Chem 1B Potma

Midterm II Review Packet

Ivanas Section (Lectures 10 & 11)
Entropy:
Some reactions are spontaneous because they give off energy in the form of heat ( H < 0).
Others are spontaneous because they lead to an increase in the disorder of the system (
S > 0). Calculations of H and S can be used to probe the driving force behind a particular
reaction
Ssys > 0 implies that the system becomes more disordered during the
reaction.
Ssys < 0 implies that the system becomes less disordered during the
reaction.

1) Which of the following processes will lead to an increase in the entropy of the system?
(a) N2(g) + 3H2 (g)

(b) H2O(l)

(c) CaCO3(s)

2 NH3(g)

H2O(g)

CaO(s) + CO2(g)

(d) NH4NO3(s) + H2O(l)

NH4+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)

2) Calculate the entropy of the surroundings for the following two reactions.
a.) C2H8(g) + 5 O2(g) 3 CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

b.) H2O(l) H2O(g)

H = -2045 kJ

H = +44 kJ

Chem 1B Potma
Midterm II Review Packet
3) Calculate H and S for the following reaction and decide in which direction each of
these factors will drive the reaction.
N2(g) + 3 H2(g)

Compound

2 NH3(g)

Hfo(kJ/mol)

S(J/mol-K)

N2(g)

191.61

H2(g)

130.68

NH3(g)

-46.11

192.45

4) Use the values of H and S calculated in Practice Problem 3 to predict whether the
following reaction is spontaneous at 25C:
N2(g) + 3 H2(g)

Notes on Spontaneity:
Three possibilities: (for any process)

2 NH3(g)

Chem 1B Potma
Midterm II Review Packet
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If Suniv > 0..process is spontaneous

If Suniv< 0..process is spontaneous in opposite direction.
If Suniv= 0.equilibrium

In terms of G: (only for constant T, P processes)

-

If G < 0..process is spontaneous

If G > 0..process is spontaneous in opposite direction.

If G = 0.equilibrium

A reaction is spontaneous if G < 0. Such that:

-

If H < 0 and S > 0.spontaneous at any T

If H > 0 and S < 0.not spontaneous at any T

If H < 0 and S < 0.spontaneous at low T

If H > 0 and S > 0.spontaneous at high T

5) a) Determine the Grxn for the following:

C2H4(g) + H2O(l) C2H5OH(l)
Gf(C2H5OH(l)) = -175 kJ/mol
Gf(C2H4(g)) = 68 kJ/mol
Gf(H2O (l)) = -237 kJ/mol

b) Why is it spontaneous and for what temperatures is this true?

Pias Section (Lectures 12, 13, 14)

Chem 1B Potma
Midterm II Review Packet
Lecture 12 Phase Changes
The three states of matter are solid, liquid and ice. Understand
that states of matter are interchangeable with each other:

Solid to liquid (melting)

Liquid to gas (evaporation)
Gas to liquid (condensation)
Liquid to solid (freezing)
Solid to gas (sublimation)
Gas to solid (deposition)

Liquid vapor equilibrium: At the surface of a liquid, understand that molecules at the
liquid/ gas interface are constantly exchanging. There is a movement of gas molecules going
back into the liquid and liquid molecules going to the gas.
The number of molecules that can escape from the liquid surface depends on the kinetic
energy of the molecules. The kinetic energy must be equal to or greater than the escape
energy for them to evaporate into the air.
Ekin = (3/2)RT
This equation shows that the energy of the molecule increases as the temperature
increases. Thus, when you increase the temperature, the molecules in the liquid reach and
exceed the escape energy. This is why when you heat up water in a pot, the water
eventually evaporates into gas!
Vapor pressure: Every liquid has a vapor pressure, because at the surface of the liquid,
some molecules will have the kinetic energy to evaporate and become part of the gas. The
vapor pressure is the pressure of the gas just above the liquid.
The rate of condensation depends on the number of available molecules in the gas. As the
vapor pressure increases (meaning the number o gas molecules increases), the rate of
condensation increases.
The equilibrium vapor pressure is established when the rate of condensation equals the rate
of evaporation.

Think of this as filling up a piggy bank. Lets say I have 20 pennies in the piggy bank.
If I am constantly adding 2 pennies per day, but a thief is removing 2 pennies per day
as well, the number of pennies in the piggy bank will constantly be 20. Think of the
20 pennies as the equilibrium vapor pressure, me adding 2 pennies per day as the
rate of condensation, and the thief removing 2 pennies per day as the rate of
evaporation!

Vapor pressure increases with temperature. Remember, as you increase the temperature,
more molecules surpass the escape energy and evaporate.
Heat of vaporization:
P = vapor pressure

Chem 1B Potma
Midterm II Review Packet
Hvap = The heat of vaporization (different for every substance)
T = Temperature (K)
R = 0.08206 J/K*mol
C = Constant
The heat of vaporization will be high for molecules with strong intermolecular forces and low
for molecules with weak intermolecular forces.

This equation is used when you are given a combination of initial and final values and you
are asked to look for an initial or final volume.
Boiling Point: The boiling point is the temperature at which
the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the external
pressure.
Boiling point depends on pressure. When pressure is
increased, it requires a higher temperature for the vapor pressure to equal the increased
vapor pressure. When pressure is decreased, it requires a lower temperature for the vapor
pressure to equal the decreased vapor pressure.
-

You can think of it this way. When you increase pressure, you are pushing down on
the liquid more, so it takes more energy for the liquid to overcome all that pushing.

Critical Temperature Tc: Temperature above which the substance only exists in the gas
phase.
Critical pressure Pc: Pressure necessary to bring about liquefaction at the critical
temperature.
Lecture 13 Phase Changes
Liquid- solid transitions: The melting point is the temperature at which the solid and
liquid co- exist.
Hfusion = Molar heat of fusion. This is the energy needed to melt 1 mole of a solid.
Hsublimation =Molar heat of sublimation. This is the energy required to overcome the
intermolecular forces between 1 mole of molecules in a solid in the transition to a gas.
-

Hsublimation = Hfusion + Hvaporization

Analyzing Phase Diagrams

Chem 1B Potma
Midterm II Review Packet
Triple points: Temperature and pressure at which all three phases co- exist.
Things to note: When you increase the
pressure, you increase the boiling point and
you decrease the melting point.

Lecture 13 Solubility
Solutions are made up of a solvent and solutes.
-

The solvent is the host medium. Water is a type of solvent.

The solute is the compound dissolved in the solvent.

Solubility of the solute is how well it can dissolve in the solvent. The solubility depends on:
-

solvent/ solvent interactions*

solvent/ solute interactions*
solute/ solute interactions*
temperature
pressure

*These variables are based on the structures of the solvent and the corresponding solute.
It the solvent and solute interactions are alike, the solubility is generally high. Two
compounds are miscible if they are completely soluble in each other in all proportions.

Remember the like dissolves like. For example, polar solvents dissolve polar solutes
well.

Solutions in which water is the solvent are called aqueous solutions.

Ionic solutes:
Ionic compounds comprise of a metal atom and a nonmetal atom or molecule.
Examples of ionic compounds are NaCl, KF, HBr, HNO3.
Ionic compounds can dissociate in water and form ionic solutes. Ionic solutes are charged, so
they are very soluble in water, which is polar.
-

For example, NaCl dissolves in water to form the ionic solutes, Na+ and Cl-.

Nonionic solutes:
Nonionic solutes may or may not be soluble in water, depending on their polarities.
Nonionic solutes that are polar are soluble in water. Nonionic solutes that are nonpolar are
insoluble in water. (Note that polar solutes are not soluble in nonpolar solvents and nonpolar
solutes are soluble in nonpolar solvents).

Chem 1B Potma
Midterm II Review Packet
Strong and Weak electrolytes:
Solutions with a lot of ions can conduct electrical currents. Solutions with high
concentrations of dissolved ions are called strong electrolytes, while solutions with low
concentrations of dissolved ions are weak electrolytes.
-

Salts and acids that completely ionize in water form a lot of ions in solution are strong
electrolytes.
Acids that hardly ionize in water are weak electrolytes, because they hardly form any
ions in solution
Nonionic solutes are non- electrolytes, because they do not dissociate and form ions
in solution at all.

Lecture 14: Solubility

Solubility is the ability of the solvent to dissolve the solvent (this concept was introduced in
lecture 13.
Solubility is dependent on the temperature, pressure, and structure of the solute and
solvents.
Not all salts are soluble!

Temperature effects: As temperature increases, solubility increases as well.

Pressure effects: As pressure increases, solubility increases as well.
Henrys Law:

C=k*P

C = concentration (in M, or mol/L)

K = constant, 3.1 * 10-2 mol/ (L *atm)
P = partial pressure of the gas (atm)

Molarity: A common way of expressing the concentration of a solute in solution is through

molarity (capital M).
M = moles of solute / Liters of solution

Chem 1B Potma
Midterm II Review Packet
Molality: Another way of expressing the concentration of a solute in solution is through
molality (lowercase m).
m = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent

Problems
1. Consider the following phase diagram for compound X:

a) What is the approximate critical temperature of Compound X?

b) If you were to have a bottle of Compound X in your room, what phase would it be in?
(Hint: Room temperature is 20C and pressure is about 1 ATM)
c) What is the temperature and pressure of the triple point?

d) If I had a bottle of compound X at 45 ATM and 100C, what would happen if I raise the
temperature to 400C? If there is a phase change, what type of phase change is this
called?
e) Would I ever be able to drink Compound X at 200C? What about 600C?

2. The molar enthalpy of vaporization of hexane (C6H14) is 28.9 kJ/mol, and its normal
boiling point is 68.73 C at 760 mmHg. What is the vapor pressure of hexane at 25.00
C?

Chem 1B Potma
Midterm II Review Packet

3. Carbon tetrachloride has a vapor pressure of 213 torr at 40.0 C and 836 torr at 80.0
C. What s the enthalpy of vaporization in kJ/mol?

4. What does the term like dissolves like mean?

5. What is the partial pressure (in torr) of dichloroethylene (C2H2Cl2, 96.94 g/mol) over
a sample (in a closed container) drawn from a river that is contaminated with 0.94
mg of dichloroethylene per liter of water?

6. Find the molarity of 21.4 m HF. This aqueous solution has a density of 1.101 g/mL.

Paulines Section
Email: phanpq@uci.edu
Office Hours: W:10-11AM/F:9-10AM
Notes:
1. Vapor Pressure
Every volatile liquid has a vapor pressure, which is proportional to the number of
molecules that reside in the gas phase above the liquid.
The vapor pressure changes if a non-volatile solute is present:
P = Xsolv* Po
The vapor pressure is a function of temperature. At the boiling temperature the vapor
pressure is equal to the external pressure.

Chem 1B Potma
Midterm II Review Packet

If a volatile solute is present: P = Xsolv*Posolv + Xsolute* Po solute

2. Boiling Point Elevation:

A liquid boils at the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals atmospheric
pressure.

The presence of a solute lowers the vapor pressure of the solution at each
temperature, making it necessary to heat the solution to a higher temperature to boil
the solution.

In dilute solutions with a nonvolatile solute, the boiling point elevation is proportional
to the molality of the solute particles:
Tb = Kbm
Tb = the amount by which the boiling point is raised
m = molality (moles solute particles per kg of solution)
Kb = molal boiling-point elevation constant (solvent dependent)

Boiling Point of solution = normal boiling point of solvent + Tb

3. Freezing Point Depression:

A solute lowers the freezing point of a solvent.

In dilute solutions, the freezing point depression is proportional to the molality of the
solute particles:
Tf = -Kfm
Tf = the amount by which the freezing point is lowered
m = molality (moles solute particles per kg of solution)
Kf = molal freezing-point depression constant (solvent dependent)

Freezing Point of solution = normal freezing point of solvent + T f

4. Osmosis:

Osmosis the flow of a solvent into a solution through a semipermiable membrane.

Osmotic pressure is the pressure that stops the process of osmosis.

Osmotic pressure is expressed by the formula:

o

= iMRT
where
is the osmotic pressure in atm
i = van 't Hoff factor of the solute.
M = molar concentration in mol/L
R = universal gas constant = 0.08206 Latm/molK
T = absolute temperature in K

Chem 1B Potma
Midterm II Review Packet
5. The van 't Hoff Factor:
The van 't Hoff factor is symbolized by the lower-case letter i.

It is a unitless constant directly associated with the degree of dissociation of the

solute in the solvent.

o Substances which do not ionize in solution, like sugar, have i = 1.

Substances which ionize into two ions, like NaCl, have i = 2.
Substances which ionize into three ions, like MgCl2, have i = 3.

Problems

1. What is the change in vapor pressure when 52.9 g of CuCl2 is added to 800 mL
of H2O at 52.0 C. The vapor pressure of pure H2O at 52.0 C is 102.1 torr. The
density of H2O at 52.0 C is 0.987 g/mL.

2. What would happen to the boiling point and vapor pressure when you add more
solutes to a solution?

Chem 1B Potma
Midterm II Review Packet
3. 1.15g of an unknown, nonvolatile compound raises the boiling point of 75.0g
benzene (C6H6) by 0.275oC. Calculate the molecular mass(formula weight) of the
unknown compound.
solvent

normal boiling
point (oC)

Kb (oCm-1)

normal freezing
point (oC)

Kf (oCm-1)

benzene

80.2

2.53

5.5

5.12

water

100.0

0.512

0.000

1.855

acetic acid
(ethanoic acid)

118.5

3.07

16.6

3.90

camphor

208.3

5.95

178.4

40.0

naphthalene

218.0

5.65

80.2

6.9

4. 1.15g of an unknown, nonvolatile compound raises the boiling point of 75.0g

benzene (C6H6) by 0.275oC.
Calculate the molecular mass (formula weight) of the unknown compound.

Chem 1B Potma
Midterm II Review Packet

5. 1.60 g of naphthalene (C10H8) is dissolved in 20.0 g of benzene. The freezing

point of pure benzene is 5.5 oC, and the freezing point of the mixture is 2.8 oC.
What is the molal freezing point depression constant, Kf of benzene?

6. How much glucose (C6H12O6) per liter should be used for an intravenous solution
to match the 7.65 atm at 37 C osmotic pressure of blood?

Chem 1B Potma
Midterm II Review Packet

7. The freezing point depression of a 0.10 m solution of HF(aq) solution is -0.201

C. Calculate the percent dissociation of HF(aq).