TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

SYNTHESIS/COMBINATION REACTION
DEFINITION: Two or more simple compounds join together to make a
complicated one.
BASIC FORM: A + B = AB
SUB-TYPES:
Metal + oxygen

metal oxide

EX. 2Mg + O2
Nonmetal + oxygen

nonmetallic oxide

EX. C + O2
Metal oxide + water

2MgO
CO2

metallic hydroxide

EX. MgO + H2O

Mg(OH)2

Nonmetallic oxide + water acid

CO2 + H2O H2CO3
Metal + nonmetal salt
2 Na + Cl2 2NaCl

DECOMPOSISTION REACTION
DEFINITION: A complex molecule breaks down to make simpler ones
BASIC FORM: AB = A + B
SUB-TYPES:
Metallic carbonates, when heated, form metallic oxides and CO 2(g).

EX. CaCO3

CaO + CO2

Most metallic hydroxides, when heated, form metallic oxides and

water.

EX. Ca(OH)2

CaO + H2O

Metallic chlorates, when heated, form metallic chlorides and

oxygen.

EX. 2KClO3

2KCl + 3O2

Some acids, when heated, form nonmetallic oxides and water.

EX. H2SO4

H2O + SO3

Some metal oxides, when heated, form metal and oxygen

EX. 2HgO 2Hg + O2
Some decomposition reactions are produced by electricity.
EX. 2H2O 2H2 + O2
EX. 2NaCl 2Na + Cl2

SINGLE DISPLACEMENT/SUBSTITUTION REACTION

DEFINITION: One element trades places with another one in a compound

BASIC FORM: A + BC = B + AC
SUB-TYPES:
Replacement of a metal in a compound by a more active metal.

EX. Fe + CuSO4

FeSO4 + Cu

Replacement of hydrogen in water by an active metal.

EX. 2Na + 2H2O

EX. Mg + H2O

2NaOH + H2
MgO + H2

Replacement of hydrogen in acids by active metals.

EX. Zn + 2HCl

ZnCl2 + H2

Replacement of nonmetals by more active nonmetals.

EX. Cl2 + 2NaBr

2NaCl + Br2

DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION

DEFINTION: The anions and cations of two different molecules switch
places
BASIC FORM: AB + CD = AD + CB
SUB-TYPES:
Formation of precipitate.

EX. NaCl + AgNO3 NaNO3 + AgCl

EX. BaCl2 + Na2 SO4 2NaCl + BaSO4
Formation of a gas.

EX. HCl + FeS

FeCl2 + H2S

Formation of water

EX. HCl + NaOH

NaCl + H2O

Formation of a product which decomposes.

EX. CaCO3 + HCl

CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

STOICHIOMETRY
MOLAR MASS
The sum of the atomic weight of a compound

MASS TO MOLE CONVERSION

Convert the mass to grams [if needed] then divide the mass of the
compound by its molar mass
EXAMPLE:
25g H2 = 12.5 mol of H2
(H2 s molar mass is 2 [1 x2])
MOLE TO MOLE CONVERSION
Convert the given into moles [If necessary] then use the molar ratio to
solve for the mol of the other compound.
EXAMPLE:
2HCL + Mg = MgCl2 + H2
If you used 20 grams of Mg, how many moles of MgCl 2 will you get?
20 grams Mg x (1 mol Mg/24.31) x (1 mol MgCl 2 /1 mol Mg) = 0.82 mol
MgCl2
(On the second part, use the mol used in the balance equation)
MOLE TO MASS CONVERSION
Multiply the mol of a compound by its molar mass.
EXAMPLE:
3 moles of O2 = 36g of O2
(Oxygens molar mass is 36 since it is diatomic)
MASS TO MASS CONVERSION
Convert the mass into moles then convert it to the mole of the
compound/element you are looking for then convert it into grams.
2 H2 + O2 --> 2H2O
If 2.45 grams of H2 are used in the reaction, how many grams of H2O will
you get?
2.45 grams H2 x (1 mol H2/2 grams H2) x (2 moles H2O/2 moles H2) x(18
grams of H2O/1 mol H2O) = 22.05 grams of 2H2O
LIMITING REACTANT & THEORETICAL YIELD
Balance the equation. Convert the masses of the reactants to mole. Using
the mole ratios, determine which reactant is limiting. Use the amount of
the limiting reactant and mole ratio to compute for the number of moles of
the desired product. Convert from moles to grams.
EXAMPLE:
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl = MgCl2 + 2H2O
A 50.6 g sample of Mg(OH)2 is reacted with 45.0 g of HCl according to the
reaction. What is the theoretical yield of MgCl 2
50.6 Mg(OH)2 x 1 mol Mg(OH)2/58g Mg(OH)2 = 0.87 mol of Mg(OH)2
45g HCl x 1 mol HCl/36g HCL = 1.25 mol HCl
0.87 Mg(OH)2 x 2 mol HCl/1 mol Mg(OH)2 = 1.74 mol HCl
Limiting Reactant = HCl
1.25 mol HCl x (1 mol MgCl2 / 2 mol HCL) x (94 g MgCl2/1 mol MgCl2) =
58.75 g MgCl2 (Theoretical Yield)
PERCENTAGE YIELD
Percentage Yield = Actual Yield/Theoretical Yield x 100
EXAMPLE
If 50.67 g of MgCl2 was actually created in the reaction what is the
percentage yield?

50.67/58.75 x 100 = 86.25%

GASES
PROPERTIES
Exists as molecules
No definite shape and volume
Easily compressed when pressure is applied
Expand when heated and contract when cooled

 Exerts pressure
Their densities are smaller than those of solids and liquids
The force of intermolecular attraction between gas particles are
negligible
Gases mix evenly and completely when contained in the same vessel
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
Gases are made up of atoms or molecules that continuously move in
random and straight-line motion.
The distance between the particles of gases are so wide compared to
their individual sizes. A gas particle is mostly empty space with negligible
volume.
The force of attraction between gas molecules is almost negligible.
Collisions between gas particles and the walls of their container are
perfectly elastic, which means that during collision there is no lose or gain
of energy
The average kinetic energy of a gas is proportional to its temperature in
Kelvin.
GAS LAWS
BOYLES LAW
If the pressure of a gas is increased then the volume is decreased.
P1V1 = P2V2
CHARLES LAW
If the temperature increases, the volume also increases.
V1/T1 = V2/T2
AVOGADROS LAW
Volume is proportional to the number of moles at a constant
temperature and pressure
V1/n1 = V2/n2
GAY-LUSSACS LAW
The pressure of a gas is directly related to its Kelvin temperature at a
fixed volume and number of moles.
P1/T1 = P2/T2
COMBINED GAS LAW
For a given mass of gas, the volume is inversely proportional to the
pressure and directly proportional to its absolute temperature
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
DALTONS LAW
The total pressure exerted by the mixture of gases is equal to the sum of
the partial pressures of the gases present.
PT = P1 + P2 + P3
IDEAL GAS LAW
Considers all the measurable factors that affect the behavior of gases.
PV = nRT
(R = 0.821)

GRAHAMS LAW OF DIFFUSION

The diffusion of gases are inversely proportional to the square roots of
their densities