Basic Routing

LOGO
Basic Routing
18-Feb-13
Jaringan Komputer_D3 TT
OSI layers 1, 2 and 3

Find destination network, check routing table for route,
direct packet to correct outgoing interface
Check layer 2
address,
decapsulate
Encapsulate with
frame for next link
Receive signals
from cable, convert
to binary.
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Encode binary,
place signals on
cable
Routing tables
A router uses the routing table to
select the best path to a network
Directly connected networks are
taken from the interface configuration
Static routes can be added by
administrator
Routes can be learned dynamically
from other routers by using a routing
protocol
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Static routes
routes
Entered by
administrator
Time consuming,
different for each
router
Must be updated if
routes change
Little processing
No bandwidth
used
Gives nothing
away
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Dynamic
Learned from
other routers
Start the protocol
then it runs by
itself
Automatically
updates when
routes change
More processing
Uses bandwidth
Gives away
information
Routing Table Principles

1. Every router makes its decision
alone, based on the information it has
in its own routing table.
2. The fact that one router has certain
information in its routing table does
not mean that other routers have the
same information.
3. Routing information about a path
from one network to another does not
provide routing information about the
reverse, or return, path.
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Metrics
A routing protocol may learn of
several possible routes to a
destination.
It uses metrics to pick the best route.
RIP uses hop count as its only metric.
OSPF uses cost based on
bandwidth.
EIGRP uses bandwidth and delay and
can use load and reliability as well.
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Metrics
RIP uses hop count. It
picks this route as the
best.
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Metrics
OSPF uses cost based

on bandwidth. It picks
this route as the best.
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Administrative distance
There may be more than one routing
protocol running. There may also be
static routes.
Static routes have administrative
distance 1 or 0 by default.
RIP routes have administrative
distance 120
OSPF routes have administrative
distance 110
The route with the lowest
administrative distance goes in the
routing table
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Router as a computer
CPU: control unit handles
instructions, ALU for calculations
RAM: volatile working storage
ROM: permanent storage for POST
and start-up instructions
Operating System: software that runs
the computer
System bus, Power supply
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10
Router differences
Long term storage is Flash and
NVRAM,
not hard disk
Range of different interfaces all on
different networks
No input/output peripherals. Connect
via a console PC and use PCs
keyboard and screen
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Router functions
Connect networks together
Find best routes
Switch packets from one network to
another
Do this efficiently 24/7
Provide security by permitting or
denying specified types of packet
Provide quality of service by prioritising
packets
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RAM
Dynamic random access memory: as
in a PC
Temporary memory while the router
is on
Loses content when the router loses
power or is restarted
Holds running configuration
Holds routing tables
Holds ARP cache
Holds fast-switching cache etc.
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NVRAM
Non-volatile RAM: keeps its contents
when the router is off
Stores the startup configuration file
When you have configured a router,
you must save your configuration to
NVRAM if you want to keep it
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Flash
Electronically erasable,
programmable ROM (EEPROM)
Keeps its contents when the router is
off
Holds the operating system image
(IOS)
Allows the IOS to be updated
Can store multiple versions of IOS
software if it has enough capacity
Can be upgraded by adding SIMMs
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ROM
Permanent memory: cannot be
upgraded without replacing the chip
Holds power-on self test (POST)
instructions
Stores bootstrap program
Stores ROM monitor software (for
emergency download of IOS, for
password recovery)
May store basic IOS for emergency
use (less common than it was)
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Router storage
ROM
Permanent
Holds POST, boot
instructions, basic IOS

NVRAM
Keeps contents
Holds startup
configuration file
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Flash
Keeps contents
Holds IOS image

RAM
Volatile
Holds runnning config,
tables, queues etc
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Router startup
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Normal start up
1. Run POST and bootup instructions
from ROM
2. Load IOS file from flash
3. Load configuration from NVRAM
4. Fully operational
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Show version
IOS version
Bootstrap version
Router model and CPU
Amount of RAM
Number and type of interfaces
Amount of NVRAM
Amount of Flash
Configuration register
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Default condition
By default, interfaces have no IP
addresses and are administratively
shut down.
They need to be configured.
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Configure interface
R1(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.3.1
255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
*Mar 1 01:16:08.212: %LINK-3UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0,
changed state to up
*Mar 1 01:16:09.214: %LINEPROTO-5UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface
FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
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Check interfaces
R1#show interfaces fastethernet 0/0
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is AmdFE, address is
000c.3010.9260
Internet address is 172.16.3.1/24
etc.
Note MAC address of Ethernet interface
Interface takes part in ARP with its network
and keeps an ARP table
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Check interfaces
R1#show run
interface FastEthernet0/0
ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0
(Does not say no shutdown)
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Interface not up?

If the interface does not come up
check the cable, check link lights,
check the configuration at the other
end.
If the protocol does not come up for
Ethernet check that you have the
right cable (straight-through or
crossover) for serial check that the
clock rate is on the right end of the
cable, check that the same Layer 2
protocol is used.
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Directly connected
Configure IP address on interface

It appears in routing table
Note subnetting information
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Serial interface
R2(config)#interface serial 0/0
R2(config-if)#ip address 172.16.2.2
255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no shutdown
This is DTE end
DCE end needs an additional
command
R3(config-if)#clock rate 64000
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Usual show commands

Check that interface and protocol are
up
show interfaces
show ip interface brief
show running-config
Check that network is in routing table
show ip route
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Show controllers
R1#show controllers serial 0/0
Interface Serial0/0
Hardware is PowerQUICC MPC860
DCE V.35, no clock
etc.
Shows if a cable is connected
Shows the type of cable
Shows if clock rate set
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debug ip routing
R2#debug ip routing
If you give this command before
configuring the interfaces then you
see a report of the networks being
added to the routing table.
R2#no debug ip routing
or
R2#no debug all
Switch off debugging as soon as
possible after use it takes up
resources.
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Cisco Discovery Protocol

Works at layer 2
Directly connected devices only
Cisco devices only
Devices send CDP advertisements to
neighbours at regular intervals
Use it to find out about networking
devices
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Show cdp neighbors
Does not show IP address

You need show cdp neighbors detail
for that.
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Going further
CDP only shows immediate
neighbours, but it does tell you their
IP addresses.
Telnet to the neighbour and then use
CDP to find out about its neighbours
and so on.
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Disable CDP
Disable CDP for the entire device:
Router(config)#no cdp run
Stop CDP advertisements on one
interface:
Router(config-if)#no cdp enable
Do this for security.
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Static routes
Use for stub networks: only one
entry.
Stub network
Static route
networks
Default route
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Configure a static route

R1(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0
255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2
Give the next hop address
255.255.255.0 Serial 0/0
Or give the exit interface
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Show ip route
Routing table now includes:
S 172.16.1.0 /24 [1/0] via 172.16.2.2
Or
S 172.16.1.0 /24 is directly
connected, serial 0/0
Administrative distance 1
Metric 0
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Return route
If you use static routing, you need to
configure static routes in both
directions.
A route in one direction does not
ensure that there is a route in the
other direction.
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Find a route to 172.16.1.0/24

There it is, via
172.16.2.2
How do you get to

172.16.2.2?
There it is via serial 0/0.
Recursive lookup
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Static route giving interface

255.255.255.0 serial 0/0
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Interface down
If the interface used by a static route
goes down, then the static route is
removed from the routing table.
The static route remains in the
configuration.
If the interface comes up again then
the static route goes back in the
routing table.
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Delete a static route

R1(config)#no ip route 192.168.2.0
255.255.255.0 serial 0/0
Give the same command again with
no in front.
Most commands can be reversed like
this.
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Next hop or exit interface?

For a point to point serial link,
configure the static route with the
exit interface.
Only one look-up, less processing.
For an Ethernet link, configure the
static route with the next hop address
(or with both).
This identifies the device that should receive
the packet next. The MAC address can be
found and used in the frame header.
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Summarizing static routes
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Default route
All packets from the stub network
need to go on the same route to the
right hand router.
Configure a static default route.
Stub network
Static route
networks
Default route
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Configure a default route

Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0
0.0.0.0 serial 0/0
Using exit interface.
Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0
0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2
Using next hop address
0.0.0.0 network address and subnet
mask is called quad zero. It matches
anything.
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Routing table
S* 0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected,
Serial0/0
The default route is shown with a *
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Troubleshooting tools
ping
traceroute
show ip route
show ip interface brief
show cdp neighbors
show running-config
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Basic Configuration
(revision)
Name
Passwords
Interfaces
Routing
Banner (Message of the day)
Save configuration
Check configuration
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Global configuration
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal (config t)
Router(config)#
Start in user exec mode
Go to privileged exec mode (no
configuration so no password)
Go to global configuration mode
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Hostname
Give the router a name to show at its
prompt
Do this in global configuration mode
Router(config)# hostname Abingdon
Abingdon(config)#
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Enable secret
Protect privileged exec mode with an
encrypted password.
Abingdon(config)# enable secret
class
You could set an enable password but
this is not encrypted
There is no need to set both, but if
you do then the enable secret will be
used
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Passwords for login

Set login password on console port
for security
Abingdon(config)# line con 0
Abingdon(config-line) password cisco
Abingdon(config-line) login
Abingdon(config-line) exit
You can also put a password on the
AUX port in a similar way
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Passwords for Telnet login

Set login password on virtual lines to
allow you to Telnet to the router
Abingdon(config)# line vty 0 4
Abingdon(config-line) password cisco
Abingdon(config-line) login
Abingdon(config-line) exit
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Interface configuration
Abingdon(config)# interface serial
0/0
Abingdon(config-if)# ip address
192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
Abingdon(config-if)# no shutdown
Abingdon(config-if)# exit
This is for a DTE serial interface
Ethernet interfaces are configured the
same way
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Interface DCE configuration

A DCE serial interface needs an extra
line:
Abingdon(config)# interface serial
0/0
Abingdon(config-if)# ip address
192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
Abingdon(config-if)# clock rate
64000
Abingdon(config-if)# no shutdown
Abingdon(config-if)# exit
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Interface description
You can give an interface a
description
This does not affect the operation of
the router but it is useful
documentation
Do it in interface configuration mode
for the required interface
Abingdon(config-if) description Serial
line to Witney 01993 876543
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Message of the day

You can configure a message to be
shown before the user logs on
Cisco recommend that you show a
warning to unauthorised users (NOT
welcome)
Abingdon(config)# banner motd #
authorised users only #
# is a delimiter. Any character can be
used.
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Routing
The router knows its directly attached
networks because you have put IP
addresses on its interfaces
It can put these networks in its
routing table
It needs to find routes to networks
that are not directly attached
You can give it static routes
You can enable a routing protocol
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Routing protocol: RIP

You choose the routing protocol
Then you tell the router which directly
attached networks it should advertise
Abingdon(config) router rip
Abingdon(config-router) network
192.168.1.0
Abingdon(config-router) network
192.168.3.0 Abingdon(config-router)
exit
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Save configuration
Your configuration is held in RAM as
the running configuration
If you want to keep this configuration
then you must save it to NVRAM into
the startup configuration file
Abingdon# copy running-config
startup-config
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Shortened commands
The Cisco IOS accepts shortened
forms of commands
You need to type enough to
distinguish the command from other
commands
copy run start can be used instead of
copy running-config startup-config
int s 0/0 can be used instead of
interface serial 0/0
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Show commands
Show
Show
Show
Show
Show
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running-config
startup-config
ip route
ip interfaces
ip interface brief
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Show ip route
List of codes
List of routes
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Routing table
Directly connected
C
C
S
R
Exit port
Network and mask
192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0
192.168.3.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2
192.168.4.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.2.2, 00:00:20, Serial0/0
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Routing table
Static route
C
C
S
R
Network and mask

192.168.3.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2
192.168.4.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.2.2, 00:00:20, Serial0/0
Administrative
distance and metric
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Address of next
hop router
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Routing table
Dynamic route, RIP

C
C
S
R
Exit port
Network and mask

192.168.3.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2
192.168.4.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.2.2, 00:00:20, Serial0/0
Administrative
distance and metric
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Address of next
hop router
Time since
last update
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LOGO
Thank You
Ref: S Ward Abingdon and Witney College
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Basic Routing

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Basic Routing

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Format Tersedia

LOGO

OSI layers 1, 2 and 3

Routing Table Principles

OSPF uses cost based

Interface not up?

Configure IP address on interface

Usual show commands

Cisco Discovery Protocol

Show cdp neighbors

Does not show IP address

Configure a static route

Find a route to 172.16.1.0/24

How do you get to

Static route giving interface

Delete a static route

Next hop or exit interface?

Summarizing static routes

Configure a default route

Passwords for login

Passwords for Telnet login

Interface DCE configuration

Message of the day

Routing protocol: RIP

192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

Network and mask

192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

Dynamic route, RIP

192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

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