PENCEMAR
UDARA
Abdu F. Assomadi
Model Fotokimia
Model-model lain:
Model deposisi
Model bau/odor
Model partikulat
Z
Plume Boundary
Q
u
Y
H
Causality effects
Gaussian-plume models assume pollutant material is transported in a straight line instantly
(like a beam of light) to receptors that may be several hours or more in transport time away
from the source.
Straight-line trajectories
In moderate terrain areas, these models will typically overestimate terrain impingement effects
during stable conditions because they do not account for turning or rising wind caused by the
terrain itself. CTDM and SCREEN are designed to address this issue.
Convective conditions are one example of a non-uniform meteorological state that Gaussianplume models cannot emulate.
Mixed layer
Model Gaussian
Gaussian Parameters
The lateral dispersion coefficient function and, the vertical dispersion
coefficient functions depend on the downwind distance and the atmospheric
stability class. These coefficients in meters can be obtained using PasquillGifford-Turner estimates shown in the equations below
where ,
s = an integer [1-6] representing the atmospheric stability shown in Table 1
kx,x = empirical constants, values for each of the stability class can be obtained from Green et al. (1960)
Surface wind
speed at 10 m
(m/s)
Day
Night
Cloud Cover
Strong
Moderate
Slight
Thinly Overcast
Mostly Cloudy
<2
A (s = 1)
A-B
B (s = 2)
2-3
A-B
C (s = 3)
E (s = 5)
F (s = 6)
3-5
B-C
5-6
C-D
D (s = 4)
>6
Table 1. Constants a,b,c,d depend on Pasquill Stability categories defined by Turner (1995)
C x, y , z
Q
y
zu
exp
1 y
2 2y
2
2
z
Plume Rise
H is the sum of the physical stack height and
plume rise.
h plume rise
hactual stack
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22
Plume Rise
Buoyant plume: Initial buoyancy >> initial momentum
Forced plume: Initial buoyancy ~ initial momentum
Jet:
Initial buoyancy << initial momentum
21 .425 F 0.75
(F 55 m 4 / s 3 )
u
38 .71F 0.6
(F 55 m 4 / s 3 )
u
23
h plume rise
h plume rise
h plume rise
Qh
5.15
u
Qh
Vs d
0.35
2.64
u
u
Qh
Vs d
1.04
2.24
u
u
Vs d
3.47
u
(unstable)
(neutral)
(stable)
Qh
m C p Ts Ta
d2
P
Vs
MW (stack gas mass flow rate. kg/s)
4
RTs
24
C x, y , z
Q
2
exp
y2
2 2y
exp
z H
2 2z
exp
z H
2 2z
25
Q
y
exp
y2
exp
2
2 y
H2
2 2z
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26
k1
C x,0,0
k1
2
z
H2
2 z2
exp
dC / d
Once
C x,0,0
H
2
Q
y
exp
0.1171
Q
y
11/20/2014
u
27
Example
An industrial boiler is burning at 12 tons (10.9
mton) of 2.5% sulfur coal/hr with an emission
rate of 151 g/s. The following exist : H = 120 m,
u = 2 m/s, y = 0. It is one hour before sunrise,
and the sky is clear. Determine downwind
ground level concentration at 10 km.
Stability class =
y =
z =
C(10 km, 0, 0) =
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28
Exercise
If emissions are from a ground level source with
H = 0, u = 4 m/s, Q = 100 g/s, and the stability
class = B, what is downwind concentration at
200 m?
At 200 m:
y =
z =
C(200 m, 0, 0) =
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29
Example
Calculate H using plume rise equations for an 80 m high
source (h) with a stack diameter = 4 m, stack velocity =
14 m/s, stack gas temperature = 90o C (363 K), ambient
temperature = 25 oC (298 K), u at 10 m = 4m/s, and
stability class = B. Then determine MGLC at its location.
F=
h plume rise =
H=
z =
y =
Cmax =
Residents around Florida Rock Cement Plant are complaining its emission
being violating its allowed level. The plant has its facility within 0.5 km
diameter. Its effective stack height is 60 m. You are a FLDEP environmental
specialist. Where are you going to
locate your air quality monitors? Why?30
11/20/2014
parameter
unit case 1
stack height
45
h
efective stack
height (He)
90,602
135,602
parameter
polutan (gas)
Nitrogen
Oxides
parameter
unit
wind speed (from
or to south west) m/s
case 1
stack height
45
h
efective stack
height (He)
parameter
polutan (gas)
60,401
105,401
Nitrogen
Oxides
beban (loading)
stabilitas
atmosfer
g/s
19,834
parameter
unit
wind speed (from
or to south west) m/s
stack height
case 1
45
h
m
efective stack
height (He)
m
parameter polutan
(gas)
n
36,241
beban (loading)
stabilitas atmosfer
81,241
Nitrogen
Oxides
g/s
19,834
c
case 1
7
45
h
m
efective stack height
(He)
m
parameter polutan
(gas)
n
25,886
beban (loading)
stabilitas atmosfer
70,886
Nitrogen
Oxides
g/s
19,834
d
case 1
45
h
m
efective stack height
(He)
m
parameter polutan
(gas)
n
36,241
beban (loading)
stabilitas atmosfer
81,241
Nitrogen
Oxides
g/s
19,834
e
case 1
3
45
h
m
efective stack
height (He)
m
parameter polutan
(gas)
n
60,401
beban (loading)
stabilitas atmosfer
105,401
Nitrogen
Oxides
g/s
19,834
f
MODEL-MODEL LAIN
DALAM DISPERSI
PENCEMAR UDARA
Abdu F. Assomadi
Lagrangian modeling
Diarahkan pada deskripsi transport sulfur jarak jauh (longrange), dimulai dengan penelitian Rohde (1972, 1974),
Eliassen (1975) dan Fisher (1975).
Eliassen (1975) mulai dengan model well-known EMEPtrajectory digunakan beberapa tahun untuk menghitung
polusi udara trans-boundary spesies penyebab keasaman ,
dan kemudian foto-oksidan
Lagrangian modeling digunakan mencakup periode waktu
yang lebih panjang bahkan sampai skala tahun
Secara umum dipakai di Eropa, fokus utama pada SO2
yang terdistribusi jauh dan waktu yang lama
Prinsip Perubahan Konsentrasi dideskripsikan relatif
terhadap pergerakan fluida
Eulerian modeling
Box Model
Multi-dimensional
Model Fotokimia
Model-model Lain
Model Meteorologi
CALMET
MM5
RAMS
Model Deposisi
Model Bau
Model Partikulat
Rekomendasi US-EPA saat ini dua model komputasi untuk simulasi polutan
non reaktif (misal, SO2):
AERMOD: http://www.epa.gov/scram001/dispersion_prefrec.htm#aermod
steady-state Gaussian plume model, menggunakan angin tunggal yang
diturunkan dari permukaan lapisan atas, dan pengamatan meteorological
onsite. AERMOD juga menggabungkan data geofisika (terrain, elevasi)
untuk mendapatkan parameter boundary layer ( panjang monin-obukhov,
mixing height, stabilitas, turbulrnsi , dsb)
AERMOD saat ini menggantikan ISC models untuk sebagian besar regulasi di US
CALPUFF: http://www.epa.gov/scram001/dispersion_prefrec.htm#calpuff
model dispersi puff non-steady state Lagrangian
ISCST3
model
Secara teknik mampu
untuk menghitung dan evaluasi