP
-
No electric power
Initial cost low
No complexity
No calibration
No maintenance
No requirement of qualified personnel
Disadv
- Once in two years, should be renewed
- Increases the hull resistance
- Poor zinc anodes would lead to corrosion of hull
ICCP
-
Working
-
The platinised titanium plates are fitted at strategic locations on the hull
It s completely insulated from the hull
A dc is provided to it
Two reference zinc anodes are also deployed
The rate of electron dissipation of zinc anodes are sensed and a feed back is sent to the
control unit
The control unit automatically regulates the current to the platinised anodes after
transformation(440 v to 24 V) and rectification ( ac to dc)
The control equipment auto monitors the amount of current required based on
- Sea water temp
- Salinity
- Paint thickness of the hull
- Ships speed
Typical anode current
New ships: 10 to 40 mA / m2
Old ships : 100 mA/m2 to 150 mA/m2 (for bare steel surface)
ADVANTAGES
-
DIS ADVANTAGES
-
Note:
ON BALLAST TANKS IN TANKERS, ALUMINIUM ANODES will never be used , only zinc will be
used , this is becoz if aluminium falls on steel surface, it creates SPARK !!!!
PURIFIERS
DISC STACK
- The small chocks are given to maintain spacing b/w other discs
- Smaller the disc spacing, better is the purification
- The bottom of those discs are highly polished, so that the sludge easily slips away
IF SAFTEY DATA SHEET DOESNT GIVE PURIFICATION TEMP
- DO : 20 c
- MDO: 40c
- LO: 90c
- LO(high density): 95c
- HFO: 98C
IF DO IS TO BE PURIFIED IN A HFO PURIFIER, WHAT SIZE OF GRAVITY DISC WILL BE
CHOSEN?
-
LOW DENSITY Interference layer will move inwards towards disc stack
- therefore increase the gravity disc size
- DANGER: MIXING OF WATER IN CLEAN OIL OUTLET
HORIZONTAL SHAFT
- Ball bearings on the either side
Support the shaft
HEAT EXHANGER
WHAT PROVISION IS GIVEN FOR EXPANSION OF TUBES IN SHELL AND TUBE TYPE HX?
(pg 5 mc George aux)
-
The fixed end tube plate is sandwiched b/w shell and water box with joining material
Synthetic o rings for sliding tube plate permits free expansion
REFREGIRATION
REF USED ONBOARD NOW A DAYS?
REF three types
1. CFC
2. HCFC
3. HFC
1. CFC
- ODP/GWP = 1/4000
- Phased out 1995
- R 11, 12, 113, 114, 500, 502
2. HCFC GOING TO BE PHASED OUT BY 2020
- R 22 (0.05/1700)
- R 123 (0.02/0.02) Not going to be phased out by 2020, but 2030 going to phased out
- R 124
- 401 A
- 402 A
- 403 A
- 405 A
3.HFC
- NOT GOING TO BE PHASED OUT AS PER MONTREAL PROTOCOL
- R 125
R 134 A (0/1300)
404
407
410
413
417
507
When does super heat occur? - only after the latent heat transaction has ended
(Just to understand latent heat transaction meaning point whr all the liquid ref has
evaporated to gas)
REFRIGERANT PROPERTIES
Non flammable
Non explosive
Non corrosive
High thermal conductivity
Low boiling point
Low freezing point
Low spec vol
High critical temp
High critical pr
Non toxic
Non reactive with oil
Environment friendly
Easy leak detection
Easily available
MINERAL OIL :
ALKYL BENZENE:
POLYOL ETHYLENE :
176C
198 C
294C
To ensure, the oil doesnt react chemically with the ref nor with the materials in the
system
HP CUT OUT
Compressor running hot
Condenser hot
Suction of compressor frosting
UNDER CHARGE
- Short cycling
- Temp in the room not able to achieve
COMPRESSORS
SPECS
COMPRESSOR
MOTOR
140 / 115 mm
100 mm
Power
Rpm
Pressure
Capacity
25 bar
125 m3/hr
440 Volts
4 Poles
Power
26.8 KW
18 lts/min
21,900 Kcal/hr
CC lub oil
11.5 lts
Weight
30 KW
1800 rpm
Rating continuous
Weight
200 kg approx
420 kgs
AIR BOTTLE
CAPACITY
16,600 Lts
5000 kg
No heating coil
-
CC breather absent
Cc breather present
-
Pr is 3 bar
COMPRESSOR SAFTIES
- Fusible plug
- Relief valve
- Bursting disc
- High jacket water temp trip
- Water no flow trip
- Low lub oil pr trip
- Motor overload trip
RELIEF VALVE
- Set at 10% of working pressure
- Manually cant be worked
- No popping action, hence wire drawing
effect can be seen
- Valve lift is proportional to pressure
SAFTEY DEVICES
OXYGEN ANALYSER
(ref pg 459 Mc George aux )
-
Oxygen is paramagnetic (i.e faraday found that oxygen gets attracted to magnetic field)
But the rest of the gasses eg. Nitrogen are Dia magnetic (i.e. they repel )
When the nitrogen dumbbell deflects due to presence of oxygen the change In voltage of
photocell is recorded and to compensate the change, the compensating current is sent
back via feed back circuit
Note
-
Working
-
All the resistances equally get heated up resulting in balanced bridge (i.e. no current
flows through the circuit)
Ensure - The device is properly purged
Then, its taken to the area to be measured
The gas is sucked in via aspirator
One filament in way of the aspirator is a heated filament
(remember this measures only in the range of LFL (i.e.)0 to 100% of LFL)
The hydrocarbon gasses burn due to the heated filament and increases the temp in the
resistance
Increase in temp changes the resistance (i.e increases the resistance here)
Because of change in resistance , an unbalance is occurred which leads to current flow
in the circut
The amount of current is measured and the value of HC gas is calibrated accordingly
Note: This can only measure in terms of LFL, if the atm is in HFL , this can be vividly seen by a
jump of the reading from max to min as when the sample is sucked
Used in pump rooms etc
WRONG READINGS REASONS
- Filter chocked
- Flame arrestor chocked
- Not properly purged
- Hole in sampling tube
- Measuring cell cracked
- Battery low voltage
DISADVANTAGE
- Cannot be used to measure HC content in Inert gas
TANKSCOPE
-
DISADVANTAGES
-
Less sensitivity
PUMPS
SUBMERSIBLE CARGO PUMPS
(Mc George aux pg 200)
Oil pr input 170 bar
Outlet pr 3 bar
Material : stainless steel pipes and casings to withstand corrosive effects of most chemicals
Consists of 3 concentric pipes
-
The exact amount of sewage and waste water flow generated onboard is difficult to
quantify
The European designers concluded to 70 ltrs/day and 140 lts/day including bathing
water
The US authorities concluded 114 lts/day and 228 lts /day including bathing water
Aerobic bacteria
-
Anaerobic Bacteria
-
Working of STP
The stools with water first is discharged in a primary compartment whr the stools are
grinded
This then passes to the aeration chamber ( its continuously bubbled via a blower)
The aerobic bacteria is supported which turns the stools to water and sludge
Now, the sludge will settle down in the hopper tank , if its not pumped back, anaerobic
bacteria would be formed giving foul odours
its pumped back to the aeration tk
(over a period of time the aeration tk would be filled with sludge. this is desludged at
intervals of about three months)
- the desludging operation: pumping 75% of tank and refilling it with clean water
The clear effluent discharged from settling tank must be disinfected to reduce the number
of coliforms to an acceptable level
Its then treated with Calcium or sodium hypochlorite
Its the amount of oxygen required for the aerobic bacteria to break down organic
material in waste water
This determines the efficiency of the plant and strength of sewage
Lesser the BOD better is efficiency is
The sample contained some aerobic bacteria and some organic matter !
Since this was taken in the chlorination compartment
The sample should have aerobic bacteria but not organic matter
So lesser the organic matter better is the efficiency
Hence a sample is taken and oxygen content is measured
When its incubated for 5 days the remaining organic matter (if any) would be broken
down by the e coli bacteria
When it does it !., it consumes oxygen hence proportionate to the amount of oxygen
consumed , the same amount does organic matter exists
Hence LESSER THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION , would mean, there were only less
organic matters !
IMO PRESENT
Not more than 25
TSS (mg/ltr)
35
100
Coli form
2% max
125
INCINERATOR
MY SHIP SPECS
CAPACITY: 3,00,000 Kcal/Hr
Waste oil:
Solids:
Solid Hole
25 Kg/hr
lxb = 400 x 350 mm
Burner
Type: Rotary cup type
Capacity:
37 kg/hr
Motor: 0.4 KW
4 pole 1 ampere
Class F insulation
30 T/ Day
2 ppm