RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
Christopher A. Kennedy,
Dept. of Civil Engineering,
University of Toronto.
Contents:
Comparison of Public and Private Transportation in GTA
Role of Transportation in the Urban Metabolism
The Four Pillars of Sustainable Urban Transportation
Integrated Methodologies and Solutions
20
40
kilometres
Durham
N
!
York
Peel
City of Toronto
Halton
Lake Ontario
ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
Global Air
Pollution
Local Air
Pollution
Energy and
Resources
Biodiversity
ECONOMIC
SUSTAINABILITY
Innovation
$
Wealth
Diversity
$
Internal Costs
External
Trade
~
~
~
~
~
~
Accidents
SOCIAL
Employment SUSTAINABILITY
Service/Accessibility
Quality of Life
Private Automobile
Public Transportation
Economic
Table 1.
$ 0.24 (+0.06)
GO transit: $0.24
local transit: $0.35
local transit: $0.07 ( 0.03)
Summary of the role of public and private transportation in the Greater Toronto Area
(Table 13 from Kennedy, 2002).
Environmental
Estimated impacts of air pollution
(City of Toronto only - upper
estimates)
Greenhouse Gas Production
Energy intensity
Table 1.
Private Automobile
Public Transportation
1 premature mortality
6.5 hospitalizations
14.9 Tg CO2
approx. 170 g C /person.km
1.47-1.58 MJ/seat-km
Summary of the role of public and private transportation in the Greater Toronto Area
(Table 13 from Kennedy, 2002).
Private Automobile
Social
Level of Service
(estimates from EMME2 model)
Employment
Accidents (annual)
Insurance Costs (annual)
Table 1.
Public Transportation
Summary of the role of public and private transportation in the Greater Toronto Area
(Table 13 from Kennedy, 2002).
CO2
CO2
32,700
17,542
Electricity
Electricity
14,000
4,800
Water
Wastewater
Water
183
GTA
157
138
1999
Food
BOD5
0.84
0.27
Residential
Solid Waste
0.9
Food
Wastewater
Hong
Kong
102
1997
BOD5
31
0.68
0.38
Residential
Solid Waste
Category
INPUTS
Food
Gasoline
Diesel
Electricity (GWh)
Water Supply
OUTPUTS
Emissions
GHG (CO2 eq.)
CO2
Residential
Solid Wastes
Wastewater
Discharged
BOD5
SS
106t / yr
1987
1999
% change
(over 12 years)
3.4
2.9
0.65
38,505
752
4.3
3.7
1.1
46,121
931
+ 27
+ 27
+ 67
+ 24
+ 24
73
59
83
71
+ 18
+27
1.5
1.4
- 11
770
0.01
0.012
798
0.005
0.010
+4
-56
-16
Diesel
2
FoodGasoline
1
Electr. Water
CO2
GHG
Wastewater
0
Solid Waste
SS
-1
-2
BOD
-3
ENVIRONMENT
ECONOMY
SOCIETY
SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORTATION
Governance
Governance
Representation
Local /
community
Higher level
government
Structure
Hierarchical
Decoupled
Democracy
Non-elected
professional
Elected
Market philosophy
Free market
Command
and control
Financing
Non-vehicle related
Vehicle-related
Fuel taxes
Vehicle license fees
New vehicle or vehicle parts sales
taxes
Vehicle use fees
Emissions fees
Road tolls
Congestion pricing
Parking fees
Transit user fees
EXPRESS
EXPRESS
Infrastructure
Neighbourhood Design
Lafayette
(contemporary
neighborhood)
Shopping
2%
Social-recreational
5%
Work trips (main mode) 21 %
Access trips to BART for 13 % (walking)
work
Rockridge
(traditional
neighborhood)
19 %
17 %
37 %
31 % (walking)
10
11
12
Infrastructure
Capital &
Maintenance
Costs
Management
System
Base case
scenarios
Labour
Productivity
Agglomeration
Regional
Economic
Growth
Model
GDP
Employment
Wealth
Land-use /
Transportation
Model
Income
Environmental
Impacts
Consumer
Surplus
Accidents
Transportation
Model
Regional Economic
Model
Changes in accessibility
impact the productivity of
different sectors
13
14
15