GSM Based Advance Car Security System

CAPSTONE PROJECT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Requirement for the award of the
Degree of

BECHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)
By
Poonam Sharma (11002049)
Astha Kumari (11009723)
Ashish Kumar (11004948)
Amrita Dwivedi (11012383)
Aman Thakur (11001720)
PROJECT GROUP NO. ECERG033

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Lavish Kansal

(School of Electrical &Electronics Engineering)

Lovely Professional University
Month and Year of Submission
(May 2014)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Poonam Sharma, Astha Kumari, Ashish Kumar, Amrita Dwivedi, Aman
Thakur has completed objective formulation of Capstone project titled, GSM Based Advance
Car Security System under my guidance and supervision. To the best of my knowledge, the
present work is the result of her/his original investigation and study. No part of the capstone has
ever been submitted for any other degree at any University.
The capstone project is fit for submission and the partial fulfillment of the conditions for the
award of degree of Bachelor of technology (ECE).

(Signature)
Mr. Lavish Kansal
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Lovely Professional University
Phagwara, Punjab.
Date:

DECLARATION
We, Poonam Sharma, Astha Kumari, Ashish Kumar, Amrita Dwivedi, Aman Thakur students of
Bachelor of Technology under Department of Electronics & Communications of Lovely
Professional University, Punjab, hereby declare that all the information furnished in this capstone
project report is based on our own intensive research and is genuine.
This capstone does not, to the best of our knowledge, contain part of our work which has been
submitted for the award of our degree either of this university or any other university without
proper citation.

Poonam Sharma (11002049)

Astha Kumari (11009723)
Ashish Kumar (11004948)
Amrita Dwivedi (11012383)
Aman Thakur (11001720)
Date:

II

PREFACE
With the ongoing electronics and communication revolution where the innovations are taking
place at the blink of an eye, it is impossible to keep pace with the emerging trends. Excellence is
an attitude that whole of the human race is born with. It is the environment that makes sure that
whether the result of this attitude is visible or otherwise. A well planned properly executed and
newly generated project help this world to experience the power of knowledge.
During this project, the students get the real, firsthand experience for working in the actual
environment of ECE. Most of the theoretical knowledge that has been gained during the course
of their studies is put to test here. We had the opportunity to have a real experience, which
increased my sphere of knowledge to a great extent.
We were entrusted with a real life project, working on which had finally made me step into the
ongoing innovations and revolution in the world of communication.

III

ABSTRACT
The revolution of Mobile and Technology has made GSM based car security system .The car
security system is prominent worldwide. But it is not so much secure system. Every car owner
wants maximum protection of his car; otherwise thief can easily trap the car. So, by combing the
idea of mobile and car security system we are talking about GSM based car security system. Aim
of the project is to try the save the car. The name project itself suggests that it is based on GSM.
So this GSM based car security system is works when someone tries to steal your car
immediately this security system be alert and send SMS on your mobile through GSM modem,
so you getting the information immediately and you can save your car.
In this system it sense four parameters for security: (1) Pressure sensing, (2) Gas sensing (3) door
locking system and (4) Engine lock system. This system sends SMS through GSM modem at
every sensing point. Microcontroller ATMEGA16, which is a low-cost and highly-reliable
system, is used in this project. By making necessary changes in the software we can alter the
working of the system.
The project is aimed at developing the security of car against Intruders, Gas Leak and Fire. In
any of the above four cases any one met while you are not using your car than the device sends
SMS to the emergency no provided to it. The report consists of a background into the area of at
mega microcontroller and mobile communication, how they are interfaced to each other and AT
(Attention) commands set used in communication. GSM Based Home Security System adopts
voice dais of GSM network to send control command and receive alarm distantly. When a signal
is perceived by detectors, the detectors will send an alarm signal to system right away. The
system then sends alarm to its pre-set mobile phone numbers, and temporarily dials the pre-set
telephone/mobile phone numbers spontaneously.GSM Based Home Security System is used to
watch the area as well as the property using GSM cellular technology.
With all these above mentioned features, this GSM base car security system is more
advantageous as compared to the simple car security system. The main objective of GSM Based
Car Security is to alert the owner by the phone or cell phone. In This System we are Proving
DOOR Switch Magnetic latch based When the DOOR Opens this will give signal
to Automation Then GSM Modem Dials to 10 Mobile No stored in the memory one by one.

IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We have taken efforts in this capstone project. However, it would not have been possible without
the kind support and help of many individuals and organization. I would like to extend my
sincere thanks to all of them.
We are highly indebted to Mr. Lavish Kansal for his guidance and constant supervision as well
as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for their support in
completing our project.
We would like to express our gratitude towards our parents & member of lovely professional
university for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help us in completion of this
project.
We would like to express our special gratitude and thanks to all our friends for their support.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS

PAGE NO.

CERTIFICATE.. I
DECLARATION... II
PREFACE.. III
ABSTRACT... IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. V
LIST OF FIGURES... IX
LIST OF TABLES. XI
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS. XII

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

Basic Introduction.. 1
About the Project... 2
1.2.1 Functional Requirements... 2
Basic Algorithm in Project.4
Component used in Project 5

CHAPTER 2 SENSORS AND THEIR DESCRIPTION

2.1
2.2

2.3

Introduction 6
Criteria to choose sensor 6
2.2.1 Classification of sensors 6
2.2.2 Classification based on property 7
2.2.3 Classification based on application 7
2.2.4 Classification based on power or Energy supply... 7
2.2.5 Current and future applications based classification. 7
2.2.6 Sensors used in the project. 8
MQ-6 (flammable gas detector).. 8
2.3.1 Features.. 8
2.3.2 Connections9
2.3.3 Basic test circuit. 9
2.3.4 Working process 10
VI

2.4

2.5

2.3.5 Working of circuit diagram 10

2.3.6 Applications... 11
Piezoelectric Pressure Sensor. 11
2.4.1 Piezoelectricity... 11
2.4.2 Piezoelectric effect. 12
2.4.3 Piezoelectric pressure sensor. 13
2.3.4 Working process 14
2.4.5 Working of Pressure sensor... 14
2.4.6 Applications... 15
IR (infrared) sensor. 15
2.5.1 Features.. 16
2.5.2 IR LED (as a transmitter)... 16
2.5.3 TSOP & photodiode (as receiver).. 17
2.5.4 Features of TSOP... 17
2.5.5 How it looks like 17
2.5.6 How IR sensor photo modules work.. 17
2.5.7 Photodiode. 18
2.5.8 Working mechanism (ir led and photodiode) 18
2.5.9 Working of the circuit diagram for ir sensor. 19
2.5.10 Applications... 20

CHAPTER 3 Engine Lock Systems

3.1
3.2

Introduction 21
Basic Methodology Used For Module... 22
3.2.1
Working of the module... 22

CHAPTER 4 Microcontroller (ATMEGA 16)

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

Introduction 24
4.4.1 Serial USART 24
Pin Configuration... 24
Block diagram 24
Serial Communication... 26

CHAPTER 5 GSM MODULE

5.1

Introduction 31
5.1.1
General features.. 31
5.1.2
Specifications for SMS via GSM 31
5.1.3
Interfaces. 31
5.1.4
Introduction. 32
5.1.5
Applications 32
5.1.6
Features... 33
5.1.7
Package includes. 33
VII

5.2

Guide to operate. 33

CHAPTER 6 OTHER COMPONENTS

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7

6.8
6.9

Capacitor 36
6.1.1 Different types of capacitors.. 36
Resistor.. 37
6.2.1 Resistor making. 37
Potentiometer. 38
LM324... 39
6.4.1 Features.. 39
LM358... 40
6.5.1 Features.. 40
L293D 40
6.6.1 Features.. 41
NE555 Timer IC 41
6.7.1 Operation of 555 timers in three different modes.. 42
6.7.2 Features.. 42
DC Motor... 42
6.8.1 Working principle.. 43
7805(voltage regulator).. 43
6.9.1 Specifications. 44
6.9.2 Advantages. 44

CHAPTER 7 FINAL PROJECT REVIEW

7.1
7.2
7.3

Software Used For Project. 45

Final Hardware of the Project 45
Progress Report of Project. 46

CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................... 47
REFERENCES. 48

VIII

LIST OF FIGURES
S.NO.

NAME OF FIGURES

PAGE NO.

1. Main out Look of GSM Based Car Security System 2

2. Block diagram of project... 3
3. Flow chart of the working algorithm of project 4
4. Flammable gas sensor8
5. Internal structure 9
6. Basic Test Loop. 10
7. Heating Process (a) 10
8. Heating Process (b)11
9. Circuit diagram of gas sensor 12
10. Piezoelectricity.. 12
11. Piezoelectric Effect 13
12. Piezoelectric Diaphragm... 15
13. Circuit diagram of pressure sensor 16
14. IR LED sensor... 17
15. IR Transmitter............................................................................................................... 17
16. TSOP Pins. 18
17. Photodiode 19
18. IR signal reflection from different surfaces.. 20
19. Circuit diagram of ir sensor... 21
20. DC motor... 23
21. Circuit diagram for module of engine lock... 24
22. Pin Diagram... 25
23. Block diagram... 26
24. Addressing. 26
25. At mega 16 ustart pin 27
26. Formula for baud rate 30
27. Interfacing GSM modem with microcontroller. 32
28. For sending message.. 34
29. Reading.. 34
30. For call receiving... 35
31. Symbol of capacitor... 36
32. Different capacitor. 37
33. Resistor.. 37
34. Potentiometer. 38

IX

S.NO.

NAME OF FIGURES

PAGE NO.

35. Pin connection of LM324.. 39

36. Pin configuration of LM358.. 40
37. Pin configuration of L293D... 41
38. Pin configuration of 555 42
39. Working principle of motor... 43
40. Pin configuration of 7805.. 44
41. Final circuit diagram of project. 46
42. Progress report of project.. 46

LIST OF TABLES

S.NO.

NAME OF TABLE

PAGE NO.

1. Component details... 5
2. Color combination of resistor.. 30

XI

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

S.NO.

ABBREVIATIONS

1. GSM
2. AVR
3. RISC
4. IC
5. IR
6. DC
7. DTC
8. PCB
9. OP-AMP
10. USART
11. SMS

FULL NAME
Global System For Mobile Communication
Advance Virtual Risc
Reduced Instruction Set Computing
Integrated Circuit
Infrared
Direct current
Discharge Time Constant
Printed Circuit Board
Operational Amplifier
Universal Synchronous Asynchronous
Receiver and Transmission/ Transmitter
Short Message Service

XII

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BASIC INTRODUCTION
CAR security has been a major issue where crime is increasing and everybody wants to take
proper measures to prevent intrusion. In addition, there is need to automate car so that the user
can take the advantage of technological advancement. This project presents a model that will
provide security to their home, office or cabin etc via SMS using GSM technology. Keeping in
view the rapid growth of wireless communication we are inspired to work on this project. The
idea behind this project is to meet the upcoming challenges of the modern practical applications
of wireless communication and to facilitate our successors with such splendid ideas that should
clear their concept about wireless communication and control system. The applications of GSM
Based car security system are quite diverse. There are many real life situations that require
control of different devices remotely and to provide security. There will be instances where a
wired connection between a remote appliance/device and the control unit might not be feasible
due to structural problems. In such cases a wireless connection is a better option.
Basic Idea of our project is to provide GSM Based security even if the owner is away from the
restricted areas. For this we adopted wireless mode of transmission using GSM. Beside this there
are many methods of wireless communication but we selected GSM in our project because as
compared to other techniques, this is an efficient and cheap solution also, we are much familiar
with GSM technology and it is easily available. The GSM modem provides the communication
mechanism between the user and the microcontroller system by means of SMS messages.
This project is designed to provide ubiquitous access to the system for the security using
extensive GSM technology for communication purposes and microcontroller for device control.
The highlights of our system are the long range of communication and password security. The
security is provided by sending a message to our access number, controlling and
acknowledgement is done through SMS code between our access number and the authenticated
user. This system consists of a GSM modem for sending and receiving the SMS, microcontroller
which is controlling the entire system. It can be installed at any desired location e.g., office (to
protect important files and document), banks (to protect cash in locker) etc. The microcontroller
is an existing, challenging, and growing field; it will pervade industry for decades to come. To
meet the challenges of this growing technology, we will have to conversant with the
programmable aspect of the microcontroller. Programming is a process of problem solving and
communicating in a strange language of mnemonics. The projects could be developed
significantly faster and much easily using a microcontroller.

Figure 1.1: Main out Look of GSM Based Car Security System

After analyzing the security conditions in current day nation, this paper proposes a systematic
framework that is based on the GSM and Embedded System for improving security management.
It based on the Microcontroller and GSM detection of anyone to enter in the car. This framework
takes account of several key aspects such as vehicle owner authentication, identity
authentication, security workflow, etc. The proposed framework has the following advantages:
low cost, high performance, easy to implement, and strong security control pattern. In addition,
this paper proposes a dynamic security strategy that is about authorizing user ID and conforming
the rightful owner of the object else action is to be taken place.

1.2 ABOUT THE PROJECT

Car security has been a major issue where crime is increasing and everybody wants to take
proper measures to prevent intrusion. In addition, there is need to automate car so that the user
can take the advantage of technological advancement. This project presents a model that will
provide security to their home, office or cabin etc via SMS using GSM technology. Keeping in
view the rapid growth of wireless communication we are inspired to work on this project. The
idea behind this project is to meet the upcoming challenges of the modern practical applications
of wireless communication and to facilitate our successors with such splendid ideas that should
clear their concept about wireless communication and control system.
1.2.1 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
The following is a list of functional requirements of the control unit/module.
The control unit will have the ability to connect to the cellular network automatically.

 The control unit will be able to receive text messages and will be able to parse and
interpret text messages and instructions to be sent to the microcontroller.
The microcontroller within the control unit will issue its command to the electrical
appliances through a simple control circuit.
The control unit will control the electrical appliances.

Figure 1.2: Block Diagram of Project

In above block diagram we have different blocks. First we will discuss about the gas sensor
block. This block consists of mq6 flammable gas detector which will sense any kind of
flammable gas like LPG, isobutene, propane gases which may cause suffocation or fire in the
car. In this block include an op-amp (as comparator) which will compare the output of the gas
sensor with threshold value adjusted by a potentiometer of 10kohm and give the logic 1 to the
microcontroller. Receiving command from the microcontroller GSM modem sends SMS to
registered mobile number. Similarly the second block which is pressure sensor will tell about any
theft who tries to sit on seat of the car. It consists of lm324 op amp and potentiometer. The
generated voltage due to pressure will be compared and accordingly the logic is given to
microcontroller and message is transmitted by GSM to mobile.
IR sensor block will inform about the opening of the door of car by any unauthenticated user. In
this block we have used a ir led as a transmitter and a photo detector as receiver. If anybody tries
to open the door owner will receive the SMS from GSM modem. Last block of the project gives
demonstration of engine of the car. This block consists of a DC motor as engine, switch (key)

and l293D used for making motor compatible with the microcontroller. If any theft tries to insert
the key, the engine starts for few seconds and inform owner by sending alert message.
By setting up this project in car we can experience the highly defined security system in your
car.. This tends to utilize the availability of GSM network, mobile phone and electronics circuit
to achieve an automated system which is programmed to work as a thinking device to
accomplish this purpose. With this if anyone tries to steal a vehicle then in fraction of seconds a
text alert or message is sent to the registered or stored mobile communication number reporting
of tempering with vehicle.

1.3 BASIC ALGORITHM USED IN PROJECT

Figure 1.3: Flow Chart of the Working Algorithm of Project

Assuming that the control unit is powered and operating properly, the process of
Controlling a device connected to the interface will proceed through the following steps;
1. The remote user sends text messages including commands to the receiver.
2. GSM receiver receives messages sent from the user cell phone.
3. GSM receiver decodes the sent message and sends the commands to the microcontroller.
4. Microcontroller issues commands to the appliances and the devices connected will switch
ON/OFF.
The basic algorithm of this project is that whenever interrupt is generated by the external
components to the microcontroller. Microcontroller will serve that interrupt first by suspending
its work. The microcontroller will send command to GSM which will generate SMS and notify
owner by sending message.

1.4 COMPONENTS USED IN THE PROJECT

Table 1.4.1: Component Details

CHAPTER 2: SENSORS AND THEIR DESCRIPTION

2.1 INTORDUCTION
Most companies and individuals use some or other type of electronic security device to protect
themselves and their assets. These devices can range from a simple car alarm or intercom system
at home to a hi-tech electronic security system to monitor the area and provide safety and
security assurance to individuals. Although there are a number of electronic security devices
available, they all need to work in unison in order to create an effective security solution. There
are various types of sensors available which are installed to detect movement in an area and
different sensors are used for indoor and outdoor applications. In order for all the sensors to
detect various threats and alert the occupants that their safety and security may be compromised,
the sensors are connected to a main panel or distribution board that triggers an alarm. The alarm
may be silent so as not to alarm the occupants or intruder or it may be very audible.
A sensor is a technological device or biological organ that detects, or senses, a signal or physical
condition and chemical compounds. In electronic terms a sensor may be a device that detects the
presence or absence of something e.g. a PIR sensor controlling security lights or a magnetic
device used to sense the opening of a door on a burglar alarm system. Other types of sensor may
be used to measure parameters such as light or heat or in the case of a microphone to convert
audible sound into an electrical signal which can then be used to drive speakers.
2.2 CRITERIA TO CHOOSE A SENSOR
There are certain features which have to be considered when we choose a sensor. They are as
given below:
Accuracy
Environmental condition - usually has limits for temperature/ humidity
Range - Measurement limit of sensor
Calibration - Essential for most of the measuring devices as the readings changes with
time
Resolution - Smallest increment detected by the sensor
Cost
Repeatability-The reading that varies is repeatedly measured under the same environment

2.2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORS

The sensors are classified into the following criteria:
Property
Application
Power or energy
6

Transduction principle is the fundamental criteria which are followed for an efficient approach.
Usually, material and technology criteria are chosen by the development engineering group.

2.2.2 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PROPERTY IS AS GIVEN BELOW:

Temperature - Thermistors, thermocouples, RTDs, IC and many more.
Pressure - Fiber optic, vacuum, elastic liquid based manometers, electronic.
Level Sensors - Differential pressure, ultrasonic radio frequency, radar, thermal
displacement.
Proximity and displacement - LVDT, photoelectric, capacitive, magnetic, ultrasonic.
Biosensors - Resonant mirror, electrochemical.
Gas and chemical - Semiconductor, Infrared, Conductance, Electrochemical.
7. Acceleration - Gyroscopes, Accelerometers.
Others - Moisture, humidity sensor, Speed sensor, mass, Tilt sensor, force, viscosity.

2.2.3 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON APPLICATION IS AS GIVEN BELOW:

Industrial process control, measurement and automation
Non-industrial use Aircraft, Medical products, Automobiles, Consumer electronics,
other type of sensors.
2.2.4 SENSORS CAN BE CLASSIFIED BASED ON POWER OR ENERGY SUPPLY
REQUIREMENT OF THE SENSORS:
Active Sensor - Sensors that require power supply are called as Active Sensors. Example:
LiDAR (Light detection and ranging), photoconductive cell.
Passive Sensor - Sensors that do not require power supply are called as Passive Sensors.
Example: Radiometers, film photography.

2.2.5 IN THE CURRENT AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS, SENSORS CAN BE

CLASSIFIED INTO GROUPS AS FOLLOWS:
Accelerometers - These are based on the Micro Electro Mechanical sensor technology.
They are used for patient monitoring which includes pace makers and vehicle dynamic
systems.
Biosensors - These are based on the electrochemical technology. They are used for food
testing, medical care device, water testing, and biological warfare agent detection.
Image Sensors - These are based on the CMOS technology. They are used in consumer
electronics, biometrics, traffic and security surveillance and PC imaging.
Motion Detectors - These are based on the Infra Red, Ultrasonic, and Microwave
technology. They are used in videogames and simulations, light activation and security
detection.

2.2.6 SENSORS USED IN THE PROJECT AS FOLLOW:

1. MQ6-flammable gas sensor
2. Piezoelectric pressure sensor
3. IR sensor (door lock sensor.

2.3 MQ-6 (FLAMMABLE GAS DETECTOR)

Now a day the use of inflammable materials like LPG, Methane, propane, alcohol etc. is
increasing fast and leakage is common due to extensive use of non standard instruments. The
danger increases when leakage occurs in closed area. This causes mainly "asphyxia" means lack
of oxygen causes suffocation. If the amount of leakage is enormous this causes the death of
individuals. To prevent serious damage to the living beings earliest detection of leakage is
important. but here is a solution for detecting the inflammable gas leakage. The circuit uses a gas
sensor (MQ-6) which can detect the presence of LPG, propane, methane and other combustible
materials. but here is a solution for detecting the inflammable gas leakage. The circuit uses a gas
sensor (MQ-6) which can detect the presence of LPG, propane, methane and other combustible
materials.
Sensitive material of MQ-6 gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower conductivity in clean air.
When the target combustible gas exist, the sensors conductivity is higher along with the gas
concentration rising. Please use simple electro circuit, Convert change of conductivity to
correspond output signal of gas concentration. MQ-6 gas sensor has high sensitivity to Propane,
Butane and LPG, also response to Natural gas. The sensor could be used to detect different
combustible gas, especially Methane; it is with low cost and suitable for different application.

Figure 2.1: Flammable Gas Sensor

2.3.1 FEATURES:
High sensitivity to LPG, iso-butane, propane
Small sensitivity to alcohol, smoke.
Fast response
Stable and long life
8

2.3.2 CONNECTIONS:
Connecting five volts across the heating (H) pins keeps the sensor hot enough to function
correctly. Connecting five volts at either the A or B pins causes the sensor to emit an analog
voltage on the other pins. A resistive load between the output pins and ground sets the sensitivity
of the detector. Please note that the picture in the datasheet for the top configuration is wrong.
Both configurations have the same pin out consistent with the bottom configuration. The
resistive load should be calibrated for your particular application using the equations in the
datasheet, but a good starting value for the resistor is 20 k.

Figure 2.2: Internal Structure

2.3.3 BASIC TEST CIRCUIT

The below is basic test circuit of the sensor. The sensor needs to be put 2 voltages, heater voltage
(VH and test voltage (VC). VH used to supply certified working temperature to the sensor,
while VC used to detect voltage (VRL) on load resistance (RL) whom is in series with sensor.
The sensor has light polarity, VC need DC power. VC and VH could use same power circuit
with precondition to assure performance of sensor. In order to make the sensor with better
performance, suitable RL value is needed.

Figure 2.3: Basic Test Loop

2.3.4 WORKING PROCESS

This section will show about the internal working process of gas sensor-mq6.
If coil is heated up

Figure 2.4: Heating Process (a)

SnO2 ceramics will become the semi - conductor, so there are more movable electrons, which
means that it is ready to make more current flow.

Figure 2.5: Heating Process (b)

Then, when the gas molecules in the air meet the electrode that is between alumina and tin
dioxide, ethanol burns into acetic acid then more current is produced. So the more alcohol
molecules there are the more current we will get. Because of this current change, we get the
different values from the sensor
2.3.5 WORKING OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAMModification made in the circuit diagram: instead of usinglm358 we have used lm324 as
comparator. And we have not used the speaker. We connect output of the lm324 with
microcontroller. The operation of lm324 and lm358 is similar. They only differ in such a way
that lm324 is 14 pin IC having four op-amp comparators and lm358 is 8 pin IC having two op
amp comparators in its packed internal structure.

10

The op-amp LM324 is designed in a comparator mode which compares the signal received from
the sensor to a threshold voltage (reference voltage). Potentiometer of 10k is connected at pin
no. 2.It is set at 2V (reference voltage). The voltage 2V is equal to output voltage of gas sensor
in normal air condition i.e. in absence of gas. LM324 compares two input i.e. preset voltage i/p at
inverting end with gas sensor o/p voltage at non-inverting end. In absence of gas the output
voltage of gas sensor is 2V thus overall output voltage of op-amp will be 0V.

Figure 2.6: Circuit Diagram of Gas Sensor

In presence combustible gases input voltage reduces and output voltage of gas sensor increases
thus creating difference between two input voltages of op-amp. Thus output voltage of LM324
LED glows showing the presence of combustible gas.

2.3.6 APPLICATIONS
Domestic gas leakage detector
Industrial Combustible gas detector
Portable gas detector
They are suitable of detecting LPG, iso-butane, propane, LNG; avoid the noise of alcohol
and cooking fumes and cigarette smoke.

2.4 PEIZOELECTRIC PRESSURE SENSOR

2.4.1 PIEZOELECTRICITY
To generate a useful output signal, our sensors rely on the piezoelectric effect. ("Piezo" is a greek
term which means "to squeeze.") When the piezoelectric elements are strained by an external
force, displaced electrical charge accumulates on opposing surfaces. Figure 1 illustrates the
displacement of electrical charge due to the deflection of the lattice in a naturally piezoelectric
quartz crystal.The larger circles represent silicon atoms, while the smaller ones represent oxygen

11

Crystalline quartz, either in its natural or high-quality, reprocessed form, is one of the most
sensitive or stable piezoelectric materials available.

Figure 2.7: Piezoelectricity

2.4.2 PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT

When pressure (stress) is applied to a material it creates a strain or deformation in the material.
In a piezoelectric material this strain creates an electrical potential difference, a voltage. The
effect is reversible. When an electric potential is applied across two sides of a piezoelectric
material, it strains. Both effects were discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880-1. The
piezoelectric effect is found in materials with a specific electrical crystalline structure. These are
known as piezoelectric materials.
Many different sizes and shapes of piezoelectric materials can be used in piezoelectric sensors.
The red represents the piezoelectric crystals, while the arrows indicate how the material is
stressed. Accelerometers typically have a seismic mass, which is represented by the gray color.
A more complete description of sensor structures is given in the next section. The compression
design features high rigidity, making it useful for implementation in high frequency pressure and
force sensors. Its disadvantage is that it is somewhat sensitive to thermal transients. The
simplicity of the flexural design is offset by its narrow frequency range and low over shock
survivability. The shear configuration is typically used in accelerometers as it offers a well
balanced blend of wide frequency range, low off axis sensitivity, low sensitivity to base strain
and low sensitivity to thermal inputs.

Figure 2.8: Piezoelectric Effect

Piezoelectric sensing elements have essentially no deflection and are often referred to as solidstate devices. It is for this reason that piezoelectric sensors are so rugged and feature excellent

12

linearity over a wide amplitude range. In fact, when coupled with properly designed signal
conditioners, piezoelectric sensors typically have a dynamic amplitude range (i.e.: maximum
measurement range to noise ratio) on the order of 120 dB. This means that a single accelerometer
can measure acceleration levels as low as 0.0001 g's to as high as 100 g's!
NOTE:-A final important note about piezoelectric materials is that they can only measure
dynamic or changing events. Piezoelectric sensors are not able to measure a continuous static
event as would be the case with inertial guidance, barometric pressure or weight measurements.
While static events will cause an initial output, this signal will slowly decay (or drain away)
based on the piezoelectric material or attached electronics time constant. This time constant
corresponds with a first order high pass filter and is based on the capacitance and resistance of
the device. This high pass filter ultimately determines the low frequency cut-off or measuring
limit of the device.
Equations: The generated voltage from a piezoelectric material can be calculated from the
following
Equation.

V = S v * P * D ..... (2.3.1)
Where V = Piezoelectric generated voltage (Volts)
Sv = Voltage sensitivity of the material (Volt *meters / Newton P = Pressure (N/m2)
D = thickness of material (meters)
Voltage sensitivity values are provided with the material when received from the manufacturer.
Different materials and different geometry cuts give different sensitivities.
2.4.3 PIEZOELECTRIC PRESSURE SENSOR
Piezoelectric crystals develop a potential difference (i.e. voltage is induced across the surfaces)
whenever they are subjected to any mechanical pressure. These sensors have the crystal
mounted on a dielectric base so that there is no current leakage. Attached to the crystal is a
horizontal shaft to which a diaphragm is connected. Whenever the diaphragm senses pressure, it
pushes the shaft down which pressurizes the crystal and voltage is produced.

Figure 2.9: Piezoelectric Diaphragm

13

The quartz crystals of a piezoelectric pressure sensor generate a charge when pressure is applied.
However, even though the electrical insulation resistance is quite large, the charge eventually
leaks to zero. The rate at which the charge leaks back to zero is dependent on the electrical
insulation resistance. In a charge mode pressure sensor used with a voltage amplifier, the leakage
rate is fixed by values of capacitance and resistance in the sensor, by low-noise cable, and by the
external source follower voltage amplifier used. In the case of a charge mode pressure sensor
used with a charge amplifier, the leakage rate is fixed by the electrical feedback resistor and
capacitor in the charge amplifier. In a pressure sensor with built-in ICP electronics, the resistance
and capacitance of the crystal and the built-in ICP electronics normally determine the leakage
rate. That is why only dynamic pressure can be measured with piezoelectric pressure sensors.
Discharge time constant (DTC): When leakage of a charge (or voltage) occurs in a resistivecapacitive circuit, the leakage follows an exponential decay. A piezoelectric pressure sensor
system behaves similarly. The value of the electrical capacitance of the system (in farads)
multiplied by the value of the electrical resistance (in ohms) is called the Discharge Time
Constant (in seconds). DTC is defined as the time required for a sensor or measuring system to
discharge its signal to 37% of the original value from a step change of measure. The DTC of a
system relates to the low-frequency monitoring capabilities of a system. A long discharge time
constant is useful because it allows quasi-static operation during calibration or measurement of
certain long-duration pressure pulses.DTC charge mode system: In a charge mode system, the
DTC is usually determined by the settings on an external charge amplifier. PCB Series 460
Charge Amplifiers feature a short, medium, and long time constant switch from which DTC is
selected. It is assumed that the electrical insulation resistance is large; otherwise, drift occurs.
Therefore, to minimize this drift, the pressure sensor connection point and cable must be kept
clean and dry.
2.4.4 WORKING OF PRESSURE SENSOR
In our project pressure sensor circuit described here senses pressure variation or mechanical
strain and responds by sounding a speaker. It can be used at prohibited places to alert any
unwanted entry. Such sensors can be placed on the floors of these places and whenever an
intrusion would occur, the speaker would go off.
This circuit in this project takes input from a piezo diaphragm which is provided to non-inverting
pin of op-amp in LM324 (pin3). The inverting input of the op-amp is grounded through R1
(1k ). The op-amp is thus configured to be used in non-inverting mode. This means that the
output is in phase with the input of op-amp. If someone tries to walk over a restricted area, the
pressure variations of the feet are sensed by the piezo sensor which gives the analog output. This
output is amplified by the op-amp and its gain depends on the input resistors R1 (1k ) and R2
(3.3k ) in accordance with the relation: G = (1 + R2/R1). The output of op-amp is sufficient
enough to drive a speaker, connected to its output, after getting filtered by a capacitor C1 (10uF).

14

Figure 2.10: Circuit Diagram of Pressure Sensor

But in our project circuit we have made some modification in circuit diagram that is instead of
using speaker, we have used potentiometer and a led to show output of the voltage produce due
to pressure generation on piezoelectric diaphragm. Potentiometer is used to set the threshold
value.
2.4.5 APPLICATIONS
Ultrasonic transmitters and receivers.
Frequency references.
Temperature sensors (resonant frequency changes with temperature)
Accelerometers (used with a seismic mass)
Microphones and loudspeakers (small loudspeakers with poor audio characteristics
beepers)
Pressure sensor
Force sensor

2.5 IR (INRARED) SENSOR

An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain characteristics of its
surroundings by either emitting and/or detecting infrared radiation. It is also capable of
measuring heat of an object and detecting motion. Infrared waves are not visible to the human
eye.
In the electromagnetic spectrum, infrared radiation is the region having wavelengths longer than
visible light wavelengths, but shorter than microwaves. The infrared region is approximately
demarcated from 0.75 to 1000m. The wavelength region from 0.75 to 3m is termed as near
infrared, the region from 3 to 6m is termed mid-infrared, and the region higher than 6m is
termed as far infrared. Infrared technology is found in many of our everyday products. E.g. TV

15

has an IR detector for interpreting the signal from the remote control. Key benefits of infrared
sensors include low power requirements, simple circuitry, and their portable feature.

Figure 2.11: IR LED Sensor

2.5.1 FEATURES:
Size: square, 7mm by 8mm detector area
Price: $2.00 at the Ad fruit shop
Output: 0V (low) on detection of 38KHz carrier, 5V (high) otherwise
Sensitivity range: 800nm to 1100nm with peak response at 940nm. Frequency range is
35KHz to 41KHz with peak detection at 38KHz
Power supply: 3-5V DC 3Ma

2.5.2 IR LED (AS A TRANSMITTER)

IR Transmitter and Receiver pair can be easily made using 555 Timer, IR LED andTSOP1738 IR
Receiver. This can be used for remote controls, burglar alarms etc. The PCM carrier frequency of
TSOP1738 is 38 KHz, so we want to design a astable multivibrator of 38KHz. This can be done
by using 555 Timer.
555 Timer is wired as an Astable Multivibrator. The 100F capacitor (C1) is used to reduce
ripples in the power supply. 1 st and 8th pins of 555 are used to give power Vcc and GND
respectively. 4th pin is the reset pin which is active low input; hence it is connected to Vcc.
5th pin is the Control Voltage pin which is not used in this application, and hence it is grounded
via a capacitor to avoid high frequency noises through that pin. Capacitor C2, Resistors R1, R2
determines the time period of oscillation. Capacitor C2 charges to Vcc via resistors R1 and R2. It
discharges through Resistor R2 and 7 th pin of 555. The voltage across capacitor C2 is connected
to the internal comparators via 2 nd and 6th pins of 555. Output is taken from the 3ed pin of the IC.
Please read the article Astable Multivibrator using 555 Timer for more detailed working.
Charging time constant of the capacitor (output HIGH period) is determined by the expression
0.693(R1+R2)C2 and discharging time constant (output LOW period) is determined by
0.693R2C2. They are approximately equal.
16

Figure 2.12: IR Transmitter

2.5.3 TSOP & PHOTODIODE (AS RECEIVER)

The TSOP17. series are miniaturized receivers for infrared remote control systems. PIN
diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, the epoxy package is designed as IR filter.
The demodulated output signal can directly be decoded by a microprocessor. TSOP17 is the
standard IR remote control receiver series, supporting all major transmission codes. Members of
TSOP17xx series are sensitive to different centre frequencies of the IR spectrum. For example
TSOP1738 is sensitive to 38 kHz whereasTSOP1740 to 40 kHz centre frequency.
2.5.4 FEATURES:
Photo detector and preamplifier in one package
Internal filter for PCM frequency
Improved shielding against electrical field disturbance
TTL and CMOS compatibility
Output active low
Low power consumption
High immunity against ambient light
Continuous data transmission possible (up to 2400 bps)
Suitable burst length 10 cycles/burst
2.5.5 HOW IT LOOKS LIKE -

Figure 2.13: TSOP Pins

17

2.5.6 HOW IR SENSOR PHOTO MODULES WORKThe TSOP 1738 is a member of IR remote control receiver series. This IR sensor module
consists of a PIN diode and a pre amplifier which are embedded into a single package. The
output of TSOP is active low and it gives +5V in off state. When IR waves, from a source, with a
centre frequency of 38 kHz incident on it, its goes low Lights coming from sunlight, fluorescent
lamps etc. may cause disturbance to it and result in undesirable output even when the source is
not transmitting IR signals. A band pass filter, an integrator stage and an automatic gain control
are used to suppress such disturbances.
2.5.7 PHOTODIODE
A photodiode is a type of diode which detects light. We can think of it as having a very high
resistance when no light is falling on it. As we increase the intensity of light incident on it, the
current through it gradually increases too. So, by increasing the incident light on a photodiode,
we convert it into a normal low value resistor, which conducts current.

Figure 2.14: Photodiode

We should note here that a photodiode looks exactly like an LED, sometimes, with a dark blue or
black film on the outer casing (Please look at the picture below), but we make use of it in reverse
bias, that means opposite in configuration as in the case of an LED. You can refer to the diagram
above for the connections of the photodiode, but remember to connect it in reverse bias.
2.5.8 WORKING MECHANISM (IR LED AND PHOTODIODE)
An IR sensor is basically a device which consists of a pair of an IR LED and a photodiode which
are collectively called a photo-coupler or an opto-coupler. The IR LED emits IR radiation,
reception and/or intensity of reception of which by the photodiode dictates the output of the
sensor. Now, there are so many ways by which the radiation may or may not be able to reach the
photodiode. An Indirect Incidence technique is used in this project which is described as below.
High school physics taught us that black colour absorbs all radiation, and the color white reflects
all radiation. We use this very knowledge to build our IR sensor. If we place the IR LED and the
photodiode side by side, close together, the radiation from the IR LED will get emitted straight in
the direction to which the IR LED is pointing towards, and so is the photodiode, and hence there
will be no incidence of the radiation on the photodiode. Please refer to the right part of the
18

illustration given below for better understanding. But, if we place an opaque object in front the
two, two cases occur:
REFLECTIVE SURFACE: If the object is reflective, (White or some other light colour), then
most of the radiation will get reflected by it, and will get incident on the photodiode. For further
understanding, please refer to the left part of the illustration below.
NON-REFLECTIVE SURFACE: If the object is non-reflective, (Black or some other dark
color), then most of the radiation will get absorbed by it, and will not become incident on the
photodiode. It is similar to there being no surface (object) at all, for the sensor, as in both the
cases, it does not receive any radiation.

Figure 2.15: IR Signal Reflection from Different Surfaces

2.5.9 WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR IR SENSOR USED IN PROJECT:

The transmitter part of the sensor project is an Infrared (IR) Led which transmits continuous IR
rays to be received by an IR receiver. The output of the receiver varies depending upon its
reception of IR rays. Since this variation cannot be analyzed as such, therefore this output can be
fed to a comparator. Here operational amplifier (op-amp) of LM 358 is used as comparator.
When the IR receiver does not receive signal the potential at the inverting input goes higher than
that that at non-inverting input of the comparator (LM 358). Thus the output of the comparator
goes low and the LED does not glow .When the IR receiver receives signal the potential at the
inverting input goes low. Thus the output of the comparator (LM 358) goes high and the LED
starts glowing. ResistorR1 (100 ), R2 (10k ) and R3 (330 ) are used to ensure that minimum
10 mA current passes through the IR LED, photodiode and normal LED, respectively. Resistor
VR2 (preset=5k ) is used to adjust the output. Resistor VR1 (preset=10k ) is used to set the
sensitivity of the circuit.

19

Figure 2.16: Circuit Diagram of IR Sensor

2.5.10 APPLICATIONS

Thermograph, communications, and alcohol testing.

Biological systems, photo biomodulation, and plant health.
Gas detectors/gas leak detection flame detection.
Anesthesiology testing and spectroscopy.
Petroleum exploration and underground solution.
Rail safety.

20

CHAPTER 3: ENGINE LOCK SYSTEM

3.1 INTORDUCTION
In Present days thefts in automobile is increasing at rapid rate. So to protect automobiles we
developed system Vehicle engine locking system using embedded based GSM technology
which is operated by using ATMEGA16 microcontroller with GSM module. It is very cheap and
simpler compared to other antitheft vehicle locking systems. The Global system for mobile
communications (GSM) is the most popular and accepted standard for mobile phones in the
world. It operates in 900 MHz frequency. Many people use GSM service across the world. The
usage of the GSM standard makes international roaming very common between mobile users, by
accessing subscribers to use their mobile phones in many areas of the world.
The designed & developed system is installed in the vehicle. An interfacing mobile is also
connected to the microcontroller, which is in turn, connected to the engine. Once, the vehicle is
being started, the information is being used by the vehicle owner for further processing. The
information is passed onto the central processing insurance system which is in the form of the
SMS. By reading the signals received by the mobile, one can control the ignition of the engine;
say to lock it or to stop the engine immediately. The main concept in this design is introducing
the mobile communication into an embedded system. The designed unit is very simple & low
cost. The entire designed unit is on a single chip. on any attempt of theft the system sends a text
message to the device owner, demobilizes the system (car) . With this, the car is always
protected. The total absence of sufficient security personnel in a packed car is a great discomfort
to car owners. This insecurity has paved way to increasing rate of stealing packed cars even
with security. In order to enhance an improved and life risk free security system, the purpose of
this study is to aid a better security system of cars with the use of GSM. This system monitors
ones car against theft, and has a text message sent to the car owner, telling him that his car is
being tampered, and at which part of the car (either doors or boot) is being tampered. The system
will also demobilize the car (that is stopping the car from moving), set up an message for the
people around to notice what is happening.

Figure 3.1: DC Motor

21

Engine locking system is the very important module of our project as all the three sensors are
interfaced with this module and it is also having its own property of blocking the engine
whenever unwanted trial of inserting key is found. DC motor is used to represent an engine in the
project which operates on 12V supply.

3.2 BASIC METHOLOGY USED FOR MODULE

The entire system is installed in the engine along with GSM modem. After giving the power
supply and checking the status of the GSM, we will insert a key, which is represented as a switch
in the project and the motor will start rotating as soon as the motor will start, a message Key is
inserted is transmitted by the controller to the GSM and GSM will transmit this message to
owners mobile. If the thief attempts number of trial to start the engine, But in our project we
have made automatic blocking of engine. If someone tries to insert the key, owner will get a
message of insertion of key. As soon as the key is inserted, the engine will block after 5 seconds.
In this way, there is no need to send the message back to GSM to block the system because
engine will automatically block.
3.2.1 WORKING OF THE MODULE
In our electronic project we want to control a DC Motor with Atmega16 Microcontroller. We
cant connect a DC Motor directly to a microcontroller due to following reasons.
A microcontroller cant supply the current required for the working of DC motor.
ATmega16 Microcontroller can source or sink currents up to 40mA but the requirement
for DC Motor is much more than that.
The negative voltages created due to back emf of the motor may affect the
proper functioning of the microcontroller.
You may need to control the direction of rotation of the motor by changing the polarity of
the motor supply.
The operating voltage of the DC Motor may be much higher than the operating voltage of
the microcontroller.
To solve these problems you may use transistorized H Bridge in which freewheeling diodes are
used to avoid problems due to back emf. Thus it requires minimum four transistors, diodes and
resistors for each motor. It is better to use readymade ICs such as L293D or L293 instead of
making your own H Bridge, which simplifies your project.
L293D is a Quadruple Half H-Bridge driver commonly used for motor driving. We neednt
connect any transistors, resistors or freewheeling diodes. All the four outputs of this IC are TTL
compatible and output clamp diodes are provided to drive inductive loads. L293D can provide

22

up to 600mA current, in the voltage raging from 4.5 to 36v. L293 is a similar IC which can
provide up to 1A in the same voltage range.

Figure 3.2: Circuit Diagram for Module of Engine Lock

Motor Supply is given to the Vs pin of L293D and motor is connected to the first pair of drivers,
which is enabled by connecting EN1 to logic HIGH. Vss pin is used to provide logic input to
L293D. Control signals is given by using Atmega32 microcontroller which operates at 5V,
hence Vss is connected to 5V.

23

CHAPTER 4: MICROCONTROLLER (ATMEGA 16)

4.1 INTRODUCTION
The ATmega16 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC
architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega16 achieves
through puts approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power
consumption versus processing speed. It is high performance low power atmel 8bit
microcontroller. It has following characteristics

131 Powerful Instructions Most Single-clock Cycle Execution

32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
Fully Static Operation
Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments
16 Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory
512 Bytes EEPROM
1 Kbyte Internal SRAM
Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
Data retention: 20 years at 85C/100 years at 25C(1)
Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
Programming Lock for Software Security

4.2 PIN CONFIGURATIONS

The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the
32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two
independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The
resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster
than conventional CISC microcontrollers.
Port A (PA7toPA0) Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port A also serves
as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal
pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive

24

characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as
inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are
activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock
is not running.

Figure 4.1: Pin Diagram

Port B (PB7 ...PB0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active even if the clock is not running.
Port C (PC7..PC0) Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins
PC5(TDI), PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs.
Port D (PD7...PD0 ) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
RESET ( Reset Input). A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will
generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a
reset.
25

XTAL1 Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
XTAL2 Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.

4.3 Block Diagram

The block diagram of the atmega16 with all its essential parts is given as follow as:

Figure 4.2: Block Diagram

4.4 SERIAL COMMUNICATION

Serial communication (Data receive) using AVR Microcontroller (ATmega16) USART
There are two methods for serial data communication (i) Synchronous and (ii) Asynchronous
communication. In Synchronous communication method complete block (characters) is sent at a
time. It doesnt require any additional bits (start, stop or parity) to be added for the
synchronization of frame. The devices are synchronized by clock. And in asynchronous
communication data transmission is done byte by byte i.e., one byte at a time. The additional bits
are added to complete a frame.
In synchronous communication the frame consists of data bits while in asynchronous
communication the total number of bits in a frame may be more than the data bits.

Figure 4.3: Addressing

26

We are using full duplex communication between ATMEGA 16 microcontroller and GSM
module SIM900.
Atmega16 is equipped with three different kinds of serial communication peripheral systems:
4.4.1 SERIAL USART
Serial USART provides full-duplex communication between the transmitter and receiver.
Atmega16 is equipped with independent hardware for serial USART communication. Pin-14
(RXD) and Pin-15 (TXD) provide receive and transmit interface to the microcontroller.

Figure 4.4: At Mega 16 USTART Pins

Atmega16 USART provides asynchronous mode of communication and do not have a dedicated
clock line between the transmitting and receiving end. The synchronization is achieved by
properly setting the baud rate, start and stop bits in a transmission sequence.
Start bit and stop bit: These bits are use to synchronize the data frame. Start bit is one single
low bit and is always given at the starting of the frame, indicating the next bits are data bits. Stop
bit can be one or two high bits at the end of frame, indicating the completion of frame

Baud Rate: In simple words baud rate is the rate at which serial data is being transferred.
Atmega16 USART has following features:
27

 Different Baud Rates

Variable data size with options ranging from 5bits to 9bits.
One or two stop bits.
Hardware generated parity check.
USART can be configured to operate in synchronous mode.
Three separate interrupts for RX Complete, TX complete and TX data register
empty.

USART Registers
To use the USART of Atmega16, certain registers need to be configured.
UCSR: USART control and status register. Its is basically divided into three parts UCSRA,
UCSRB and
UCSRC. These registers are basically used to configure the USART.
UBRR: USART Baud Rate Registers. Basically use to set the baud rate of USART
UDR: USART data register
i.
UCSRA: (USART Control and Status Register A)

RXC (USART Receive Complete): RXC flag is set to 1 if unread data exists in receive buffer,
and set to 0 if receive buffer is empty.
TXC (USART Transmit complete): TXC flag is set to 1 when data is completely transmitted to
Transmit shift register and no data is present in the buffer register UDR.
UDRE (USART Data Register Empty): This flag is set to logic 1 when the transmit buffer is
empty, indicating it is ready to receive new data. UDRE bit is cleared by writing to the UDR
register.
ii.

UCSRB: (USART Control and Status Register B)

RXCIE: RX Complete Interrupt Enable,

When 1 -> RX complete interrupt is enabled.
28

When 0 -> RX complete interrupt is disabled.

CIE: TX Complete Interrupt Enable,
When 1 -> TX complete interrupt is enabled
When 0-> TX complete interrupt is disabled
UDRIE: USART Data Register Empty Interrupt Enable,
When 1 -> UDRE flag interrupt is enabled.
When 0 -> UDRE flag interrupt is disabled.
RXEN: Receiver Enabled,
When 1 -> USART Receiver is enabled.
When 0 -> USART Receiver is disabled.
TXEN: Transmitter Enabled,
When 1 -> USART Transmitter is enabled.
When 0 -> USART Transmitter is disabled.
iii.
UCSRC: (USART Control and Status Register C)
The transmitter and receiver are configured with the same data features as configured in this
register for proper data transmission.

URSEL: USART Register select. This bit must be set due to sharing of I/O location by UBRRH
and UCSRC
UMSEL: USART Mode Select,
When 1 -> Synchronous Operation
When 0 -> Asynchronous Operation
UPM [0:1]: USART Parity Mode, Parity mode selection bits.
USBS: USART Stop Select Bit,
When 0-> 1 Stop Bit
When 1 -> 2 Stop Bits
UCSZ [0:1]: The UCSZ [1:0] bits combined with the UCSZ2 bit in UCSRB sets size of data
frame i.e., the number of data bits. The table shows the bit combinations with
respective character size
iv.
UDR: (USART Data Register)

29

The USART Data receive and data transmit buffer registers share the same address referred as
USART UDR register, when data is written to the register it is written in transmit data buffer
register (TXB). Received data is read from the Receive data buffer register (RXB).
v.

UBRRH & UBRRL (USART Baud Rate Registers)

The UBRRH register shares the same I/O address with the UCSRC register, the differentiation is
done on the basis of value of URSEL bit. When URSEL=0; write operation is done on UBRRH
register.
When URSEL=1; write operation is done on UCSRC register.
The UBRRH and UBRRL register together stores the 12-bit value of baud rate, UBRRH contains
the 4 most significant bits and UBRRL contains the other 8 least significant bits. Baud rates of
the transmitting and receiving bodies must match for successful communication to take place.
UBRR register value is calculated by the following formula

Figure 4.5: Formula for Baud Rate

30

CHAPTER 5: GSM MODULE

5.1 GSM 300 AT GLANCE
The SIM300 is a complete Tri-Band/Quad-Band GSM/GPRS solution in a SMT module.
SIM300D/340D with a tiny configuration can fit almost all the space requirements in your
industrial applications, especially for slim and compact handset applications.
5.1.1 GENERAL FEATURES
Dimension: 33mm x 33mm x 3mm
Weight: 7.8 g
Control via AT commands (GSM 07.07, 07.05 and SIMCom enhanced AT
Commands)
SIM application toolkit
Supply voltage range 3.4V...4.5V
Low power consumption
Normal operation temperature: -30 C to +80 C
Restricted operation temperature: -30 C to -40 C and +80 C to +85 C
Storage temperature: -45C to +90C

5.1.2 SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMS VIA GSM

Point-to-point MO and MT
SMS cell broadcast
Text and PDU mode
5.1.3 INTERFACES

Interface to external SIM 3V/1.8V

Two analog audio interfaces
RTC backup
Serial interface and debug interface
LCD interface
Keypad interface
Antenna connector and antenna pad

31

5.1.4 INTRODUCTION
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications: originally from Group Special Mobile) is the
most popular standard for mobile telephony systems in the world. GSM differs from its
predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus GSM is
considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This also facilitates the wide-spread
implementation of data communication applications into the system. GSM also pioneered lowcost implementation of the short message service (SMS), also called text messaging, which has
since been supported on other mobile phone standards as well. The standard includes a
worldwide emergency telephone number feature.

Figure 5.1: Interfacing GSM Modem with Microcontroller

This GSM300 Modem can accept any GSM network operator SIM card and act just like a mobile
phone with its own unique phone number. Advantage of using this modem will be that you can
use its RS232 port to communicate and develop embedded applications. Applications like SMS
Control, data transfer, remote control and logging can be developed easily. The modem can
either be connected to PC serial port directly or to any microcontroller. It can be used to send and
receive SMS or make/receive voice calls. It can also be used in GPRS mode to connect to
internet and do many applications for data logging and control. In GPRS mode you can also
connect to any remote FTP server and upload files for data logging. This GSM modem is a
highly flexible plug and play quad band GSM modem for direct and easy integration to RS232
applications.
5.1.5 APPLICATIONS
SMS based Remote Control & Alerts
Security Applications
Sensor Monitoring
GPRS Mode Remote Data Logging
32

5.1.6 FEATURES
Highly Reliable for 24x7 operation with Matched Antenna
Status of Modem Indicated by LED
Simple to Use & Low Cost
Quad Band Modem supports all GSM operator SIM cards

5.1.7 PACKAGE INCLUDES

GSM Modem - Assembled & Tested
GSM Antenna
12V/1.5A SMPS

5.2 QUICK START GUIDE

Insert SIM card: Press the yellow pin to remove the tray from the SIM cardholder. After properly
fixing the SIM card in the tray, insert the tray in the slot provided.
Connect Antenna: Screw the RF antenna if not already connected.
Connect RS232 Cable to PC/MCU: (Cable provided for RS232 communication). Default
baud rate is 9600 with 8-N-1, no
Hardware handshaking.
Connect the power Supply (12V 1A) to the power input of board. Polarity should be
Center +ve and outer ve DC jack.
Network Led indicating various status of GSM module e.g. Power on, network registration &
GPRS connectivity.
After the Modem registers the network, led will blink in step of 3 seconds. At this stage
you can start using Modem for your application.
AT commands can be sent to control GSM Modem.

5.2.1 GUIDE TO SEND AND RECEIVE SMS

For sending SMS in text Mode:
AT+CMGF=1 press enter
AT+CMGS=mobile number press enter
Once The AT commands is given > prompt will be displayed on the screen.
Type the message to send via SMS. After this, press ctrl+Z to send the SMS. If the SMS
sending is successful, ok will be displayed along with the message number.

33

Figure 5.2: For Sending Message

For reading/receiving SMS in the text mode:

AT+CMGF=1 Press enter
AT+CMGR= no.
Number (no.) is the message index number stored in the sim card. For new SMS, URC will be
received on the screen as
+CMTI: SM no. Use this number in the AT+CMGR number to read the message.

Figure 5.3: Reading

5.2.2 GUIDE TO MESSAGE RECEIVING

+CMTI: "SM", 3Notification sent to the computer. Location 3 in SIM memory
AT+CMGR=3 <Enter>AT command to read the received SMS from modem
+CMGR: "REC READ","+91xxxxxxxxxx",,"04/08/28,22:26:29+40"
Haifa is the new SMS received by the GSM modem AT command to clear the memory location
in the GSM modem..AT+CMGD=3 <Enter> To clear the SMS receive memory location in the

34

GSM modem. If the computer tries to read an empty/cleared memory location, a +CMS ERROR:
321 will be sent to the computer.
5.2.3 GUIDE TO VOICE CALLING
Initiating outgoing call:
o ATD+ mobile number; <enter key>
For disconnecting the active call:
o ATH <enter key>
For receiving incoming call:
o ATA <enter key>

Figure 5.4: For Call Receiving

Note: The modem automatically sets to the baud rate of the first command sent by the host
system after it is powered up. So there is no need for setting the baud rate using commands.
Before you start using the modem, please make sure that the SIM card you inserted
support the needed features and there is enough balance in SIM
POWER SUPPLY REQUIREMENT
Use DC Power Adaptor with following ratings
DC Voltage: 12V
DC Current Rating at least: 1A
DC Socket Polarity: Centre +ve& Outside ve
Current consumption in normal operation 250mA, can rise up to 1Amp peak while
transmission so your power supply should be able to handle at least 1Amp current.
Power supply is included in the packaging of this product.

35

CHAPTER 6: OTHER COMPONENTS

6.1 CAPACITOR
A capacitor is a passive two terminal component which stores electric charge. This component
consists of two conductors which are separated by a dielectric medium. The potential difference
when applied across the conductors polarizes the dipole ions to store the charge in the dielectric
medium. The circuit symbol of a capacitor is shown below:

Figure 6.1: Symbol of Capacitor

The capacitance or the potential storage by the capacitor is measured in Farads which is
symbolized as F. One Farad is the capacitance when one coulomb of electric charge is stored in
the conductor on the application of one volt potential difference.
The charge stored in a capacitor is given by
Q = CV (6.1.1)
Where Q - charge stored by the capacitor
C - Capacitance value of the capacitor
V - Voltage applied across the capacitor
6.1.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAPACITORS:
Electrolytic capacitor
Polyester Film capacitor
Ceramic capacitor
There are many capacitors like tantalum capacitor etc. we have used above mentioned capacitor
in project

36

Figure 6.2: Different Capacitor

6.2 RESISTORS
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as
a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage
levels within circuits. Resistors may have fixed resistances or variable resistances, such as those
found in thermistors, varistors, trimmers, photo resistors and potentiometers. The current through
a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. This relationship is
represented by Ohm's law:
(6.2)
where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference
measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units
of ohms (symbol: ).

Figure 6.3: Resistor

6.2.1 RESISTOR MAKING:

Resistance value is marked on the resistor body. Most resistors have 4 bands. The first two bands
provide the numbers for the resistance and the third band provides the number of zeros. The
fourth band indicates the tolerance. Tolerance values of 5%, 2%, and 1% are most commonly
available.

37

Table 6.2.1: Colours Combination Resistor

COLOR

DIGIT

MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE

Silver

x 0.01

10%

Gold

x 0.1

5%

TC

Black

x1

Brown
Red

1
2

x 10
x 100

Orange

x 1 k

15*10-6/K

Yellow

x 10 k

25*10-6/K

Green

x 100 k

0.5%

Blue
Violet

6
7

x 1 M
x 10 M

0.25%
0.1%

Grey

x 100 M

White

x 1 G

1%
2%

100*10-6/K
50*10-6/K

10*10-6/K
5*10-6/K
1*10-6/K

6.3 POTENTIOMETER
Potentiometers (also called pots) are variable resistors, used as voltage or current regulators in
electronic circuits. By means of construction, they can be divided into 2 groups: coated and wirewound. With coated potentiometers, (figure 1.6a), insulator body is coated with a resistive
material. There is a conductive slider moving across the resistive layer, increasing the resistance
between slider and one end of pot, while decreasing the resistance between slider and the other
end of pot.

Figure 6.5: Potentiometer

Wire-wound potentiometers are made of conductor wire coiled around insulator body. There is a
slider moving across the wire, increasing the resistance between slider and one end of pot, while
decreasing the resistance between slider and the other end of pot. Coated pots are much more
common. With these, resistance can be linear, logarithmic, inverse-logarithmic or other,
depending upon the angle or position of the slider. Most common are linear and logarithmic

38

potentiometers, and the most common applications are radio-receivers, audio amplifiers, and
similar devices where pots are used for adjusting the volume, tone, balance, etc.

Wire-wound potentiometers are used in devices which require more accuracy in control. They
feature higher dissipation than coated pots, and are therefore in high current circuits.
Potentiometer resistance is commonly of E6 series, including the values: 1, 2.2 and 4.7. Standard
tolerance values include 30%, 20%, 10% (and 5% for wire-wound pots). Potentiometers come in
many different shapes and sizes, with wattage ranging from 1/4W (coated pots for volume
control in amps, etc) to tens of watts (for regulating high currents). Several different pots are
shown in the photo 1.6b, along with the symbol for a potentiometer.

6.4 LM324
Single Supply Quad Operational Amplifiers. The LM324 series are lowcost, quad operational
amplifiers with true differential inputs. They have several distinct advantages over standard
operational amplifier types in single supply applications. The quad amplifier can operate at
supply voltages as low as 3.0 V or as high as 32 V with quiescent currents about onefifth of
those associated with the MC1741 (on a per amplifier basis). The common mode input range
includes the negative supply, thereby eliminating the necessity for external biasing components
in many applications. The output voltages range also includes the negative power supply voltage.
6.4.1 FEATURES:
Short Circuited Protected Outputs
True Differential Input Stage
Single Supply Operation: 3.0 V to 32 V
Low Input Bias Currents: 100 nA Maximum (LM324A)
Four Amplifiers Per Package
Internally Compensated
Common Mode Range Extends to Negative Supply
Industry Standard Pin outs

39

Figure 6.6: Pin Connection of LM324

Each amplifier is biased from an internalvoltage regulator which has a low temperature
coefficient thus giving each amplifier good temperature characteristics as well as excellent power
supply rejection.

6.5 LM358
The LM358 consist of two independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated operational
amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide
range of voltage. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply
current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage. Application areas
include transducer amplifier, DC gain blocks and all the conventional OP-AMP circuits which
now can be easily implemented in single power supply systems. Unique Characteristics:
1. In the linear mode the input common-mode voltage range includes ground and the output
voltage can also swing to ground, even though operated from only a single power supply voltage.
2. The unity gain cross frequency is temperature compensated.
3. The input bias current is also temperature compensated.
6.5.1 FEATURES:
Available in 8-Bump micro SMD chip sized package,
internally frequency compensated for unity gain
Large dc voltage gain: 100 dB
Wide bandwidth (unity gain): 1 MHz (temperature compensated)

Figure 6.7: Pin Configuration of LM358

6.6 L293D
The L293 and L293D are quadruple high-current half-H drivers. The L293 is designed to provide
bidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. The L293D is designed
to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. Both
40

devices are designed to drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping
motors, as well as other high-current/high-voltage loads in positive-supply applications. All

Inputs are TTL compatible. Each output is a complete totem-pole drive circuit, with a Darlington
transistor sink and a pseudo- Darlington source. Drivers are enabled in pairs, with drivers 1 and 2
enabled by 1,2EN and drivers 3 and 4 enabled by 3,4EN. When an enable input is high, the
associated drivers are enabled, and their outputs are active and in phase with their inputs. When
the enable input is low, those drivers are disabled, and their outputs are off and in the highimpedance state. With the proper data inputs, each pair of drivers forms a full-H (or bridge)
reversible drive suitable for solenoid or motor applications. On the L293, external high-speed
output clamp diodes should be used for inductive transient suppression. A VCC1 terminal,
separate from VCC2, is provided for the logic inputs to minimize device power dissipation. The
L293and L293D are characterized for operation from 0C to 70C.

Figure 6.8: Pin Configuration of L293D

6.6.1 FEATURES:
Wide Supply-Voltage Range: 4.5 V to 36 V.
Separate Input-Logic Supply.
Internal ESD Protection and Thermal Shutdown.
High-Noise-Immunity Inputs.
Functionally Similar to SGS L293 and SGS L293D
Output Current 1 A Per Channel (600 mA for L293D)
Peak Output Current 2 A Per Channel (1.2 A for L293D)

6.7 NE555 TIMER IC

41

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation,
and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as
a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package.

6.7.1 OPERATION OF 555 TIMERS IN THREE DIFFERENT MODES:

Monostable Mode is great for creating time delays. In this mode an external trigger causes the
555 timer to output a pulse of an adjustable duration. Jump straight to an example circuit for
monostable mode.
Astable Mode outputs an oscillating pulse signal/waveform. In this mode the output of the 555
timer is switching between high and low states at a tunable frequency and pulse width.
Bi-stable Mode causes the 555 timer to toggle its output between high and low states depending
on the state of two inputs.

Figure 6.9: Pin Configuration of 555 Timer

6.7.2 FEATURES:
It operates from a wide range of power supplies ranging from + 5 Volts to + 18 Volts
supply voltage.
Sinking or sourcing 200 mA of load current.
The external components should be selected properly so that the timing intervals can be
made into several minutes along with the frequencies exceeding several hundred kilo
hertz.
The output of a 555 timer can drive transistor-transistor logic (TTL) due to its high
current output.
It has a temperature stability of 50 parts per million (ppm) per degree Celsius change in
temperature, or equivalently 0.005 %/ C.

6.8 DC MOTOR
42

Electrical motors are everywhere around us. Almost all the electro-mechanical movements we
see around us are caused either by an A.C. or a DC motor. Here we will be exploring this kind of
motors. This is a device that converts DC electrical energy to a mechanical energy.

6.8.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE

It is based on the principle that when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it
experiences a mechanical force whose direction is given by Fleming's Left-hand rule and whose
magnitude is given by
Force, F = B I l Newton .. (6.9.1)
Where B is the magnetic field in Weber/m2.
I is the current in amperes and
l is the length of the coil in meter.
The force, current and the magnetic field are all in different directions.
This DC or direct current motor works on the principal, when a current carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque and has a tendency to move. This is known as
motoring action. If the direction of electric current in the wire is reversed, the direction of
rotation also reverses. When magnetic field and electric field interact they produce a mechanical
Force.

.
Figure 6.10: Working Principle of Motor

The direction of rotation of a this motor is given by Flemings left hand rule, which states that if
the index finger, middle finger and thumb of your left hand are extended mutually perpendicular
to each other and if the index finger represents the direction of magnetic field, middle finger
indicates the direction of electric current, then the thumb represents the direction in which force
is experienced by the shaft of the dc motor.

6.9 7805 (VOLTAGE REGULATOR)

43

The 78xx (sometimes L78xx, LM78xx, MC78xx...) is a family of self-contained fixed linear
voltage regulator integrated circuits. The 78xx family is commonly used in electronic circuits

requiring a regulated power supply due to their ease-of-use and low cost. For ICs within the
family, the xx is replaced with two digits, indicating the output voltage (for example, the 7805
has a 5 volt output, while the 7812 produces 12 Volts). The 78xx line is positive voltage
regulators: they produce a voltage that is positive relative to a common ground.

Figure 6.11: Pin Configuration of 7805

6.9.1 SPECIFICATIONS:
Input Voltage: 7-36V
Maximum Output current: 1A
3 Maximum Power dissipation: 15W(at 25degree C)
Package Type: TO220

6.9.2 ADVANTAGES
78xx series ICs do not require additional components to provide a constant, regulated
source of power, making them easy to use, as well as economical and efficient uses of
space. Other voltage regulators may require additional components to set the output
voltage level, or to assist in the regulation process
78xx series ICs have built-in protection against a circuit drawing too much power. They
have protection against overheating and short-circuits, making them quite robust in most
applications. In some cases, the current-limiting features of the 78xx devices can provide
protection not only for the 78xx itself, but also for other parts of the circuit.

44

CHAPTER 7: FINAL PROJECT REVIEW

7.1 SOFTWARES USED FOR PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
The following softwares are used for project development:
WINAVR
PROTEUS
WINAVR is for testing our programming details, debugging the error and for simulation of the
code. PROTEUS is used to test our hardware of the project.
WINAVR: This software is used for developing the logic or program code in C language.

WinAVR is not just one tool, like many other software names. WinAVR is instead a set
of tools, these tools include AVR-GCC (the command line compiler), AVR-LIBC (the
compiler library that is essential for AVRGCC), AVR-AS (the assembler), AVRDUDE
(the programming interface), avarice (JTAG ICE interface), AVR-GDB (the de-bugger),
programmers notepad (editor) and a few others. These tools are all compiled for
Microsoft Windows and put together with a nice installer program.
PROTEUS: It combines advanced schematic capture, mixed mode SPICE simulation,
PCB layout and auto routing to make a complete electronic design system intelligent
schematic input system.

7.2 FINAL HARDWARE OF THE PROJECT

Figure represents the final snapshots of our Capstone Project (CAR SECURTY SYSTEM) a
single PCB consists of a piezoelectric sensor module which is used for pressure recognition and
a Gas sensor module which is used as Gas detector in the project. The modules are connected to
a microcontroller by Bit connectors. The second PCB consist of an IR sensor module which is
used for door locking concept and the PCB at the center is the brain of the project consist of
microcontroller ATmega16 and LM324 which is used to convert the data in to TTL logic
understandable by microcontroller. The green colored PCB is the GSM module which is used for
45

transmission and reception of the messages. A DC motor is used in order to represent the engine
of a car.
All the modules are placed on a white cardboard for proper synchronization and for proper
connections to make it functional.

Figure 7.1: Final Hardware Snapshot of Project

7.3 PROGRESS REPORT OF THE PROJECT

Figure 7.2: Progress Report

Total duration of work done and the amount of time taken by each and every module is
represented by the above Pi-Chart and the different colors represents the different aspects of the
project done by the members of our group and the numerical values represent the number of days
46

invested for analysis of project, case study of project, study of components used, implementation
of circuits, software programming, interfacing of circuits, verification and improvement and
report formation.

47

CONCLUSION
This project presents the design and the implementation of a wireless car security system. All
devices and wireless trans-receiver module are adoptable. The system has a friendly system user
interface and employs some method to reduce the power consumption.
Communication of the system is complete wireless, which makes the system easy to install and
use. The system is low cost low power consumption and easily operable .in addition, the wireless
trans receiver modules enable the system to Transfer other information such as voice and picture
rather than just alarm signal. As result, the system can highly be expanded to other application.
The system is secured with a login password. As a future work, we are currently working to
establish more secure system by researching a proper wireless security protocol.

47

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