Curtin University of Technology

Division of Engineering, Science and Computing

Department of Electrical Engineering

Renewable Energy Systems 402/604

Semester 2, 2007
Lecture 1
Professor Chem Nayar
Office: 204:205
Telephone: 9266 7934
Email: c.v.nayar@curtin.edu.au

Unit website:

www.ece.curtin.edu.au/~pe301

Renewable Energy Systems

402/604
Tuition Pattern:
5 Hours:
Lecture 2.00 hours, 1.00 weekly
Tutorial 1.00 hour, 1.00 weekly
Laboratory 2.00 hours fortnightly

Assessment Details:
Assignments : 4 0%
Assignment 1 (20%)
Assignment - 2 (20%)
Final Examination (2hours) : 60%
Closed book , restricted exam.
( Students can bring a single page of A4 size notes handwritten or typed on
both sides and calculators)

Recommended Texts and Principal References

1.

H. L. Willis and W.G. Scott, Distributed Power Generation, Marcel

Dekker Inc., 2000
1. G. Boyle, Renewable Energy, power for sustainable future, Oxford,
2004.
2. J.F. Manwell, et al, Wind Energy Explained, John Wiley and Sons,
2002.
3. S. Wenham, M. Green and M. Watt, Applied Photovoltaics, UNSW,
ISBN 0 86758 909 4.
2.S. AustraliaTM, "AS 4777.3: Grid connections of energy systems via
inverters Part 3: Grid protection requirements," in Standards AustraliaTM,
2002.
3.S. AustraliaTM, "AS 4777.1: Grid connections of energy systems via
inverters Part 1: Installation requirements," in Standards AustraliaTM, 2002.
4.S. AustraliaTM, "AS 4777.2: Grid connections of energy systems via
inverters Part 2: Inverter requirements," in Standards AustraliaTM, 2002.

Renewable Energy Systems 402 Semester 2, 2007

Week

Day

Topics

Lecturer

Duration

Pre-readings

Tutorial

Assignment Due

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

31-Jul
7-Aug
14-Aug
21-Aug
4-Sep
11-Sep
18-Sep
2-Oct

Introduction

Wind Energy Systems 1

Wind Energy Systems 2
Wind Energy Systems 3
Energy Economics
Small Hydro Systems

Prof. Nayar
M. Dymond
M. Dymond
Prof Nayar
Prof. Nayar
Prof. Nayar
Prof. Nayar
Dr. Sumedha

4-6pm
4-6pm
4-6pm
4-6pm
4-6pm
4-6pm
4-6pm
4-6pm

Lecture Notes
Lecture Notes
Lecture Notes
Lecture Notes
Lecture Notes
Lecture Notes
Lecture Notes
Lecture Notes

Tutorial No.1
Tutorial No.2
Tutorial No.3
Tutorial No.4
Tutorial No.5
Tutorial No.6
Tutorial No.7

Assignment No.1

9
10
11
12
13

9-Oct
16-Oct
23-Oct
30-Oct
6-Nov

Fuell Cells 1
Fuell Cells 2
Distributed Generation 1
Distributed Generation 2
Study week

Dr. Sumedha
Dr. Sumedha
Dr. Sumedha
Dr. Sumedha

4-6pm
4-6pm
4-6pm
4-6pm

Lecture Notes
Lecture Notes
Lecture Notes
Lecture Notes

PV Systems 1
PV Systems 2

Tutorial No.8
Tutorial No.9
Tutorial No.10
Assignment No.2

Renewable Energy Systems 402/604 Lab

Overview of Renewable
Energy Systems, Distributed
Generation

What Are Distributed Generators?

Distributed generation (DG) systems are small
modular electric power generation units
(<10MW, or <30 MW) and their management &
control systems, which are close to electricity
users and connected to distribution systems.

Wind turbines
Photovoltaic systems
Small hydro units
Microturbines
Combined heat & power generation, etc.

A Broader view: any generators other than

central generation stations

DG A Future Mode of Generation

Central generation stations vs DG systems (now)
Super computers vs Personal Computers (25 years ago)

Tremendous DG Market Potential

Global electricity consumption40% of total global energy consumption

Present global DG capacity30 GW installed capacity
DG growth ratecurrently 8-9GW/year or 3% of newly installed
generation capacity; will be 6% of newly installed capacity by 2020

Global new-capacity

Global new DG capacity

Rapid DG Growth Wind Capacity

80

70
Cumulative Capacity
Installed Capacity

Capacity (GW)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

Year

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

Rapid DG Growth PV Capacity

Driving Forces for Rapid DG Growth

Environmental
Concerns:
GHG reduction
Energy efficiency

Deregulation and
Economics:
Trade
Investment

Demands:

Electricity
Sector

Technological
Innovation

Increasing demand
Supply quality
Supply security

Electricity and GHG Emissions

Nat ual Gas 18 . 8%

Coa l 34. 1%

Oi l

9. 9%

Ren ewabl es 20 . 2%

Nuc l ear 17. 0%

Electricity: 0.51kg/kWh, or 20% of global GHG

Courtesy of Hydro Quebec

Increasing Electricity Demand

Annual World Electricity Consumption Will Increase at 2.3%
(Developing Countries at 3.5%)
25000
EE/FSU
Developing
Industrialized
North America

Electricity Consumption (TWh)

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
2001

2010

2015

Year

2020

2025

Energy Security: Oil and Gas Will

Deplete, Sooner or Later

A Direct Drive Wind Turbine

A Wind Turbine System

Kinetic Mechanical Electric Energy
Turbine input power

1
1
2
3
Pwind = mu = Au
2
2
Turbine output power

1
3
Pmech = Au Cp
2
Turbine performance factor Cp. Theoretical
maximum Cp: Cpmax16/270.593,
practical maximum Cp=0.4 - 0.5

Photovoltaic Cells
Solar cell operation is based on the ability of
semiconductors to convert sunlight directly into
electricity. In the conversion process the incident energy
of light creates mobile charged particles in the
semiconductor, which are then separated by the device
structure and produce electrical current.

Characteristics of PV Cells

1000W/m2
800W/m2

5
4

600W/m2

3
2
1
0
0

10

15

20

25

VI Characteristic Curve
Nom inal 12V array
6

120

100

79

80

60

40

20

0
0

10

15

Voltage (V)

17.4

20

25

Power(W)

Current (A)

4.6

Effect of Solar Radiation Level

6

1000W/m2
5

800W/m2
4

600W/m2
3
2
1
0
0

10

15

20

25

Effect of Temperature
6
5
4
3

0C

25C
50C

75C
0
0

10

15

20

25

This characteristic is important in determining the dc voltage window

of grid connected inverters

Photovoltaic Power Systems

DC Input

Power
Electronics
Interface
Utility

(b)
(a)

Wind Electric Systems

Generator
and
Power Electronics
Utility

Power Electronic Converters:

Enabling Technology for DG Systems

Converters in components, functions and systems of distributed generators

Functions of Power Electronic

Converters for DG Systems
Power Conversion
ac-dc, dc-ac, ac-ac, dc-dc; voltage and
frequency control
Interconnection with Grid & System Protection
meeting requirements of interconnection standards

Resource Control (optimize sources and loads)

maximum power point tracking

Power System Support

power and reactive power control, dispatch etc.

Bidirectional Switching Power Pole

Ref: Mohan

Low Frequency PWM Generation

Ref: Mohan

VaN
da =
Vd

Single-Phase Inverter
Ref: Mohan

vo = Vo sin w1t

Single Phase Grid Connected Inverter

Three-Phase Inverter-Sine PWM

(Vl l ) max =

3
Vd ~ 0.867Vd
2

Three-Phase Inverter- Sine PWM

Current Source/Voltage Inverter

A current source inverter (CSI)

has an inductor in series with
the DC input

L
Idc

Q1

Q3
Io
Load

Q2

A voltage source inverter (VSI)

has a capacitor across the DC
input
Voltage controlled VSI (VCVSI)
Current controlled VSI (CCVSI)

Vdc

Q4

Q1

Q3
Io

C
Load

Q2

Q4

Voltage Controlled VSI

Pg =

VgVc
XL

sin ; Qg =

VgVc
XL

cos

Vg

XL

Current Controlled VSI

Pg = Vg I g cos ; Qg = Vg I g sin

Real power and Reactive power can

be controlled by regulating the magnitude,
and the angle

Pg= VIg cos

IL = Ig

Qg= VIg sin

Current Controlled VSI

Fast current response
Inherent current protection
Appropriate for gridconnected inverters such
as for PV/Wind generators
Hysteresis current
controller
Ramp controller
Predictive controller
Current-based space vector
controller

Hysteresis Current Controller

Active and Reactive Power Control

PV/Grid Energy System Configurations

Large Single Inverter Type (Central
Inverter)
Multiple Small Inverter Type (String
Inverter)
DC Bus (Multi-string Inverter)
AC Module

Large Single Inverter Type

Series and Parallel
connection on DC
side
All PV panels
connected to single
DC bus
Single Central
Inverter
Affected by partial
shading of panels
Only one protection
system required

Multiple Small Inverter Type

One inverter per
string
Panels grouped into
smaller inverter
rated power of
Inverter ( 0.7-5kW)
Not so badly
affected by shading
Not badly affected
by inverter failure

Grid-Connected PV Inverter (String Type)

@ 3.3kW

Grid-Connected with Energy Back up System

AC Grid Line

DC from PV
160 to 240 V

DC 48 V

AC Line

Controller

AC Line
DC 48 V

Back up Line

Grid-Connected PV System
with Back up Inverter
Kang Som-Mao, Ratchaburi

PV

75 Wp x 42 modules

CONTROLLER

BATTERY

batteries for S-218C

INVERTER

APOLLO G 304 And S-218C

DC Linked

Each panel or
group have a DCDC step up
converter
High voltage DC
link feeds
transformer-less
converter

AC Modules

One Inverter per

panel
High volume/
low cost?
Plug-and-play?

Wind Energy Conversion System

Mechanical Power

Electrical Power

Wind

Wind Turbine
Rotor

Gearbox/
Transmission

Generator

Power
Converter

Power
Transformer

Electric Grid

Permanent Magnet PM Generator

LDC

LAC
GB

CDC

VDC

Applications of Single-Phase
Inverters for Small Wind Turbines

Wind turbine system

AC/DC/AC Full Power Converter

for Three-Phase Grids (PWM Rectifier)

Micro Hydro

Fuel Cells

Fundamentals
and
background
Energy
Conversion
Principle

Microgrid
A MicroGrid power system
Is a local scale power system using distributed resources scaled to
the local system demand.
Is designed to transfer seamlessly between connection with the
local utility and isolated operation.

Benefits
Improved power reliability and power quality
Potential economic benefits: CHP, higher efficiency, diversified fuel
supplies
Possible ancillary services for power system operators
Transmission and distribution support in constrained areas.
Potential for reduced emissions compared to centralized utility.
Ability to allow high penetration of renewable generation.

Case study : The Republic of Maldives

1,192 islands
with a land area of
about 300 km2,
formed on a chain
of 26 coral reef
atolls in the Indian
Ocean
80 percent of
the total landmass
of the Maldives is
less than 1 meter
above sea level

Maldives Remote Islands

Uligam

Raimandhoo

Kondey

Advantages of the Renewable Energy

Micro-Grid System
POWER
ELECTRONICS

Can Provide 24 hours of Electricity

Diesel Generator operating hours will be reduced which leads
to save in fuel plus O&M cost
Reduced Cost of Electricity
Fast pay back period [2-3 Years]
Reduced noise and air pollution
Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emission

Micro Grid for Uligam lsland

Micro Wind Farm