Strengthofcasingandtubing

Themostimportantmechanicalpropertiesofcasingandtubing(/Casing_and_tubing)areburststrength,collapseresistanceandtensilestrength.Thesepropertiesarenecessaryto
determinethestrengthofthepipeandtodesignacasingstring.

Contents
1MinimumInternalYieldPressue(MIYP)
2Collapsestrength
2.1Yieldstrengthcollapse
2.2Plasticcollapse
2.3Transitioncollapse
2.4Elasticcollapse
2.5Equivalentinternalpressure
3Axialstrength
4Combinedstresseffects
4.1Combinedcollapseandtension
4.2CombinedBurstandCompressionLoading
4.3Combinedburstandtensionloading
4.4Useoftriaxalcriterionforcollapseloading
4.5Finaltriaxalstressconsiderations
5Sampledesigncalculations
5.1Sampleburstcalculationwithtriaxalcomparison
5.2Samplecollapsecalculation
6Nomenclature
7References
8Seealso
9NoteworthypapersinOnePetro
10Externallilnks
11Generalreferences

MinimumInternalYieldPressue(MIYP)
Ifcasingissubjectedtointernalpressurehigherthanexternal,itissaidthatcasingisexposedtoburstpressureloading.Burstpressureloadingconditionsoccurduringwellcontrol
operations,casingpressureintegritytests,pumpingoperations,andproductionoperations.TheMIYPofthepipebodyisdeterminedbytheinternalyieldpressureformulafoundin
APIBull.5C3,FormulasandCalculationsforCasing,Tubing,Drillpipe,andLinePipeProperties.[1]
(/File%3AVol2_page_0289_eq_001.png)....................(1)
where
PB=minimumburstpressure,psi,
Yp=minimumyieldstrength,psi,
t=nominalwallthickness,in.,
and
D=nominaloutsidepipediameter,in.
Thisequation,commonlyknownastheBarlowequation,calculatestheinternalpressureatwhichthetangential(orhoop)stressattheinnerwallofthepipereachestheyieldstrength
(/Glossary%3AYield_strength)(YS)ofthematerial.TheexpressioncanbederivedfromtheLamequationfortangentialstressbymakingthethinwallassumptionthatD/t>>1.
MostcasingusedintheoilfieldhasaD/tratiobetween10and35.Thefactorof0.875appearingintheequationrepresentstheallowablemanufacturingtoleranceof12.5%onwall
thicknessspecifiedinAPIBull.5C2,PerformancePropertiesofCasing,Tubing,andDrillpipe.[2]
ApressureatMIYPdoesnotmeanthepipewillhaveaburstorrupturefailurewhichonlyoccurswhenthetangentialstressexceedstheultimatetensilestrength(UTS).Sousinga
yieldstrengthcriterionasameasureofpipeinternalpressureresistanceisinherentlyconservative.ThisisparticularlytrueforlowergradematerialssuchH40,K55,andN80
whoseUTS/YSratioissignificantlygreaterthanthatofhighergradematerialssuchasP110andQ125.Theeffectofaxialloadingontheinternalpressureresistanceisdiscussed
later.

Collapsestrength
Ifexternalpressureexceedsinternalpressure,thecasingissubjectedtocollapse.Suchconditionsmayexistduringcementingoperations,trappedfluidexpansion,orwellevacuation.
Collapsestrengthisprimarilyafunctionofthematerial'syieldstrength(/Glossary%3AYield_strength)anditsslendernessratio,D/t.Thecollapsestrengthcriteria,giveninAPIBull.
5C3,FormulasandCalculationsforCasing,Tubing,Drillpipe,andLinePipeProperties,[1]consistoffourcollapseregimesdeterminedbyyieldstrengthandD/t.Eachcriterionis
discussednextinorderofincreasingD/t.

Yieldstrengthcollapse
YieldstrengthcollapseisbasedonyieldattheinnerwallusingtheLamthickwallelasticsolution.Thiscriteriondoesnotrepresenta"collapse"pressureatall.Forthickwallpipes
(D/t<15),thetangentialstressexceedstheyieldstrengthofthematerialbeforeacollapseinstabilityfailureoccurs.

(/File%3AVol2_page_0291_eq_001.png)....................(2)
Nominaldimensionsareusedinthecollapseequations.TheapplicableD/tratiosforyieldstrengthcollapseareshowninTable1.

(/File%3ADevol2_1102final_Page_291_Image_0001.png)
Table1YieldCollapsePressureFormulaRange

Plasticcollapse
Plasticcollapseisbasedonempiricaldatafrom2,488testsofK55,N80,andP110seamlesscasing.Noanalyticexpressionhasbeenderivedthataccuratelymodelscollapse
behaviorinthisregime.Regressionanalysisresultsina95%confidencelevelthat99.5%ofallpipesmanufacturedtoAmericanPetroleumInstitute(API)specificationswillfailata
collapsepressurehigherthantheplasticcollapsepressure.TheminimumcollapsepressurefortheplasticrangeofcollapseiscalculatedbyEq.3.
(/File%3AVol2_page_0292_eq_001.png)....................(3)
ThefactorsA,B,andCandapplicableD/trangefortheplasticcollapseformulaareshowninTable2.

(/File%3ADevol2_1102final_Page_292_Image_0001.png)
Table2FormulaFactorsandD/tRangesfor
PlasticCollapse

Transitioncollapse
Transitioncollapseisobtainedbyanumericalcurvefitbetweentheplasticandelasticregimes.Theminimumcollapsepressurefortheplastictoelastictransitionzone,PT,is
calculatedwithEq.4.
(/File%3AVol2_page_0292_eq_002.png)....................(4)
ThefactorsFandGandapplicableD/trangeforthetransitioncollapsepressureformula,areshowninTable3.

(/File%3ADevol2_1102final_Page_293_Image_0001.png)
Table3FormulaFactorsandD/tRangefor
TransitionCollapse

Elasticcollapse
ElasticCollapseisbasedontheoreticalelasticinstabilityfailurethiscriterionisindependentofyieldstrengthandapplicabletothinwallpipe(D/t>25).Theminimumcollapse
pressurefortheelasticrangeofcollapseiscalculatedwithEq.5.
(/File%3AVol2_page_0292_eq_003.png)....................(1)
TheapplicableD/trangeforelasticcollapseisshowninTable4.

(/File%3ADevol2_1102final_Page_294_Image_0001.png)
Table4D/tRangeforElasticCollapse

Mostoilfieldtubularsexperiencecollapseinthe"plastic"and"transition"regimes.Manymanufacturersmarket"highcollapse"casing,whichtheyclaimhascollapseperformance
propertiesthatexceedtheratingscalculatedwiththeformulaeinAPIBull.5C3,FormulasandCalculationsforCasing,Tubing,Drillpipe,andLinePipeProperties.[1]This
improvedperformanceisachievedprincipallybyusingbettermanufacturingpracticesandstricterqualityassuranceprogramstoreduceovality,residualstress,andeccentricity.High
collapsecasingwasinitiallydevelopedforuseinthedeepersectionsofhighpressurewells.Theuseofhighcollapsecasinghasgainedwideacceptanceintheindustry,butitsuse
remainscontroversialamongsomeoperators.Unfortunately,allmanufacturersclaimshavenotbeensubstantiatedwiththeappropriatelevelofqualificationtesting.Ifhighcollapse
casingisdeemednecessaryinadesign,appropriateexpertadviceshouldbeobtainedtoevaluatethemanufacturersqualificationtestdatasuchaslengthstodiameterratio,testing
conditions(endconstraints),andthenumberoftestsperformed.

Equivalentinternalpressure
Ifthepipeissubjectedtobothexternalandinternalpressures,theequivalentexternalpressureiscalculatedas
(/File%3AVol2_page_0293_eq_001.png)....................(6)
where
pe=equivalentexternalpressure,
po=externalpressure,
pi=internalpressure,
and
p=popi.
Toprovideamoreintuitiveunderstandingofthesenseofthisrelationship,Eq.6canberewrittenas
(/File%3AVol2_page_0294_eq_001.png)....................(7)
where
D=nominaloutsidediameter,
and
d=nominalinsidediameter.
InEq.7,wecanseetheinternalpressureappliedtotheinternaldiameterandtheexternalpressureappliedtotheexternaldiameter.The"equivalent"pressureappliedtotheexternal
diameteristhedifferenceofthesetwoterms.

Axialstrength
TheaxialstrengthofthepipebodyisdeterminedbythepipebodyyieldstrengthformulafoundinAPIBull.5C3,FormulasandCalculationsforCasing,Tubing,Drillpipe,andLine
PipeProperties.[1]
(/File%3AVol2_page_0294_eq_002.png)....................(8)
where

Fy=pipebodyaxialstrength(unitsofforce),
Yp=minimumyieldstrength,
D=nominalouterdiameter,
and
d=nominalinnerdiameter.
Axialstrengthistheproductofthecrosssectionalarea(basedonnominaldimensions)andtheyieldstrength.

Combinedstresseffects
Allthepipestrengthequationspreviouslygivenarebasedonauniaxialstressstate(i.e.,astateinwhichonlyoneofthethreeprincipalstressesisnonzero).Thisidealizedsituation
neveroccursinoilfieldapplicationsbecausepipeinawellboreisalwayssubjectedtocombinedloadingconditions.Thefundamentalbasisofcasingdesignisthatifstressesinthe
pipewallexceedtheyieldstrength(/Glossary%3AYield_strength)ofthematerial,afailureconditionexists.Hence,theyieldstrengthisameasureofthemaximumallowablestress.
Toevaluatethepipestrengthundercombinedloadingconditions,theuniaxialyieldstrengthiscomparedtotheyieldingcondition.Perhapsthemostwidelyacceptedyielding
criterionisbasedonthemaximumdistortionenergytheory,whichisknownastheHuberHenckyMisesyieldconditionorsimplythevonMisesstress,triaxalstress,orequivalent
stress.[3]Triaxialstress(equivalentstress)isnotatruestress.Itisatheoreticalvaluethatallowsageneralizedthreedimensional(3D)stressstatetobecomparedwithauniaxial
failurecriterion(theyieldstrength).Inotherwords,ifthetriaxialstressexceedstheyieldstrength,ayieldfailureisindicated.Thetriaxialsafetyfactoristheratioofthematerials
yieldstrengthtothetriaxialstress.
Theyieldingcriterionisstatedas
(/File%3AVol2_page_0295_eq_001.png)....................(9)
where
Yp=minimumyieldstress,psi,
VME=triaxialstress,psi,
z=axialstress,psi,
=tangentialorhoopstress,psi,
and
r=radialstress,psi.
Thecalculatedaxialstress,z,atanypointalongthecrosssectionalareashouldincludetheeffectsof:
Selfweight
Buoyancy
Pressureloads
Bending
Shockloads
Frictionaldrag
Pointloads
Temperatureloads
Bucklingloads
Exceptforbending/bucklingloads,axialloadsarenormallyconsideredtobeconstantovertheentirecrosssectionalarea.
ThetangentialandradialstressesarecalculatedwiththeLamequationsforthickwallcylinders.
(/File%3AVol2_page_0295_eq_002.png)....................(10)

and
(/File%3AVol2_page_0295_eq_003.png)....................(11)

where
pi=internalpressure,
po=externalpressure,
ri=innerwallradius,
ro=outerwallradius,
and

r=radiusatwhichthestressoccurs.
Theabsolutevalueofisalwaysgreatestattheinnerwallofthepipeandthatforburstandcollapseloads,where|pipo|>>0,then||>>|r|.Foranypiandpocombination,the
sumofthetangentialandradialstressesisconstantatallpointsinthecasingwall.SubstitutingEq.10andEq.11intoEq.9,afterrearrangements,yields
(/File%3AVol2_page_0296_eq_001.png)....................(12)
inwhich

(/File%3AVol2_page_0296_eq_002.png)

and
(/File%3AVol2_page_0296_eq_003.png)
where
D=outsidepipediameter,
and
t=wallthickness.
Eq.12calculatestheequivalentstressatanypointofthepipebodyforanygivenpipegeometryandloadingconditions.Toillustratetheseconcepts,letusconsiderafewparticular
cases.

Combinedcollapseandtension
Assumingthatz>0and>>randsettingthetriaxialstressequaltotheyieldstrengthresultsinthenextequationofanellipse.
(/File%3AVol2_page_0296_eq_004.png)....................(13)
ThisisthebiaxialcriterionusedinAPIBull.5C3,FormulasandCalculationsforCasing,Tubing,Drillpipe,andLinePipeProperties,[1]toaccountfortheeffectoftensionon
collapse.
(/File%3AVol2_page_0296_eq_005.png)....................(14)
where
Sa=axialstressbasedonthebuoyantweightofpipe,
and
Yp=yieldpoint.
ItisclearlyseenthatastheaxialstressSaincreases,thepipecollapseresistancedecreases.Plottingthisellipse,Fig.1allowsadirectcomparisonofthetriaxialcriterionwiththeAPI
ratings.Loadsthatfallwithinthedesignenvelopemeetthedesigncriteria.Thecurvedlowerrightcorneriscausedbythecombinedstresseffects,asdescribedinEq.14.

(/File%3ADevol2_1102final_Page_297_Image_0001.png)
Fig.1Casingfailurecriteria.

CombinedBurstandCompressionLoading
Combinedburstandcompressionloadingcorrespondstotheupperlefthandquadrantofthedesignenvelope.Thisistheregionwheretriaxialanalysisismostcriticalbecause
relianceontheuniaxialcriterionalonewouldnotpredictseveralpossiblefailures.Forhighburstloads(i.e.,hightangentialstressandmoderatecompression),aburstfailurecan
occuratadifferentialpressurelessthantheAPIburstpressure.Forhighcompressionandmoderateburstloads,thefailuremodeispermanentcorkscrewing(i.e.,plasticdeformation

becauseofhelicalbuckling).Thiscombinedloadingtypicallyoccurswhenahighinternalpressureisexperienced(becauseofatubingleakorabuildupofannularpressure)afterthe
casingtemperaturehasbeenincreasedbecauseofproduction.Thetemperatureincrease,intheuncementedportionofthecasing,causesthermalgrowth,whichcanresultin
significantincreasesincompressionandbuckling.Theincreaseininternalpressurealsoresultsinincreasedbuckling.

Combinedburstandtensionloading
Combinedburstandtensionloadingcorrespondstotheupperrighthandquadrantofthedesignenvelope.Thisistheregionwhererelianceontheuniaxialcriterionalonecanresultin
adesignthatismoreconservativethannecessary.Forhighburstloadsandmoderatetension,aburstyieldfailurewillnotoccuruntilaftertheAPIburstpressurehasbeenexceeded.
Asthetensionapproachestheaxiallimit,aburstfailurecanoccuratadifferentialpressurelessthantheAPIvalue.Forhightensionandmoderateburstloads,pipebodyyieldwill
notoccuruntilatensiongreaterthantheuniaxialratingisreached.
Takingadvantageoftheincreaseinburstresistanceinthepresenceoftensionrepresentsagoodopportunityforthedesignengineertosavemoneywhilemaintainingwellbore
integrity.Similarly,thedesignermightwishtoallowloadsbetweentheuniaxialandtriaxialtensionratings.However,greatcareshouldbetakeninthelattercasebecauseofthe
uncertaintyofwhatburstpressuremightbeseeninconjunctionwithahightensileload(anexceptiontothisisthegreencementpressuretestloadcase).Also,connectionratings
maylimityourabilitytodesigninthisregion.

Useoftriaxalcriterionforcollapseloading
Formanypipesusedintheoilfield,collapseisaninelasticstabilityfailureoranelasticstabilityfailureindependentofyieldstrength(/Glossary%3AYield_strength).Thetriaxial
criterionisbasedonelasticbehaviorandtheyieldstrengthofthematerialand,hence,shouldnotbeusedwithcollapseloads.TheoneexceptionisforthickwallpipeswithalowD/t
ratio,whichhaveanAPIratingintheyieldstrengthcollapseregion.Thiscollapsecriterionalongwiththeeffectsoftensionandinternalpressure(whicharetriaxialeffects)resultin
theAPIcriterionbeingessentiallyidenticaltothetriaxialmethodinthelowerrighthandquadrantofthetriaxialellipseforthickwallpipes.
Forhighcompressionandmoderatecollapseloadsexperiencedinthelowerlefthandquadrantofthedesignenvelope,thefailuremodemaybepermanentcorkscrewingbecauseof
helicalbuckling.Itisappropriatetousethetriaxialcriterioninthiscase.Thisloadcombinationtypicallycanoccuronlyinwellsthatexperiencealargeincreaseintemperature
becauseofproduction.Thecombinationofacollapseloadthatcausesreverseballooningandatemperatureincreaseactstoincreasecompressionintheuncementedportionofthe
string.
Mostdesignengineersuseaminimumwallforburstcalculationsandnominaldimensionsforcollapseandaxialcalculations.Argumentscanbemadeforusingeitherassumptionin
thecaseoftriaxialdesign.Mostimportantly,moresothanthechoiceofdimensionalassumptions,isthattheresultsofthetriaxialanalysisshouldbeconsistentwiththeuniaxial
ratingswithwhichtheymaybecompared.
Triaxialanalysisisperhapsmostvaluablewhenevaluatingburstloads.Hence,itmakessensetocalibratethetriaxialanalysistobecompatiblewiththeuniaxialburstanalysis.This
canbedonebytheappropriateselectionofadesignfactor.Becausethetriaxialresultnominallyreducestotheuniaxialburstresultwhennoaxialloadisapplied,theresultsofboth
oftheseanalysesshouldbeequivalent.Becausetheburstratingisbasedon87.5%ofthenominalwallthickness,atriaxialanalysisbasedonnominaldimensionsshoulduseadesign
factorthatisequaltotheburstdesignfactormultipliedby8/7.Thisreflectsthephilosophythatalessconservativeassumptionshouldbeusedwithahigherdesignfactor.Hence,for
aburstdesignfactorof1.1,atriaxialdesignfactorof1.25shouldbeused.

Finaltriaxalstressconsiderations
Fig.2graphicallysummarizesthetriaxial,uniaxial,andbiaxiallimitsthatshouldbeusedincasingdesignalongwithasetofconsistentdesignfactors.

(/File%3ADevol2_1102final_Page_299_Image_0001.png)

Fig.2Designfactorsforcasingfailurecriteria.

Becauseofthepotentialbenefits(bothcostsavingsandbettermechanicalintegrity)thatcanberealized,atriaxialanalysisisrecommendedforallwelldesigns.Specificapplications
include:
Savingmoneyinburstdesignbytakingadvantageoftheincreasedburstresistanceintension
Accountingforlargetemperatureeffectsontheaxialloadprofileinhighpressure,hightemperaturewells(thisisparticularlyimportantincombinedburstandcompression
loading)
Accuratelydeterminingstresseswhenusingthickwallpipe(D/t<12)(conventionaluniaxialandbiaxialmethodshaveimbeddedthinwallassumptions)
Evaluatingbucklingseverity(permanentcorkscrewingoccurswhenthetriaxialstressexceedstheyieldstrengthofthematerial)
WhileitisacknowledgedthatthevonMisescriterionisthemostaccuratemethodofrepresentingelasticyieldbehavior,useofthiscriterionintubulardesignshouldbeaccompanied
byafewprecautions.
First,formostpipeusedinoilfieldapplications,collapseisfrequentlyaninstabilityfailurethatoccursbeforethecomputedmaximumtriaxialstressreachestheyieldstrength.Hence,
triaxialstressshouldnotbeusedasacollapsecriterion.Onlyinthickwallpipedoesyieldingoccurbeforecollapse.
Second,theaccuracyoftriaxialanalysisisdependentupontheaccuraterepresentationoftheconditionsthatexistbothforthepipeasinstalledinthewellandforthesubsequent
loadsofinterest.Often,itisthechangeinloadconditionsthatismostimportantinstressanalysis.Hence,anaccurateknowledgeofalltemperaturesandpressuresthatoccuroverthe
lifeofthewellcanbecriticaltoaccuratetriaxialanalysis.

Sampledesigncalculations

Intheexamplesthatarediscussednext,burstandcollapsecriteriaareexamined.Triaxialstressesarecalculatedforavarietyofloadsituationstodemonstratehowthecasingstrength
formulasandtheloadformulasareactuallyused.

Sampleburstcalculationwithtriaxalcomparison
Assumethatwehavea133/8in.,72lbm/ftN80intermediatecasingsetat9,000ftandcementedtosurface.TheburstdifferentialpressureforthiscasingisgivenbyEq.1.
(/File%3AVol2_page_0323_eq_003.png)
Theloadcasewewilltestagainstistheburstdisplacementtogascase,withformationpressureof6,000psi,formationdepthat12,000ft,andgasgradientequalto0.1psi/ft.
(/File%3AVol2_page_0323_eq_004.png)

Accordingtothiscalculation,thecasingisstrongenoughtoresistthisburstpressure.Asanadditionaltest,letuscalculatethevonMisesstressassociatedwiththiscase.Surface
axialstressisthecasingweightdividedbythecrosssectionalarea(20.77in.2)lesspressureloadswhencemented(assume15lbm/galcement).
(/File%3AVol2_page_0323_eq_005.png)
Theradialstressesfortheinternalandexternalradiiaretheinternalandexternalpressures.
(/File%3AVol2_page_0324_eq_001.png)
ThehoopstressesarecalculatedbytheLamformula(Eq.10).
(/File%3AVol2_page_0324_eq_002.png)

ThevonMisesequivalentstressortriaxialstressisgivenasEq.9.EvaluatingEq.9attheinsideradiusandattheoutsideradius,wehave
(/File%3AVol2_page_0324_eq_003.png)
and
(/File%3AVol2_page_0324_eq_004.png)

ThemaximumvonMisesstressisattheinsideofthe133/8in.casingwithavaluethatis66%oftheyieldstress.Intheburstcalculation,theappliedpressurewas89%ofthe
calculatedburstpressure.Thus,theburstcalculationisconservativecomparedtothevonMisescalculationforthiscase.

Samplecollapsecalculation
Forthesamplecollapsecalculation,wewilltestthecollapseresistanceofa7in.,23lbm/ftP110linercementedfrom8,000to12,000ft.Comparingthe7in.linerpropertiesagainst
thevariouscollapseregimes,itwasfoundthattransitioncollapsewaspredictedforthisliner.ThecollapsepressureforthislineriscalculatedfromEq.4withthefollowingvalues
forFandG,astakenfromTable3.
(/File%3AVol2_page_0324_eq_005.png)
Thecollapsepressureisthengivenby
(/File%3AVol2_page_0324_eq_006.png)
Toevaluatethecollapseofthisliner,weneedinternalandexternalpressures.Internalpressureisdeterminedwiththefullevacuationabovepacker.
(/File%3AVol2_page_0324_eq_007.png)
Theexternalpressureisbasedonafullycementedsectionbehindthe7in.liner.Theexternalpressureprofileisgivenbythemud/cementmixwaterexternalpressureprofilewhere
thelinerisassumedtobecementedin10lbm/galmudwithaninternalmixwaterpressuregradientof0.45.
(/File%3AVol2_page_0325_eq_001.png)
Anequivalentpressureiscalculatedfrompiandpoforcomparisonwiththecollapsepressure,pc,throughuseofEq.6.
(/File%3AVol2_page_0325_eq_002.png)
Becausepeexceedspc(4,440psi),thelinerispredictedtocollapse.ItisnotappropriatetocalculateavonMisesstressforcollapseinthiscasebecausecollapseinthetransitional
regionisnotstrictlyaplasticyieldcondition.

Nomenclature
A =constantinplasticcollapseequation,dimensionless
B =constantinplasticcollapseequation,dimensionless
C =constantinplasticcollapseequation,psi
d =nominalinsidediameterofpipe,in.
D =nominaloutsidepipediameter,in.
D/t =slendernessratio,dimensionless
f1,f2,f3 =termsincombinedstresseffectsforcollapse,psi
F =constantintransitioncollapseequation,dimensionless
Fy =pipebodyaxialstrength,lbf
G =constantintransitioncollapseequation,dimensionless
G =shearmodulus,psi
pe =equivalentexternalpressure,psi
pi =internalpressure,psi
po =externalpressure,psi
PB =minimumburstpressure,psi
PE =elasticcollapsepressure,psi
PP =plasticcollapsepressure,psi
PYp =yieldstrengthcollapsepressure,psi
PT =transitioncollapsepressure,psi
r =radialannularclearance,in.
ri =insideradiusofthepipe,in.
ro =outsideradiusofthepipe,in.
Sa =axialstressbasedonthebuoyantweightofpipe,psi
t =nominalwallthickness,in.
Yp =minimumyieldstressofpipe,psi
p =popi,psi
r =radialstress,psi
VME =triaxialstress,psi
z =axialstress,psi
=tangentialorhoopstress,psi

References
1. 1.01.11.21.31.4APIBull.5C3,BulletinforFormulasandCalculationsforCasing,Tubing,Drillpipe,andLinePipeProperties,fourthedition.1985.Dallas:API.
2. APIBull.5C2,BulletinforPerformancePropertiesofCasing,Tubing,andDrillpipe,eighteenthedition.1982.Dallas:API.
3. Crandall,S.H.andDahl,N.C.1959.AnIntroductiontotheMechanicsofSolids.NewYorkCity:McGrawHillBookCompany.

Seealso
Casingdesign(/Casing_design)
Casingandtubingbuckling(/Casing_and_tubing_buckling)
PEH:CasingDesign(/PEH%3ACasing_Design)

NoteworthypapersinOnePetro
Externallilnks
Generalreferences
Adams,A.J.andHodgson,T.1999.CalibrationofCasing/TubingDesignCriteriabyUseofStructuralReliabilityTechniques.SPEDrill&Compl14(1):2127.SPE55041PA.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/55041PA(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/55041PA).
Brand,P.R.,Whitney,W.S.,andLewis,D.B.1995.LoadandResistanceFactorDesignCaseHistories.PresentedattheOffshoreTechnologyConference,Houston,14May.OTC
7937MS.http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/7937MS(http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/7937MS).
Chen,Y.C.,Lin,Y.H.,andCheatham,J.B.1990.TubingandCasingBucklinginHorizontalWells(includesassociatedpapers21257and21308).SPEJ.42(2):140141,191.
SPE19176PA.http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/19176PA(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/19176PA).
Dawson,R.1984.DrillPipeBucklinginInclinedHoles.SPEJ.36(10):17341738.SPE11167PA.http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/11167PA(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/11167PA).

Klementich,P.E.,ErichF.1995.ARationalCharacterizationofProprietaryHighCollapseCasingGrades.PresentedattheSPEAnnualTechnicalConferenceandExhibition,Dallas,
2225October.SPE30526MS.http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/30526MS(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/30526MS).
ManualforSteelConstruction,LoadandResistanceFactorDesign.1986.Chicago:AmericanInstituteofSteelConstruction.
Miska,S.andCunha,J.C.1995.AnAnalysisofHelicalBucklingofTubularsSubjectedtoAxialandTorsionalLoadinginInclinedWellbores.PresentedattheSPEProduction
OperationsSymposium,OklahomaCity,Oklahoma,USA,24April.SPE29460MS.http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/29460MS(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/29460MS).
Mitchell,R.F.1999.BucklingAnalysisinDeviatedWells:APracticalMethod.SPEDrill&Compl14(1):1120.SPE55039PA.http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/55039PA
(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/55039PA).
Mitchell,R.F.1988.NewConceptsforHelicalBuckling.SPEDrillEng3(3):303310.SPE15470PA.http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/15470PA(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/15470PA).
Mitchell,R.F.:CasingDesign,inDrillingEngineering,ed.R.F.Mitchell,vol.2ofPetroleumEngineeringHandbook,ed.L.W.Lake.(USA:SocietyofPetroleumEngineers,
2006).287342.
Prentice,C.M.1970."MaximumLoad"CasingDesign.J.PetTech22(7):805811.SPE2560PA.http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/2560PA(http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/2560PA).
Rackvitz,R.andFiessler,B.1978.StructuralReliabilityUnderCombinedRandomLoadProcesses.ComputersandStructures9:489.
Timoshenko,S.P.andGoodier,J.N.1961.TheoryofElasticity,thirdedition.NewYorkCity:McGrawHillBookCo.
Category(/Special%3ACategories): 1.13.2Casingmaterialselection(/Category%3A1.13.2_Casing_material_selection)

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