Declaration of Authorship
We declare that this project titled, Power generation from RF to recharge cell
phones and the work presented in it are our own. We confirm that:
This work will done wholly or mainly while in candidature for a bachelor
degree at this University.
Where any part of this project has not previously been submitted for a
degree or any other qualification at this University.
We have seen some other literature review from the work of others.
Authors:
Signature
1.
2.
3.
4.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tadelech Amdemariam
Tedesse Hayelom
Yideg Amanu
Zewdu Belay
Date: 13/06/2007
Supervisor:
Signature
Mr. Hamdihun A.
------------------------
P.Manager:
Mr. Edemialem G.
-----------------------------Date: 13/06/2007
It is approved that this semester project has been written in compliance with
the formatting rules laid down by the school of the university.
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Acknowledgment
For our document of the semester project to arrive at its final stage, many individuals give us
their forwarding contribution since the beginning.
We express our deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to school of electrical and computer
engineering for giving such an opportunity and for its contribution in giving project room.
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to Mr. Hamdihun A., Dr. Fikerselam G.
and all of our instructors, for their valuable recommendations and gave us the golden opportunity
to do this wonderful project on the topic Power generation from RF to recharge cell
phones.
Last but not least, we want to thank our friends who treasured us for our hard work and
encouraged us and finally to God who made all the things possible for giving help and patience in
going such hard time.
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Abstract
Now a day a mobile phones became a basic part of our life. This is one of the
most important medium for the communication, the mobile phone batteries
has always been problem for recharging spatially in rural area. Mobile have to
be put to recharge after the batteries has drained out. In this paper the main
purpose is shown to make the recharging of mobile phones anywhere you
want. This is done only when Power generation from RF to recharge cell
phones. There is a use of radio frequencies, the radio frequencies signal
transmitted from transmitter using antennas. This is one of the best
technologies and for this purpose we are proposing a Power generation from
radio frequencies.
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Table of Contents
Declaration of Authorship.................................................................................i
Acknowledgment..............................................................................................ii
Abstract...........................................................................................................iii
List of figures..................................................................................................vi
List of Tables...................................................................................................vii
List of Acronyms............................................................................................viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1. Introduction..........................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the Problem.....................................................................2
1.3. Objectives of the project.......................................................................2
1.3.1. General Objectives..........................................................................2
1.3.2. Specific Objectives..........................................................................2
1.4. Methodology Used in this Project..........................................................2
1.5. Major Assumptions Made for the Project...............................................3
1.6. Scope and Limitation of the Project......................................................3
1.6.1. Scope of the Project........................................................................3
1.6.2. Limitation of the Project..................................................................3
1.7. Organization of the Project...................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review..........................................................................................4
CHAPTER THREE
System Design and Analysis..........................................................................5
3.1. System Components and Operations.....................................................5
3.2. System Design and Analysis.................................................................10
CHAPTER FOUR
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List of figures
Figure1.1.Block
Diagram
of
Experimental
Design.2
Figure
3.1.
Resonant
Circuit....6
Figure 3.1. Timer IC Pin Configurations..
...6
Figure
3.3.
Typical
Bridge
Rectifier
and
circuit
diagram.....8
Figure
3.4.
Path
of
current
in
1 st
Half
in
2nd
Half
Cycle....9
Figure
3.5.
Path
of
current
Cycle...9
Figure
3.6.
Adjustable
circuit
and
output
wave...
DC
output
antenna
resonant
.....10
Figure
3.7.
Approximately
.....10
Figure
3.8.
Design
of
circuit.11
Figure
3.9.
AC
amplifier
circuit
design....12
Figure
3.10.
Bridge
rectifier
design..13
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Figure
3.11.
General
circuit
diagram
of
the
project
.14
Figure
4.1.
Output
voltage
from
antenna
resonant
circuit15
Figure
4.2.
Output
wave
form
of
resonant
circuit....15
Figure
4.3.Output
voltage
from
AC
amplifier
circuit..16
Figure 4.4. Input-output of AC amplifier ..
...16
Figure
4.5.
Output
voltage
form
of
DC
adjustable
and
bridge
rectifier....17
Figure
4.6.
Input-output
wave
shape
of
the
simulation.....17
Figure 4.7. overall project simulation and output wave
form....18
List of Tables
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Table
3.1
NE555
IC
pin
configuration
and
their
purpose..7
Table
4.1
recorded
data
from
simulation
...18
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List of Acronyms
AC Alternative Current
CTRL Control Voltage
DC Direct Current
DIS Dis Charge
GND Ground
IC Integrated Circuit
OP-Amp Operational Amplifier
OUT Output
RF Radio Frequency
THR Threshold
TRIG Trigger
TV Tele-Vision
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CHAPTER ONE
1.1. Introduction
Now a day; mobile phones became a basic part of our life. It is one of the most
important medium for the communication. The mobile phone battery has always
been problem for recharging specially in rural area.
Radio
frequency
energy
is
emitted
by
sources
that
generate
high
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General Objectives
The overall goal of this project is to generate power from radio frequencies to
recharge cell phones.
1.3.2.
Specific Objectives
Resonator ckt
AC amplifier
AC to DC
Convertor ckt
2
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DC adjustable ckt
Output voltage
Antenna
us AC power.
We used full wave rectifier to convert AC-DC, finally connect it with
load.
The value of materials such as; inductance (L= 0.66nH), Smoothing
capacitance (C= 0.01 F), capacitances and resistances of the amplifier
circuit (C1=0.01 F and C2 = 22 F, R1=1 k and R2 = 22 k ).
Sc
It is significant to know that this design is limited to generate 3.7v, 1.3 amps
electric energy from radio frequency to recharge cell phones and cannot be
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used to recharge laptops, and other electric devices which use more than 3.7
volts.
When we simulate the project, we are not familiar by protues 8 soft ware.
And therefore, we could not understand property of this soft ware.
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
The idea behind this project is to capture the radio frequency sent by specific
transmitter using energy harvesting circuit and store the energy in a stand
then when mobile needs to be recharged, the user put it over the stand and
it starts charging [1].
Nikola Tesla is the one who first conceived the idea wireless transmission and
demonstrated the transmission of electrical energy Without wires that
depends up on electrical conductivity as early as 1891 [2].
In 1893, Tesla demonstrated the illumination of vacuum bulbs without using
wires for power transmission at the world Columbian exposition in Chicago.
The wardenclyffe tower was designed and constructed by Tesla mainly for
wireless transmission of electrical power rather than telegraphy [3].
Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting, also referred to as RF energy
scavenging has been proposed and researched in the 1950s [4] using high
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previously
possible.
Sony
Corporation
in
2009
announced
the
CHAPTER THREE
System Design and Analysis
Diodes for bridge rectifier and LC circuits (as antenna in real practice) have
been selected. The antenna starts taking Radio waves from the air. The
components and devices used in our system are explained in the sections
below.
known as reciprocity, which means that an antenna will maintain the same
characteristics regardless if it is transmitting or receiving. Antennas are
usually used for signal transmitting and receiving purpose. There are
different types of antennas for different ranges of frequency, gains, radiation
and directivity. Receiving antenna is one of the most important portions to
collect radio frequency from the air.
Resonance (LC) circuit: A resonator is a device or system that exhibits
resonance or resonant behavior at some specific frequencies called the
resonance frequency. Resonators are used to generate electrical energy and
its wave form with particular frequency or to capture some specific frequency.
Usually, a resonator can be designed using capacitor and inductor.
An LC circuit, oscillating at its natural resonant frequency, can store electrical
energy. A capacitor stores energy in the electric field (E) between its plates,
depending on the voltage across it, and an inductor stores energy in its
magnetic field (B), depending on the current through it.
If a charged capacitor is connected across an inductor, current will start to
flow through the inductor, building up a magnetic field around it and reducing
the charge, and therefore the voltage, on the capacitor.
output signal being much greater than that of the input signal as it has been
"Amplified. Multi vibrator oscillators are used in many electronics circuits
and they are simple to construct. It is possible to construct them using a
couple of transistors, but it is also possible to construct a very simple multi
vibrator oscillator circuit using an operational amplifier.
The use of an operational amplifier integrated circuit is ideal from many view
points. Although circuits can be made using just two transistors, operational
amplifiers are also very cheap these days and there is often little to choose in
terms of cost.
Nam
Purpose
e
GND
TRIG
1
2
OUT
4
RESE
GND, but the timing does not begin again until RESET rises
CTRL
overrides THR.
Provides "control" access to the internal voltage divider
THR
DIS
VCC
7
8
As the capacitor charges up the voltage rises and as the junction of the
capacitor and resistor is connected to the inverting input, when this reaches
a point where the circuit switching voltage (the voltage on the positive or
non-inverting terminal) as determined by R1 and R2, the output changes from
positive to negative, i.e. -V sat. The voltage on the non-inverting input also
changes at this point. Although many multi vibrator circuits may be provided
using simple logic gates, this operational amplifier multi vibrator circuit has
the advantage that it can be used to provide an oscillator that will generate a
much higher output than that which could come from a logic circuit running
from supply. In addition to this the multi vibrator oscillator circuit is very
simple, requiring just one operational amplifier, op amp, three resistors, and
a single capacitor.
The diode which connects in the output of astable multi-vibrator is used to
pass only positive values and a capacitor which connects output of astable
multi-vibrator to the output resonant circuit that carries pure sinusoidal
waves. Then the output of capacitor and diode gives amplified sinusoidal
waves as the input of full-bridge rectifier.
AC to DC Voltage Converter Circuit: A Full wave rectifier is a circuit
arrangement which makes use of both half cycles of input alternating current
(AC) and converts them to direct current (DC).
(a)
(b)
Figure 3.3. Typical Bridge Rectifier and circuit diagram
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During the first half cycle diodes D 1 and D3 are forward biased and current
flows through load resistance RL, and returns back. During this half of each
input cycle, the diodes D2 and D4 are reverse biased and current is not
allowed to flow. The flow of current is indicated by solid arrows in the figure
blow.
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superimposed ripple while the output waveform is twice that of the frequency
of the input supply frequency. We can therefore increase its average DC
output level even higher by connecting a suitable smoothing capacitor across
the output of the bridge circuit as shown below.
(a)
(b)
know
that
capacitor
is
an
energy
storing
element.
In
the
circuit, capacitor stores energy while the input increases from zero to a peak
value and, while the supply voltage decreases from peak value to zero,
capacitor starts discharging. This charging and discharging of the capacitor
will make the pulsating DC into pure DC, as shown in figure.
useful
in
many
applications.
Because
their
frequency
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12
t1 = 0.693(1k + 22k)*0.01 F
t1 = 0.159 msec
Similarly, the discharge time (output low) by:
t2 = 0.693 (R2) C1 .(3)
t2 = 0.693*22k *0.01 F
t2 = 0.152 msec
Thus the total period T is given by:
T = t1 + t2 = 0.693 (R1 + 2R2) C1 ...(4)
T = 0.693(1k + 2*22k )*0.01 F
T = 0.311 msec
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i.
i.
ii.
This type of rectifier converts only one half of AC into DC signal, either
positive or negative cycle. As it rectifies AC partially its efficiency is also less.
Maximum efficiency is 40.6%. Half wave rectifier needs only single diode for
rectification.
ii.
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15
CHAPTER FOUR
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16
17
The generated wave forms pure sinusoidal which means the generated
voltage AC voltage.
The generated voltage is very small, which is not charge our cell
phone.
4.1.2. Simulation of AC Amplifier Circuit
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18
Ac amplified
wave
Figure 4.5 Output DC voltages from DC Adjustable Circuit and Bridge Rectifier
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20
(a)
(b)
CHAPTER FIVE
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21
through
the
planning,
flow
process,
design
and
software
implementation, the system has been a tough one; the chapters one up to
four has actually tried as much as possible to explain strongly almost all what
is involved in the simulation of this project. After the complete design of the
system, the deviation between the expected result and the actual result was
very close. The performance and efficiency was beyond expectation.
The use of technologies has increased lately, and the uses are searching for
everything can make their lives as easy as possible, so to implement such an
idea will be useful and serve many people who really need their mobiles to
be charged in some critical situations and far places where electric power
supply is not available.
This project is also plays a great role for the community especially who lives
in rural area.
This project is done by using receiver antenna, resonant circuit, AC amplifier,
bridge rectifier and smoothing capacitor to recharge cell phones.
As we have seen from simulation of the project, the generated voltage is
depending on the input frequency. This means that when the input frequency
is higher, the generated electrical energy is high and vice versa.
Generally, we use frequency ranges greater than 85 MHz is enough to
recharge cell phones.
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23
References
[1]. Brown, W. Mims, J. Heenan, N. An experimental microwave- powered
helicopter Raytheon Company, Burlington, A, USA; 1965 IEEE International
Record, vol. 13, part 5, pp.225-235.
[2]. Nikola Tesla,The Transmission of Electrical Energy without Wires as a
Means for Furthering peace, Electrical World and Engineer.Jan.7, p.21, 1905.
[3]. D. Bouchouicha, F. DuPont, M. Latrach, L.Ventura Ambient RF Energy
Harvesting STMicroelectronics, 16 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie 37071 Tours
France,
[4]. R. M. Dickinson, "Evaluation of a microwave high-power exceptionconversion array for wireless power transmission," Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA, Tech. Memo 33-741, Sept. 1975.
[5]. http://en.Wikipedia.org/Wiki/Sony.
[6]. Sabate, J. A., Kustera, D. and Sridhar, S., Cell-Phone Battery Charger
Miniaturization. IEEE Journal 2000.
[7]. IEEE, "IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas," IEEE, pp. 0-1,
February
1983.
[Online].
Available:http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?
tp=&arnumber=30651&isnumber=1290
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