CIVL 3700
Environmental
Engineering
Design
Lecture 2
Jan A. Oleszkiewicz
PEng,CEng(UK);BCEE,FCAE,IWAFellow
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Typesoftreatmentlevels
Preliminary
1800s
Primary
1900s Winnipeg1935
Advanced(Enhanced)primary
Secondary
1970s
Secondarywithnutrientremoval(BNR)1980s
Tertiary(residualsolidsremoval)1990s
Advanced:2000now
Oxidationoforganics
Adsorptionoforganics
Membranefiltration
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Traditionalwastewatertreatmentplantremoves
cBOD.CEPA1999:mustdisinfect(USalways
did).SinceCl2 bannedonlyUVusedinCanada
Bar
Racks
Fine
screen
Grit
tanks
Activated
sludge
Prim.
clarifier
Secondary
Clarifier
UV
Disinfection
To lake
Ontario
Effluent
Influent
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Yr 2000plantsremoveCBOD,nutrientsandresidual
solids
Fine
screen
Grit
tanks
Prim.
clarifie
r
BNR
Activate
d sludge
Secondary
Clarifier
Filtration
UV
Disinfectio
n
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Whypreliminary/primarytreatment?
Poorscreening:
Floatablesontanksurfaces
Coarsesolidsmayruinsludgerecyclepumps
Poorgritremoval:
Gritdestroysallmovingequipment scrapers,pumps
Gritaccumulatesinsludgedigestersandplugsthem
withconcretelikedeposit
Primaryclarificationkeepsinertandslowly
degradablesolidsfrombiologicalprocess
(biomasscanonlyingestsolublefood):
Canrunlowerbiomassconcentrationandbiomasshas
higheractivefraction
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Coarsescreens
Barracks25+mm
Rawwastewater
InlineEqualization
logs&dogs
Equalization
option
OPTIONAL
Finescreens<6mm
Preliminaryand
primary
treatment
Coagulants?
O&Gremoval
Grease
H2 S
Gritremoval
Particles
SG>2
Primarysettling
BOD:30%removed
SS:60+%removed(w/ochemicals)
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screenings
Particles
SG=1.01;
Premoval?
PE
Primary
effluent
1/9/2013
Screening
Coarse6150mm
Barracks
Finescreens<6mm
Microscreens
(drum)1050m
Perforated
drums
stationary
Perforated
plate
Step(moving)
screens
Designcriteria:QmaxhandQminh
CoarseBarScreens
Removaloflargeobjects(i.e.rags,paper,plastic,etc)
Verticalorinclinedsteelbarsequallyspacedacrossa
channel,mechanicallycleaned.
Designcriteria
Openingbetweenbars=10100mm(25mmtypical)
Dimensionsbasedonvelocityandpeakdesignflowrate
Typicalvelocitythroughopenings>0.75m/sscourvelocity
Quantityofscreenings=20m3 /106 m3 ofwastewater
(average),&36m3 /106 m3 ofwastewater(maximum)
HeadlossExample51p.321
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Coarsebar
screens
Mechanicallycleaned
Manualonbypass
30Lof
Screenings
per1000m3
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Coarsescreens10+mm
FordonPL,
Note:limesilo
fordisinfection
Velocitythrough0.5 1.2m/s
Headlossactivatesremoval
Stepscreens,travellingscraper
(Comminutors (grinders)notusedanymore)
WinnipegNorth
Notetheconveyor
Brandon,old:manual
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Finescreens6mm
Screenings;44100
L/1000m3
Lessifprecededby
acoarsescreen
Disinfectionwithlime
andlanddisposal
Stepscreen
LethbridgeAB
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DublinBayInletWorks
1000MLd.
6mmbarscreen
AtRingsend,Huberwaschosentosupplysevenautomaticrakedbarscreensandseven
screeningshandlingunits,againalongwithassociatedcontrolpanelsforallthemachines.The
unitssuppliedweretheHuberRakeMax screenandWAPSL Washpress.EachRakeMax screen
hasitsowndedicatedWAPSLunit,withscreeningsbeingdeliveredtotheWAPSLsvialaunder
chutes.TheRakeMax andWAPSLunitswereinstalledinarollingprogram;replacingexisting
6mmperforatedplateescalatorscreens.
TheRakeMax unitshave6mmbarspacingandthebarsdonothavethetraditionalflatbar
rakesbuthaveateardropshapedbar,toallowincreasedthroughputthroughthescreen.Each
screenhasbeendesignedtopassaflowof4700l/s.VSDsfittedtothecontrolpanelsallowfor
therakestocleanatahigherspeedintheeventofahighscreendifferentialbeingreached.A
PulsarUltra5differentialultrasoniclevelcontrollerisusedtodetectthelevelineachofthe
seveninletchannels.
Washpress units,shownleft,aredesignedtointensivelywashupto8mcubedperhourofwet
screenings.
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PineCreekforCalgary(100MLd)
hasperforatedplatestep 6mm
stainlessscreens
Amicroscreen<50m.Replaces
primaryclarifier
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Nordkanal D:50mmicroscreens
protectingultrafiltration
membranesdownstream
Screen
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ScreensatLAssomption QB
25MLd (manufacturedbyClaro,Montreal)
screen
screen
Shaftless screw
conveyor
Compacted
screenings into bags
compactor
Inyourdesign:allflowsrequire
screening
Selectareliablemanufacturerofscreensand
onlygowithfinescreens3mm
Calculatetheheadlossfromthebook
Showroomforallthescreensontheplan
Showscreeningspressandplacefordisposal
bins
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Managementof
WetWeatherFlowsWWF
LanddrainageWWF
inseparatesystems
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Requirement:treatallflows.
Optionsinpractice
Equalizeallflowandthendesignplantfor
equalizedflow(e.g.ChicagoTARP) the
treatmentprocesssuffersduringstorm
Splitinfluentduringstormflowsandtreat
portion(e.g.2*ADWF)inthemainstreamand
overflowchemicallyinthesidestream
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InyourdesigntakecareofWWF.
Designeroptions
microscreens forsolids
CEPT chemicallyenhancedprimarytreatment
duringstorms
ActiFlow=ballastedfloculation,DensaDeg and
otherproprietaryequipmentonasidestream
Page416,fig550
Anexampleofplantflows(MLd)andDry
weatherflowoperation(1MLd =1000m3/d)
DryWeather Wetweatherto2Q
Bio- 150
Reactor
Grit
420
MLd
Final
Clari
fier
300
Grit
Up to
150
Primary
CEPT
Bypass after
enhanced
primary
120
Bypass screened
wastewater to disinfection
Disinf
Cl2
270
Disinf
UV
150
Red River
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Equalization used
topushallflow
throughbioreactors
SanDiegoNorthCity
Equalizationtanks aboveground
11000m3 D48m;H5.25m;
DesignerBlack&Veatch
16000m3;Diameter68m;
Height4m;
Designer:CDM
ThesetanksservetoalleviateCSO beforetheplantshadbypassedto
theriver10+times/year.Offlinetanksremainemptyuntilthereisa
largesurgeofwastewater.USEPAdemandsthatCSOdischargesare
lessthan4times/year.Winnipegcurrentlyexceeds18/year
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Equalizationofinfluentwastewater
Inlineoroffline? fig510
Volume?Basedonload
Depositionofsolids?
Odorcontrol
Where?Influent.Sludgeliquor
Examplefig510and511p.334
Equalizationistypicallymoreexpensivethan
physchemicaltreatmentofsidestream
wastewaterduringstorm.
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Strongsludgeliquorequalization ZurichCH.
Feedinginthevalleys(liquorfromprocessingsludgehas1000mg/L
Daily
compared
withwith
Dailyvariation
variation
compared
average
load
average
load
NH4Ncomparedto60mg/Linsewage)
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1
1
0.8
0.8
flow
COD-Load
flow
NH4-Load
COD-Load
NH4-Load
Supernatant
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0
0
0
4
4
8
8
12
12
Hours
16
16
20
20
24
24
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Theoryofsettlingp.363
Fg =Fd Gravityforce=Frictionaldragforce
Newtonslawforterminalvelocityofa
particlewithSGandsizeinlaminaror
turbulentregime.
inlaminarregionbecomesStokeslaw:
vp g(sgp 1)dp2/(18)
sgp =sp.gravity
=viscosityofliquid
dp =diameter
LiquidT=25oCvs 8oC?
Wherewillsolidssettlebetter?
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Discretesettling:sandandPS
Rectangular,radialandvertical Fig.522p368
vh
vh
vs
vsc
Sludgezone
v=Q/A=(m3/d)/(m2)=depth/time=OR
Fractionofparticlesremoved=Xr =vp/vc
Flocculentsettling:biologicalsolids
Agglomerationmakesflocs settlefast
Sludgezone
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1000
height
Flocculentparticlessettling,
Fig524p.369ande.g.57p.373
h1
h2
250
h3
h4
h5
44%
60%
40%
35%
55%
47%
30%
41%
t1
t2
time
t3
t4
Typesofsettlingtanks
Horizontal(rectangular)
Radial
Vertical
Lamella
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Lamellaandtubesettlers:
45o60o angle
Seegraphsonpage375
Whydoesitwork?
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Removalofgrit=sand,gravel,cinderorotherheavysolid
material
Designcriteria
1)
HRT=25min(3ministypical)
Establishthepeakhourlyflowratefordesign
p.391
2) Peakflowrate =Qavg,d*2.75
3) Gritchambervolume=peakflowrate *HRT*1/2
4) Dimensions:Depth=25m;lengthtowidthratio(2.5:1) (5:1)
5) Airsupply0.3m3/mLmin
6)Gritquantity(m3/1000m3 ofinfluent):
Separatesewersystem0.0040.037
Combinedsewersystem0.0040.18
NOTE:(youneedatleast2chambers)
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Aeratedgritchamber.Notusedin
newWWTPinAmerica.Stillused
inEU
1. airispumpedintomaintainvelocity
allowingsettlingofgritbutkeeping
theVSSin
2. Retentiontime23minutes
3. Slowlyphasedoutasthenewvortex
onesaresmallerandmoreeffective
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Nordkanal D:aeratedgrittankand
greasetrap.Microscreens (sieves)in
thebuildingprotectedbythegrittank!
Grit/sand
Vortex
Effluent
Influent
HydraulicResidencetimeHRT 3050seconds
www.huber.de/products/grit-separation-and-treatment/circular-grit-traps/hubervortex-grit-chamber-vormax.html
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Effluent
Teacup
grit
separator
Effluent
Grit/sand
HRT 3050seconds
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Newgrittanksuperiorasithasthe
smallestsettlingdepth.HeadcellTM
Amodular,multipletraysettleablesolidsconcentratorthatremovesgrit
assmallas50micronswithminimalheadloss.Thehighefficiencyflow
distributionheaderevenlydistributesinfluentovermultipleconicaltrays.
Tangentialfeedestablishesavortexflowpatternwheresolidssettleinto
aboundarylayeroneachtray,andaresweptdowntothecenter
underflowcollectionchamber.Thesesettledsolidsarecontinuously
pumpedtogritseparation,classification,anddewateringsystem.
TheHEADCELLcapturesveryfineparticlesduetothelargesurfacearea
andshortsettlingdistances.Evenlysplitfloweliminatesthermalshort
circuitingwhichreducestheperformanceofconventionalgritbasins.
TheHEADCELLprovideshighperformancefinegritremovalinasmall
footprint.Thisallowsfuturecapacityincreasesusingexistingspace.For
newheadworksgritcontrolsystems,theHEADCELLcanbeinstalledina
pouredinplaceconcretebasinatgrade,withafootprintmuchsmaller
Doesnotuseair!
thanconventionalgritremovalsystems.
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1MGD=3.78MLd
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S.Cross
Bayou,St
PeteFL
200ML/d
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Removedgritiswashed,
dewateredandsenttolandfill
Grit washing
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Primarysettling
Grit:d=0.2 mm; vs = 2 cm/s; vh= 25 cm/s
Organic: d=0.2 mm; vs = 0.5 cm/s; vh= 5 cm/s
Removessettleable organicswithSG1.1
Willremovesandandgritifnotremovedearlier
Floatablematerialgenerated
Olderplants(inWinnipeg)sendbiological
sludge(Wasteactivatedsludge)hereinanow
phasedoutprocesscalledcothickening
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Fig.546 page405
6065%TSSremoval
2530%BOD5 removal
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SanJuanPR
Primaryclarifier
design
Surfaceoverflowrate
AtaverageflowSORavg =3050m3/m2d
SOR=Q/A[m/d]
Determineareaofclarifiers
Determinethenumberofclarifiers
diameter25m 50mCanberectangularaswell!
Calculatethevolumeofeachclarifier usingHRT=1
2.5hatQavg,d, Depthmustbebetween36m
Checkatpeakflows SORmax mustbebetween70
130m3/m2d
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EXAMPLE:
TypicalSORavg =35m3/m2d
ADWFQavg d=10,000m3/dwith;Qmaxh =30,000
m3/d(peakingfactorPF=3)
Surfacerequired=Q/SOR=10,000/35=286m2
Circularclarifier Diam.=19m
AtQmaxh 30,000/286=105m3/m2dthisvalueis
withinthepeakvaluethatwillbetoleratedby
theclarifier
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Primary
Clarifers
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LynettenCopenhagen
500000PE
(populationequivalents)
(built1980s)
Primary:rectangularorcircular,but
avoidsquircles
Square circular clarifiers were dubbed squircles in Winnipeg and Calgary and
work lousy. Structural engineers, who slept through hydraulics
Classes, convinced city officials to save
on walls. Errors were perpetuated!!!
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Rectangularcountercurrent
primaryclarifiers:
SanJoseCA
1.5hHRTatAverageflowADWF
SanJoseCA
Radialfinalclarifiers:
4hHRTatADWF
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Primarysludgewithoutchemicals
Removals
5065%removalofinfluentTSS(60%typical)
BOD(35%);N=10%;P=510%
Sludgeproduction
60%influentTSS=[influent,Q(m3/d)*TSS(mg/L)*0.6]
412%totalsolids(TS)concentration(typical4.5%TS)
SimplifiedcalculationsassumeSGH2O=1=SGsolids
Vo*TSo =V1*TS1example100m3*1%=25m3*4%
100m3/dat1%TS1000kgTSdry in100,000kgslurry
At4%TS1000kgTSin25,000kgsludgeor25m3
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ChemicallyEnhancedPrimary
TreatmentCEPT
Add coagulants and precipitate/settle 75-80%
solids (TSS) and additionally remove 70-90%
phosphorus
Particulate BOD5 (and bpCOD) removal
Montreal 8 000 000 m /d
increased to 40-70%
In Montreal that is all they
do because the raw
wastewater is very diluted
BOD =50 -70 mg/L
3
Primary clarification
efficiency depends
on SOR.
100
80
Removal
(%)
60
40
This is without
chemicals. You
split WWFlow to 2*Q
through plant
Then add chemcials
to the 2Q flow and
treat the rest in
dedicated
ballasted flocculation
Acti-Flo Fig. 5-50
BOD5
20
20
40
60
80
100
SOR
m3/m2d
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Actiflo(VeoliaWater):
Ballastedflocculation
.Fig.550p.516
Sludge
Hydrocyclone
Polymer
Micro-sand
Raw water
Lamella settler
Settled
water
Coagulation
coagulant
Injection
Maturation
P
Static mixing
HRTtheor = 30
Quickflow/dye
Breakthrough
Should be plug flow
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Withasimplebaffleredirectingthedensitycurrent
theflow/waterstaysmuchlonger(ontheaverage)
intheclarifier.EDIEnergydissipatinginletdesign
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Useflowmeteringtocontrolyourflowsplits,
bypasses,chemicaldoseetc:Parshallflume;
Venturi;magneticmeters
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Conclusiononpreliminary/primary
treatment
Definesplantestheticsandmakessuredownstream
processeswork:
Poorscreening:
Floatablesontanksurfaces
Coarsesolidsmayruinsludgerecyclepumps
Ragskillmixers
Poorgritremoval:
Gritdestroysallmovingequipment scrapers,pumps
Gritaccumulatesinsludgedigestersandplugsthemwithcementlike
harddeposit
Primaryclarificationkeepsinertandslowlydegradablesolids
frombiologicalprocess(biomasscanonlyingestsoluble
Design
food): Settling velocity H/t or Q/A m3/m2h
Grit Canrunlowerbiomassconcentrationandbiomasshashigheractive
2 cm/s
fraction
Primary sludge
0.5 cm/s
Secondary sludge CIVIL3700Oleszkiewicz
0.05 cm/s
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Finalorsecondaryclarifierssettleflocculentsolids(zone
settling).Usuallyradial.Deeper;4hHRTanddesigned
forsolidsloading;e.g.4kgSS/m2h
andlowSOR=1m/h(24m3/m2d)
Final Clarifier
Innsbruck, Austria. Strass WWTP
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Bonnybrook Calgary
600MLd
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