Ventilation Lecture 4 PH Alleen Lezen

5/13/2013
Educational Package Ventilation
Lecture 4: Displacement ventilation
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IEE/09/631/SI2.558225
28.10.2011
Summary
Displacement Ventilation Introduction

Displacement Ventilation Characteristics
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Displacement Ventilation vs. Mixing Ventilation

Ventilation Effectiveness
Design Considerations
Thermal Comfort
Humidity Control
Acoustics
Designing with AHUs and RTUs
Diffuser Type, Layout and Location
DV Supply Air Methods

Case Study
Introduction
Airflow in ventilated spaces generally can be classified by two different types:

mixing (or dilution) ventilation
displacement ventilation.
Mixing ventilation systems generally supply air in a manner such

that the entire room volume is fully mixed.
Displacement Ventilation
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Displacement ventilation systems introduce air into the space at

low velocities which causes minimal induction and mixing.
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Introduction
Displacement ventilation takes advantage of the

difference in air temperature and density between an
upper contaminated zone and a lower clean zone.
Cool air is supplied at low velocity into the lower
zone.
Convection from heat sources creates vertical air motion
into the upper zone where high level return outlets
extract the air
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Source: E.H. PRICE (2007) Displacement Ventilation DESIGN GUIDE
Fig.3
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Introduction
While each system has its comparative

benefits and drawbacks, displacement
ventilation is slowly gaining in popularity
due to its less energy intensive nature.
Fig.4
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Source: Abbas, T. (1999) Displacement ventilation and static cooling devices (COP 17/99)
Flexibility
as loads change within the space, a displacement system will be able to
compensate. For example, if the space was designed to have a fairly even load
distribution and now has the loads concentrated to one side, the system is able
to compensate as the buoyant forces drive supply system and will draw the air
towards the loads.
IAQ
because fresh supply air is pooling at the floor level, personal thermal plumes
draw fresh air up the body. All of the warm and polluted air is extracted at the
high return. When properly designed, there should always be a greater amount
of fresh air in the breathing zone when compared to a conventional dilution
system.
Energy Savings
the lower pressure drop associated with displacement ventilation outlets, may
allow a reduction in fan energy with the selection of a smaller fan components.
economizer operating hours can be increased to take advantage of free cooling
because supply air temperatures are higher than with overhead air distribution
systems.
chiller efficiency may be increased when the system is not dehumidifying, as
there is a lower supply air temperature and higher return air temperature.
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Introduction
6
Introduction
Application
Restrictions/additional comments
Industrial
Offices
Should not be used where pollutants are heavier

than air unless they are directly removed by local
extraction.
Production/assembly
halls, stores,
factories.
Likely to need additional cooling devices.

Works best when
ceiling heights are greater than 2.5m
casual loads are moderate
occupants are mainly sedentary
buildings are airtight
Open plan or
cellular.
Can achieve very low noise levels compared to

mixing systems.
Underseat air supplies should be used with
particular attention to local draught conditions.
Theatres, cinemas,
auditoria, sports
halls, fitness rooms
and restaurants.
Should not be used where pollutants are heavier

than air unless they are directly removed by local
extraction.
All types.
Laboratories
General Public
Areas
Recreation
Examples
Significant solar gain must be precluded.
Conference rooms,
airport concourses,
atria, shops.
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Thermal Plume
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DV Characteristics
Heat sources
such as people,
computers, lights,
etc. create a
rising convection
flow known as a
thermal plum
Stratification Height
The downward
moving
airflow resulting
from cool surface
The upward moving

airflow contained
in thermal plumes that
form above heat
sources
Stratification
Height
The supply airflow

into the room from a
low side-wall diffuser

Source: Hazim B. Awbi, Ventilation of Buildings, Second Edition, 2003
An important objective in
designing and operating a
displacement
ventilation
system is to maintain Yst
near to the breathing zone
(1,7m standing work position and

1,1 m seated work position)
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Airflow Penetration
Room Airflow Pattern
Quite different than in a

mixing system.
The convection flows are
created by heat sources
within the room cause
the formation of horizontal
air layers.
Obstruction
Irregular Room Geometry
Fig.5.a
`
`
The warmest air layers are

near the ceiling
The coolest air layers are
near the floo
When designing the system to deal with

the cooling demand of the space, the
penetration depth of a displacement
diffuser can be 26 30 feet from the
face of the diffuser. For rooms
exceeding 30 feet in length or width,
diffusers on several walls would normally
be required.
DV Characteristics
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ID
DV Characteristics
Fig.5b
Typical temperature profile for a

room with displacement ventilation.
The stratification is
affected by several
factors:
supply air volume
room cooling load
location and type of heat
source
space height.
The greater the volume of
air supplied into a room,
the lower the temperature
difference between floor
and ceiling
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Isothermal Air Supply

Fig.6 a,b,c
Heating Air Supply
Cool Air Supply
In order to avoid draft it is essential for the

displacement diffuser to uniformly deliver
the supply air across the entire diffuser face

at low velocity. This requires an internal
DV Characteristics
equalization baffle in combination with a

low free area face.
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ID
DV Characteristics
When heat sources are

located in the upper
part of the room
the greatest
stratification occurs
near the ceiling
If heat sources are

located in the lower part
of the room, the
temperature gradient is
greater in the lower part
of the room and lessens
in the upper part.
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Displacement ventilation with wall-mounted diffuser
Wall mounted low velocity

diffuser and smoke visualization
of the stratified
flow from the diffuser
Room with
DV and wall
mounted
diffuser
DV Characteristics
Fig. 7 a,b
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Source: Hazim B. Awbi, Ventilation Systems Design and performance, 2008
Design chart for an air

distribution system with wall
mounted diffusers
for displacement ventilation
Displacement ventilation with floor-mounted diffusers
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DV Characteristics
Flow in a room with
displacement ventilation
and a floor mounted
diffuser
High momentum displacement ventilation
Fig.7 c,d
Impinging jet
ventilation
system
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Impinging jet ventilation
MAIN ADVANTAGES over a standard displacement system are:
the air can be supplied over a much wider temperature range than can be
tolerated in a displacement system. Tests have shown that a supply
temperature down to 15 C can be tolerated as the jet quickly entrains room air
at higher temperature as it leaves the diffuser;
the ability to use the impinging jet system for heating by supplying air at
higher temperature than room air, which is not possible in a standard DS;
the impinging jet spreads quickly as it descends on the floor creating a thin
layer that can travel a long distance on the floor even with the presence of
heat sources. In a standard displacement system, the supply air does not
DV Characteristics
normally travel long distances as it is quickly consumed by heat sources in its

path.
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Confluent jets ventilation
Flow pattern
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DV Characteristics
Typical
confluent jets
installations
Fig.7 e, f
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Performance
Cooling Capacity
Displacement ventilation system

(DVS)
20 35 W/m2
DVS with induction of room air into

supply and lower primary
temperature
35 60 W/m2
DVS with chilled ceiling panels
70 100 W/m2
Allows additional cooling of 200

250 W/m length of beam
DVS with passive chilled beams
System Configuration
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DV Characteristics
DV vs MV
Contaminant
distribution in a
space is influenced by
several factors such as
supply air method
contaminant source
type
location within the
space
heat sources
space height.
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Fig. 8 a,b
With mixing ventilation, contaminants

are diluted with supply air and are
distributed evenly throughout the
space
Displacement ventilation improves

occupant air quality by reducing
the contaminants in the lower
portion of the room. The general
upward motion of air causes
contaminants to concentrate within
the upper zone
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DV vs MV
Mixing ventilation is preferable in the following cases:
Where the main pollutants are colder/denser than the
ambient air (e.g. dust)
Where overheating is the main problem and not air quality
Where ceiling height is below 2.3m
Where the air flow is often disturbed by movement in the
room
Displacement ventilation has the following advantages:

Less cooling needed for a given temperature in an occupied
zone
Longer periods with free cooling
Better air quality in the occupied zone (though there can be
more airborne respirable dust in the breathing zone)
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DV vs MV
The main weak points of displacement ventilation are:

Risk of cold sensation or draught near the floor
Wall mounted diffusers take up a lot of space and must not
be blocked
Wall mounted diffusers do not permit a lot of flexibility
when it comes to future changes in the layout of the building
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Source: Schild, G. P. (2004) Displacement Ventilation, AIVC, Ventilation Information Paper VIP 05
Appropriate ventilation systems for

different flow rates and heat loads
The
T
lines
are
temperature
difference between room and supply air
when ventilation alone is used for cooling
Fig.9
Source: Schild, G. P. (2004) Displacement Ventilation, AIVC, Ventilation Information Paper VIP 05
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DV vs MV
Comparison between different air distribution systems
Fig.10 a, b, c, d, e
Five different
air distribution
systems
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Nominal time constant
Pollutant concentration in the exhaust

Source: Chapter 25 of 1997 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook
Room mean age of air
Pollutant mean concentration in the room
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Pollutant mean concentration at

breathing level
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Supply diffuser
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The type of supply diffuser used will have a direct impact in the
ventilation effectiveness.
The overall ventilation effectiveness of overhead diffuser systems may

vary due to diffuser type (0.7 < < 1.0 with average = 0.9) and mode of
operation
Well-designed displacement ventilation air distribution systems have a
ventilation effectiveness that are at least = 1.2 and have the potential
for greater ventilation effectiveness when used in combination with
dedicated outdoor air systems and radiant heating/cooling systems.
Ventilation Effectiveness for Different Types of

Air Distribution Systems [Source: Krantz]
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Thermal Comfort
Controlling stratification in
the occupied zone is
critical to maintaining
occupant comfort. ASHRAE
Standard 55 requires the
temperature difference
between the head and foot
level of a standing person
not to exceed 5F.
ASHRAE Thermal Comfort Range

Source: ASHRAE Standard 55-2004
ASHRAEStandard55definesthermal
comfortasaconditionofthemindwhich
expressessatisfactionwiththethermal
environment.Thisdefinitionisbasedon
thefactthateachpersondefineswhatis
thermallycomfortablebasedupontheir
ownphysiologicalandpsychological
states.
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Source: Architectural Energy CorporationDisplacement Ventilation Design Guide: K-12 Schools, Final Report, 2006
Controlling humidity
Humidity Control
is the most common question when discussing the concepts of

underfloor air distribution, or displacement air distribution.
means different things to different people as their personal
perspectives are different, e.g.:
ID
In the office environment, humidity control means limiting the upper

humidity level to the guidelines of ASRHAE Standard 55 in
order to provide good thermal comfort.
Museums often need humidity levels to be maintained in a narrow
range to slow or prevent decay in artwork and historical displays.
Building Shells Are Sources of Humidity

All buildings leak air through the building shell. This leakage is a
direct transfer of moisture into or out of the interior zones and
needs to be accounted for in the building moisture loads.
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Pretreat Ventilation Air
In a humid climate, the biggest source of moisture is typically the ventilation

air from the outside => Pretreated the air for humidity control will control
the entire building humidity load without any additional moisture removal
1st approach for humidity control
SideStreamBypassHumidityControl
Humidity Control
Design suggestions
2nd approach for humidity control
SeriesFanTerminal
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Humidity Control
Design suggestions
Direct Expansion Roof Top Units
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DX packaged roof top units may be used to

condition raised floor cavities and displacement
ventilation. However, care must be exercised to
select the proper sized equipment and controls to
maintain moisture removal.
Control Tip
When a DX system is oversized, the compressors will remove

the cooling load with very little cycle time;
in this case, the compressors shut down and the moisture on
the coil will re-evaporate and be added to the air;
additionally, the ventilation air is still required and will also
transport moisture into the zone;
the net effect is a humid occupied zone.
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Humidity Control
Design suggestions
Dedicated Dehumidification and

Energy Recovery
Dehumidification
ASHRAE has several recommendations for dehumidification of a building:

Dry the ventilation air first as the bulk of the moisture load in buildings is
due to the ventilation air.
Lower the design dew point and raise the interior set point dry bulb
temperature. When the occupants of a building are in a dry climate, RH < 45%,
they will have the same perceived comfort level at 78F as they would at 74F
and 50% RH. Interestingly, most people find the dryer and warmer combination
more comfortable.
Downsize the cooling equipment and use a dehumidifier. If the cooling system
is not required to remove latent loads, it can typically have a smaller cooling
capacity. This will raise the overall efficiency of the HVAC system and allow
for more localized cooling in high sensible loadings such as call centers. This is
a great approach for the use of fan air columns in a raised floor application.
Remember to analyze the dehumidification cycle at the peak moisture removal
load as well as the peak temperature point.
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Acoustics
There are typically at least 5 primary

sources of sound generation in a
displacement ventilation application:
ID
Fanpoweredterminals
3
4
5
The 1st most

commonly
considered
sound
Controlvalves
Diffusers
Airhandlingequipment
The 2nd most

commonly
considered
sound
Structuralbornesound.
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Acoustics
The NC values for the diffusers are calculated using

ASHRAE Standard 70.
Largely due to their low pressure drop, displacement
diffusers do not typically have NC values above NC 30.
Sample Performance Data for a DF3

displacement outlet (example of diffuser noise)
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Acoustics-Diffusers
ASHRAE Standard 70: All diffusers are discharging air into a typical
space that will experience a sound absorption of 10dB in all bands.
The tabulated NC values may be corrected for the type of space in
your design by using this formula:
ID
The design goal
Nb of outlets in the space
Catalog NC = Room NC 10 + SEF 10*log 10 N
Space Effect Factor [ASHRAE Fundamentals]
Example:
`
`
`
`
`
Private Office space (Design NC = 30).

10 ft x 10 ft with 2.5 CFM/SF (295 CFM)
The SEF = 5.
Number of supply diffusers is 1 (250 CFM)
and the number of return diffusers is 1.
Catalog NC = 30 10 + 5 10*log 10 (1+1)
Catalog NC = 22
DF1 Diffuser (48x24x13) at 295 CFM
generate an NC values < 15 NC.
The return grill would be selected to have
an NC values of 19 or less as well.
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Designing with Air Handling Units
AHUs in a displacement ventilation systems must

be
able
to supply an off-coil supply air
temperature of ~65F [18C] in order to limit
discomfort.
When climate permits, the use of an economizer is

recommended.
Where dehumidification is required, side steam bypass or heat recovery wheels can be used.
Variable speed drives on a VAV system will help to

save energy under partial load conditions and will
help to promote stratification in the space.
Demand control ventilation can be incorporated

into the displacement system to help reduce the
energy demand of the system in low load cases
and still provide the proper space ventilation.
Fig.11
Fig.12
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Loading Within the Space
Overhead Air Distribution
ID
A
traditional
mixing
system
conditions the whole space to be
an even temperature. The system
then has be designed to cool
the entire volume of the space
Fig.14
Fig.13
With displacement
ventilation only the occupied
zone needs to be conditioned
to meet comfort conditions.
Occupied Zone
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Solar, Conduction, and Overhead Lighting
B- Shades at windows will

reduce the amount of energy
transferred to the space as the
shades will absorb and reflect
the energy. Some of the energy
will become a convective energy
gain outside of the occupied zone
A- Solar energy gain in the

space is both radiant and
convective, the amount heating
however, depends on the
design of the window
treatment. Without treatment,
the majority of this load falls on
the floor.
Fig.15 a,b
External/Lighting Loads
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Solar, Conduction, and Overhead Lighting
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External/Lighting Loads
C- In the case of conduction and

lighting loads, only a portion of the
load remains in the occupied zone.
Wall conduction, for example, shown
in the figure, will contribute a
predicable amount of the heat to
the occupied zone
Fig.16 a,b
D- Only the radiant component

of overhead lighting loads are
considered because the
convective loads from the
lighting remains above the
occupied zone by convecting
directly to the upper zone
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People and Equipment Loads
People and equipment transfer heat to their

surroundings by four heat transport methods:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Evaporation
Sensible heat gain

to the space
Latent heat gain
ASHRAE 2005 Fundamentals

Chapter 30, Nonresidential
Cooling, and Heating Load
Calculations, give general heat
load generated by people and
equipment in various states of
activities for both sensible and
latent components.
Thermal Plume
Fig.17
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Sensible Heat
The sensible heat gain to the occupied zone is only a portion of the total
sensible load emitted from the occupants. When using displacement
ventilation for cooling, only this portion is considered when sizing the air
volume and supply air temperature.
ID
The rate at which occupant heat is generated

is dependent on several factors:
Fig.18
Clothing levels
Metabolic rate
Environmental conditions
Activity level, etc.
Latent Heat
All of the latent load generated by people and equipment need to be

accounted for in the air volume calculation.
Evaporation from occupants, humid air generated by certain equipment, and
warm moist air exhaled by occupants all contribute to the space latent load.
Control of the latent portion of the heat generated in the space is

critical to controlling the relative humidity of the space.
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Diffuser Type
One-Way Diffuser
Fig.19 a,b,c,d
Three-Way Diffuser
Wall Mounted
Recessed Diffuser
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Diffuser Type
Displacement
Linear Enclosure
ID
Fig.20 a,b,c,d
Corner Diffuser
Circular Diffuser
Semi Circular
Diffuser
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Diffuser Type
IndustrialDiffuser
Fig.21 a,b,c
LinearFloorGrille
RoundFloorGrille
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Diffuser Layout and Location
Some general recommendations for supply diffusers:
Rectangular or semi-circular units are often located on walls

opposite to the exterior windows and walls.
ID
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For large rooms wider than 9 m, consider

mounting the diffuser on two opposite walls.
Long Rooms
Wide Rooms
Fig.22 a,b,c
For rooms longer than 5 m, consider several

diffusers along the wall.
Large Open Rooms
For large open spaces, round or rectangular

diffusers can be placed in the mid of the
space.
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Diffuser Layout and Location
Some general recommendations for supply diffusers:
Place diffusers no closer than 2 feet from occupants as shown in

the figure:
Fig.23
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Avoid placing large obstacles near the diffuser face.
Place more diffusers in areas which have a higher cooling load.

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Ducted Connection
ID
The most common method to supply

air to a displacement diffuser is via
a ducted connection. Diffusers can
be connected from the top, bottom,
and sides depending on the function
and design of the diffuser.
Balancing dampers required for
diffusers should be mounted at
least 3 duct diameters away from
the inlet connection on the diffuser,
in a ducted configuration
Fig.24
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Pressurized Plenum
Fig.25
When utilizing a pressurized plenum with a

displacement diffuser, ensure that the plenum is
properly sealed .
Advantages of using a pressurized plenum are reduced
ductwork easier balancing and quicker installation.
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Small Office Example
Small office in renovated office building.
North facing room

Wide =3 m
Long =3,65 m
Height = 2,7 m
2 occupants
Occupation:
ID
Case Study
Fig.26a
from 8:00 to 12:00 and from 13:00 to 17:00
Computer with LCD monitor

T8 florescent lighting
Control temperature of 22C
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Boardroom Example
Private boardroom in a new office building
In the center of the building
Wide = 7,3 m
Long = 4,3 m
Height = 3 m
8 occupants
Computer with LCD monitor
T8 florescent lighting
Control temperature of 22F Fig.26b
Large white board at the west end of the room
Cabinets along the south and east end of the
room
Case Study
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References
Abbas, T. (1999) Displacement ventilation and static cooling devices (COP 17/99).
Bracknell: BSRIA
ID
Schild, G. P. (2004) Displacement Ventilation, AIVC, Ventilation Information Paper
VIP 05
E.H. PRICE (2007) Displacement Ventilation DESIGN GUIDE
Chapter 25 of 1997 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook

Architectural Energy CorporationDisplacement Ventilation Design Guide: K-12
Schools, Final Report, 2006

Hazim B. Awbi, Ventilation Systems Design and performance, 2008
Hazim B. Awbi, Ventilation of Buildings, Second Edition, 2003
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Levels for the Figures

Level 1, bring best quality to the material: Get permission to the use the original picture.
Level 2, medium quality: Redraw the illustration
Level 3, poor quality: replace the illustration with a link or a reference to where to find the illustration.
Level (1 3)
Fig 2
Fig 3
Fig.4
Fig.5a,b
Fig.6
a,b,c
Fig.7
a,b,c,d,e,f
Fig.8a,b
Fig.9
Fig.10
a,b,c,d,e
Fig.11
1
1
1
Fig 14
Fig 15a,b
Fig 17
Fig 18
Fig.19
a,b,c,d
Fig.20
a,b,c,d
Fig.21
a,b,c
Fig.22
a,b,c
Fig.23
2
2
2
2
Fig.24
Fig.25
Fig.26
a,b
49
ID
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Fig.12
Fig 13
Level (1 3)
Figure
Numbe
rbb
Fig 16
Figure
Number
Fig 1
25

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Educational Package Ventilation

Lecture 4: Displacement ventilation

Displacement Ventilation Introduction

Displacement Ventilation vs. Mixing Ventilation

DV Supply Air Methods

Airflow in ventilated spaces generally can be classified by two different types:

Mixing ventilation systems generally supply air in a manner such

Displacement ventilation systems introduce air into the space at

Displacement ventilation takes advantage of the

Source: E.H. PRICE (2007) Displacement Ventilation DESIGN GUIDE

While each system has its comparative

Should not be used where pollutants are heavier

Likely to need additional cooling devices.

Can achieve very low noise levels compared to

Should not be used where pollutants are heavier

Significant solar gain must be precluded.

The upward moving

The supply airflow

Source: E.H. PRICE (2007) Displacement Ventilation DESIGN GUIDE

(1,7m standing work position and

Room Airflow Pattern

Quite different than in a

Irregular Room Geometry

The warmest air layers are

When designing the system to deal with

Source: E.H. PRICE (2007) Displacement Ventilation DESIGN GUIDE

Typical temperature profile for a

Isothermal Air Supply

Heating Air Supply

Cool Air Supply

In order to avoid draft it is essential for the

the supply air across the entire diffuser face

equalization baffle in combination with a

Source: E.H. PRICE (2007) Displacement Ventilation DESIGN GUIDE

When heat sources are

If heat sources are

Source: E.H. PRICE (2007) Displacement Ventilation DESIGN GUIDE

Displacement ventilation with wall-mounted diffuser

Wall mounted low velocity

Source: Hazim B. Awbi, Ventilation Systems Design and performance, 2008

Design chart for an air

Displacement ventilation with floor-mounted diffusers

High momentum displacement ventilation

High momentum displacement ventilation

normally travel long distances as it is quickly consumed by heat sources in its

Source: Hazim B. Awbi, Ventilation Systems Design and performance, 2008

High momentum displacement ventilation

Source: Hazim B. Awbi, Ventilation Systems Design and performance, 2008

Displacement ventilation system

DVS with induction of room air into

DVS with chilled ceiling panels

Allows additional cooling of 200

DVS with passive chilled beams

With mixing ventilation, contaminants

Displacement ventilation improves

Source: E.H. PRICE (2007) Displacement Ventilation DESIGN GUIDE

Displacement ventilation has the following advantages:

The main weak points of displacement ventilation are:

Appropriate ventilation systems for

Comparison between different air distribution systems

Source: Hazim B. Awbi, Ventilation Systems Design and performance, 2008

Nominal time constant

Pollutant concentration in the exhaust