Design
Riyadh Hindi, PhD, PEng
Calibration
Major Changes
1.3[1.0D + (5/3)(L+I)]
AASHTO Recommendation
LRFD Implementation Plan (2000)
Calibration
Reliability-based calibration
Calibration or comparison to past
practice
Liberal doses of engineering
judgment
LRFD Calibration
Statistical Data
Variability in Loads
Traffic: Cars, Trucks (Different Number
of Axles), etc.
Variability in Resistances
Concrete Compressive Strength
Reinforcing Steel Yield Strength
Cross-Section Geometry
Location of Reinforcement
LRFD Calibration
Rmean
f(R,Q)
Qmean
Qn
Rn
Qn Rn
R,Q
Reliability Index
The target Reliability Index is a
unique quantity.
Many different sets of s and s can
be selected to achieve the target
Reliability Index .
LRFD Calibration
Rmean
f(R,Q)
Qmean
Qn
Rn
Qn
Rn
R,Q
LRFD Calibration
Rmean
f(R,Q)
Qmean
Qn
Rn
Qn
Rn
R,Q
LRFD Calibration
(R-Q)mean
Graphical
definition
of
reliability
index
R-Q
LRFD Calibration
Reliability Indices
5
4
3
2
LFD Range
1
0
30
60
LRFD Range
90
120
Span Length , ft
200
10
Major Changes
Parallel Commentary
Shear Design
- Modified Compression Field Theory
- Strut-and-Tie Model
- Interface (Horizontal) Shear
Partial Prestressing
11
Limit States
Distribution Factors
Vessel Collision
LRFD Specs
f pu
*
fsu
f ps
fse
f pe
2 fc ( psi )
0.0632 fc ( KSI )
3 fc ( psi )
6 fc ( psi )
7.5 fc ( psi )
0.0948 fc ( KSI )
0.190 fc ( KSI )
0.24 fc ( KSI )
12
(1.3.2.1-1)
i = load modifier
Load Modifier, i
LRFD 1.3.3-.5
D = ductility factor
= 1.05 for non-ductile components
= 0.95 for ductile components
R = redundancy factor
= 1.05 for nonredundant members
= 0.95 exceptional levels of redundancy
13
Ductility Factor, D
LRFD C1.3.3
Ductility Factor, D
14
Resistance Factors,
LRFD 5.5.4.2
Tension-controlled sections RC
0.90
1.00
Compression-controlled sections
0.75
0.90
0.70
Bearing
0.70
15
16
Concluding Remarks
Preliminary
Design
2010 Bridge
Professors Workshop
17
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
1. What is Preliminary Design?
2. Selection Criteria and AASHTO
Specifications
3. Types of Concrete Bridges
a) Standard Sections
b) Girder Selection Aids
Preliminary Design
Definition
Design Considerations
Safety
Economy
Durability
Aesthetics
18
58.0%
50.0%
40.0%
31.2%
30.0%
20.0%
8.4%
10.0%
1.5%
0.5%
150-199
200-249
0.4%
0.0%
<50
50-99
100-149
>=250
P/S
Percent Built
50%
40%
30%
Steel
20%
RC
10%
0%
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Year Built
19
State Practices
40
Slab Bridges
I-Girder Bridges
Box-Girder Bridges
U-Beam Bridges
Segmental Bridges
Spliced-Girder Bridges
Arch Bridges
Cable-Stayed Bridges
20
Preliminary Design
41
42
WSDOT
Span Range (ft)
0
90
180
270
360
450
540
630
Pipe
Concrete Culvert
Plate Arch
RC Slab
RC Tee Beam
RC Box Girder
PT Conc Box Girder
Segmental PT Box Girder
PS Conc Slab
PS Conc Deck Bulb Tee
PS Conc Girder
Steel Rolled Girder
Steel Plate Girder
Steel Box Girder
Steel Truss
Timber
Glulam Timber
Cable Stay Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Floating Bridge
Arch Bridge
Moveable Span Bridge
Tunnel
21
Slab Bridges
43
I-Girder Bridges
44
22
23
47
Properties, Dimensions and Maximum Spans
for
PCI Bulb Tee Girders
48
24
50
Properties, Dimensions and Maximum Spans
for
New England Bulb Tee Girders
25
2.51
Illinois DOT
52
26
53 for
Properties, Dimensions and Maximum Spans
AASHTO-PCI Box Girders
27
55
U-Beam Bridges
56
U-Beams
28
Segmental Bridges
57
58
29
30
Arch Bridges
62
31
Cable-Stayed Bridges
63
64
32
3.65
3.66
Overview of Presentation
33
3.67
3.68
STRENGTH II :
STRENGTH III :
STRENGTH IV :
STRENGTH V :
34
3.69
3.70
Eq. (1.3.2.1-1)
where:
i = Load Modifier
= D R I 0.95, where a max. value of i is used
=
DR I
used
i =
=
Qi =
Rn =
Rr =
=
Load factor
Resistance factor
Nominal force effect
Nominal resistance
Factored resistance
R
35
3.71
downdrag
dead load of structural
components and
nonstructural
attachments
DW = dead load of wearing
surfaces and utilities
EH = horizontal earth pressure
EL = accumulated locked-in
force effects resulting
from the construction
process, including the
secondary forces from
post-tensioning
ES = earth surcharge load
EV = earth fill vertical pressure
BR = vehicular braking force
CE = vehicular centrifugal force
CR = creep
CT =
CV =
EQ =
FR =
IC =
IM =
LL =
LS =
PL =
SE =
SH =
TG =
TU =
WA=
WL=
WS=
3.72
36
3.73
3.74
37
3.75
Design
Tandem
Design Tandem
PLUS
Design Lane Load
3.76
38
3.77
3.6.2.1 Dynamic Load Allowance (Impact)
For design of most bridge components for all limit
states except fatigue
The LRFD Specifications simply require a
constant magnification (IM) of 33% to be applied
to the design truck or design tandem only
The magnification (IM) is not applied to the
design lane load
This simple approach is based on a study that
found the most influential factor affecting
dynamic impact is roadway surface roughness
Commentary has more background
3.78
Std Specs
LRFD
5.5.4.2
Flex RC
0.90
0.90
Flex PS
1.00
1.00
Shear RC
0.85
0.90
Shear PS
0.90
0.90
Compression
0.70 / 0.75
0.75
Bearing
0.70
0.70
39
40
3.81
3.82
Nb 4
10,000 Kg 7,000,000
41
3.83
3.84
42
3.85
3.86
43
3.87
3.88
44
89
Learning Objectives
90
45
91
Flexural Design Provisions in AASHTO
AASHTO Standard
Section 8 Reinforced Concrete
Section 9 Prestressed Concrete
AASHTO LRFD
Section 5 Concrete Structures
Reinforced concrete
Prestressed concrete
Partially prestressed concrete (New in
LRFD)
AASHTO Standard
92
Maximum reinforcement
Reinforced Concrete
max = 0.75 bal
Prestressed Concrete
(pf*su/fc) 0.36 1
(8.16.3.1)
(9.18.1)
46
93
94
47
5.2 - Definitions
95
5.2 - Definitions
96
48
97
5.2 - Definitions
0.003
dt
t
Beam
Strain
Column
98
5.2 - Definitions
t = Extreme tension steel strain
a = 1c
Mn
Pn
49
5.2 - Definitions
99
100
0.003
50
5.2 - Definitions
101
Compression-Controlled Section A
cross section in which the net tensile
strain (t ) in the extreme tension steel
at nominal resistance is less than or
equal to the compression-controlled
strain limit.
[Usually 0.002]
5.2 - Definitions
102
51
103
1
c
0.583 0.25
1.00
P/S
0.90
0.75
R.C.
dt
0.65 0.15
Compression- Transition
Tension Controlled
Controlled
t = 0.005
t = 0.002
Net Tensile Strain
Effect of Variation in
104
52
Effect of Variation in
105
Mn
bd2
= As/bd
106
10.3.3-4 Strain Conditions
c = 0.003
t 0.002
CompressionControlled
c 0.6 dt
0.003
0.003
t 0.005
TensionControlled
c 0.375 dt
53
12
dt = 13.5
16
3#8
a = 1c
108
C
T
54
109
110
5.8.3.3 Nominal Shear Resistance
Vn Vc Vs Vp
Vn 0.25fcbv d v Vp
where:
Vc = concrete contribution
'
Vc = 0.0316 fc bv d v ( fc in ksi)
Vs = stirrup contribution
Av fy
d v cot
=
s
Vp = vertical component of the prestressing force
55
56
113
Tension Stiffening
114
57
115
Aggregate Interlock
116
Detail at crack
58
118
Diagonal Cracks Diagonal Compression
59
where
f2 f2 max [ 2 (
) ( '2 )2 ]
'
c
c
f2 max
1
1 .0
'
fc
0.8 170 1
Modified Compression
Field Theory
60
1.121
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
Concrete
Reinforcement
Reinforced Concrete
Prestressed Concrete
Characteristics of Concrete
1.122
Basic Concept
Strong in Compression
Weak in Tension
61
1.123
Typical Stress-Strain Curve for Concrete
1.124
Behavior of Plain Concrete Members
62
1.126
Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Members
63
1.128
Prestressed Concrete: General Principles
64
1.129
Post-tensioning
65
1.131
Typical Load Deflection Behavior of Unreinforced,
Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Beams
66
Concepts of Prestressing
1.133
Load Balancing
1.134
67
1.135
Need for High Strength Steel to Achieve Prestress
Partial Prestressing
1.136
Aps fpy
Aps fpy As fy
68
1.137
1.138
Design of Prestressed Concrete Members
69
Deck Design
139
Deck Design
140
70
Problem Definition
Live Load:
141
HL-93
Deck Concrete
fc =
4 ksi
wc =
150 pcf
Nonprestressed Reinforcement
fy =
60 ksi
29,000 ksi
Es =
Dimensions
Thickness =
Cover
=
=
8.0 in.
(9.7.1.1 & 13.7.3.1.2)
2.5 in. (Top)
(5.12.3)
1.0 in. (Bottom) (5.12.3)
142
FEM verification
No analysis required
Isotropic reinforcement
71
143
Uniform depth
(9.7.2.3)
144
3, if barrier is composite
fc - 4 ksi, minimum
Deck is composite
72
145
Grade 60 steel
146
73
147
Strip Method
Limit states
148
74
149
C = 10 or 12
Self weight = 8(150)/12
= 100 psf = 0.1 ksf
MDL
w2
C
0.1 x 9 2
0.81 kip ft . / ft .
10
MFWS
0.03 x 9 2
0.24 kip ft . / ft .
10
150
Table A4-1
Span = 9 ft.
75
151
Positive Moment:
152
Positive Moment:
76
As = (12/10)(0.31 in.2/bar)
= 0.372 in.2 / ft.
M n
a
As f y
a
d
b
2
(0.372)(60)
0.547 in.
(0.85)(4)(12)
As f y
0.85 fc' b
c
a
0.547
0.65 in.
0.85
0.85
d t c
5.19 0.65
* 0.003
* 0.003 0.021 0.005
c
0.65
Therefore , tension - controlled section
t
154
M n
As f y
a
d
2
b
( 0.90 )( 0.372 )( 60 )
0.547
) 8.23 kip - ft./ft.
( 5.19
( 12 )
2
O.K.
77
155
4.76 * 12
0.45 ksi 0.38 ksi
12 * 8 2
156
700 e
2d c
s fs
where ,
dc
2.81
1
1.77
0 .7 ( h - d c )
0.7 ( 8 - 2.81 )
78
157
1kd
3 s
c
kd s
fc
C
ds
Neutral
Axis
jds = (1 - k)ds
3
Elevation
Section
fs
Strain
Stress
T
Resultant
Forces
158
M
As jd s
where:
M = -4.76 kip-ft./ft.
As = No. 5 at 10 o.c. = 0.31/10*12 = 0.372 in.2/ ft.
ds = 8 2.5 0.625/2 = 5.19 in.
k
3
As
bd
0.372
0.00597
( 12 )( 5.19 )
j 1-
k 2 n n - n
2
j 1 0.265 / 3 0.912 f s
( 4.76 * 12 )
32.4 ksi
( 0.372 )( 0.912 )( 5.19 )
79
159
700 e
s fs
2d c =
700 * 0.75
1.77 * 32.4
O.K.
160
Strip Method Distribution Reinforcement
(LRFD 9.7.3.2)
At bottom
In secondary direction
Percent of reinforcement for Mpositive
220
S
220
8 .5
67% Governs
80
161
Strip Method Shrinkage & Temp. Reinf.
As
1.3 bh
2 ( b h )f y
0.11 As 0.60
Eq . 5.10.8 1
Eq . 5.10.8 2
42 6 = 510 in
8 in
12 in
Area 12 * 8 96in 2
8 in
162
(LRFD 5.7.3.3.2)
M cr f r Sc
12 * 8 2
) 94.7 kip - in. 7.9 kip - ft./ft.
6
(governs)
OK
81
163
Overhang Design
164
82
165
54 KIP
FL Longitudinal Force
18 KIP
18 KIP
Lt and LL
3.5 FT
Lv
18 FT
32 IN
32 IN
Safety Barrier
166
Strength of Barrier: ILDOT F-Shape Concrete Barrier
83
84
Distribution of Mc and T
169
Strength of Barrier
170
2
Rw 1
L
2
c Lt
ML
8M b 8Mw c c 134.4 kip
M Mw
L
L
Lc t t H b
2
2
Mc
2
Rw 2
2Lc Lt
6.3 ft
ML
M b Mw c c 61.6 kip, controls
85
171
P
h d
M
P
h
M
Strains
Stresses
C
Forces
a
h
a
h a
M n C d P d T1 d P
2
2
2
2 2
86
P
h
M
Strains
Stresses
Forces
0.10
8 0.10
M n 11.1 5.25
6.94
30.3 kip in. / ft . 2.53 kip ft . / ft .
2
2
0.92
8 0.92
M n 44.4 5.06
6.94
179.7 kip in. / ft . 15.0 kip ft . / ft .
2
2
174
87
175
Thank You
Questions?
88