Design of Pile Bearing Capacity

by In-Situ Testing
Aswin Lim ST., MSc.Eng
Geotechnical Division Civil Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering
Parahyangan Catholic University

International Workshop on Pile Foundation

and Pile Dynamics 2012

Outlines
Introduction of CPT and SPT
Driven Pile Capacity
Bored Pile Capacity

International Workshop on Pile Foundation

and Pile Dynamics 2012

In-Situ Geotechnical Tests

International Workshop on Pile Foundation

and Pile Dynamics 2012

Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

Advantages :
1. Simple
2. Obtain sample and number
3. Suitable for many types of soil
4. Can perform in weak rock
5. Widely available
Disadvantages :
1. Sample is disturbed (*Index tests only)
2. Crude number for analysis
3. Not applicable for soft soils
4. High variability and uncertainty
Hammer Weight : 622.72 N
Drop distance : 30 inch = 76.2 cm
International Workshop on Pile Foundation
and Pile Dynamics 2012

Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

N1

N2

N3

Nspt = N2+N3

International Workshop on Pile Foundation

and Pile Dynamics 2012

Standar Penetration Test (SPT)

Hammer energy efficiency is ratio between actual hammer energy to input energy.
In field, the hammer energy efficiency can vary from 30% to 90%.
For standard practice, it use an average energy ratio of 60%.
Variation of B
(correction of borehole diameter)

N H B S R
N 60
60

Diameter

mm
60 - 120
150
200

B
1
1,05
1,15

Variation of R (correction of rod length)

Rod Length
m
> 10
6 - 10
4-6
0-4

R
1
0,95
0,85
0,75

Variation of H (hammer efficiency)

Country
Japan
United States
Argentina
China

Hammer type
Donut
Donut
Safety
Donut
Donut
Donut
Donut

Hammer release
Free fall
Rope and pulley
Rope and pulley
Rope and pulley
Rope and pulley
Free fall
Rope and pulley

H (%)
78
67
60
45
45
60
50

Variation of S (Sampler correction)

Variable

Standard sampler
With liner for dense sand and clay
With liner for loose sand

1
0,8
0,9

International Workshop on Pile Foundation

and Pile Dynamics 2012

Standar Penetration Test (SPT)

Donut Hammer

Safety Hammer
International Workshop on Pile Foundation
and Pile Dynamics 2012

Standar Penetration Test (SPT)

Standard penetration

Consistency Unconfined Compression Undrained Shear

number, N60
<2
2-8
8-15
15-30
>30

Strength, qu (KPa)

Strength, cu (KPa)

<25
25-80
80-150
150-400
>400

<12,5
12,5-40
40-75
75-200
>200

Very soft
Soft to medium
Stiff
Very Stiff
Hard

Standard penetration
Approximate
number, N60
relative density, Dr (%)
0-5
0-5
5-10
5-30
10-30
30-60
30-50
60-95
International Workshop on Pile Foundation
and Pile Dynamics 2012

International Workshop on Pile Foundation

and Pile Dynamics 2012

Bored Pile Capacity Estimation by SPT

Testing
Reese and Wright Method (1977)

Qp Ap .q p
Note : 1 tsf = 95,76 KPa

SANDY SOILS
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Bored Pile Capacity Estimation by SPT

Testing
Reese and Wright Method (1977)

Qs p.L. f s

SANDY SOILS

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Bored Pile Capacity Estimation by SPT

Testing
Meyerhofs method ( Sand )

Qu 40.N p . Ap 0,2.N s . As ...Unit ( ton)

Np = N-SPT value at pile tip
Ns = Average N-SPT value along pile

International Workshop on Pile Foundation

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Bored Pile Capacity Estimation by SPT

Testing
Schmertmanns method ( Clean Sand )

Qu 32.N p . Ap 0,19.N s . As ...Unit ( ton)

Np = N-SPT value at pile tip
Ns = Average N-SPT value along pile

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Bored Pile Capacity Estimation by SPT

Testing
Schmertmanns method ( Cohesive soil)

Qu 16.N p . Ap 0,4.N s . As ...Unit ( ton)

Np = N-SPT value at pile tip
Ns = Average N-SPT value along pile

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Cone Penetration Test (CPT) - Sondir

Advantages :
1. Fast and continuous profiling
2. Economical
3. Results not operator dependant
4. Strong theoretical basis in interpretation
5. Particularly suitable for soft soil

Disadvantages :
1. Unsuitable for gravel or boulder deposits
2. No soil sample is obtained

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Cone Penetration Test (CPT) - Sondir

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Cone Penetration Test (CPT) - Sondir

How to measured :
1. Push the rod to advance
penetrometer tip ( get the qc)-R1
2. Push the inner rod to extend the tip
(get qc + fs )-R2
3. Usually measured in 20 cm range

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Cone Penetration Test (CPT) - Sondir

How to process the data ??
1. qc get directly from the manometer reading 1 (R-1)
2. fs should be calculated based on R-2 and R-1

f s R2 R1

Atip
Askin

fs
R f 100%
qc

Atip = 10 mm2
Askin = 150 mm2

Friction ratio

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Example

Depth
(m)

Manometer Reading
Local
Cone
Total
Friction
(kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2) (kg/cm2)

0.0
0.2
8
0.4
14
0.6
19
0.8
20
1
22
1.2
21
1.4
30
1.6
25
1.8
25
2
20
2.2
15
2.4
15
2.6
15
2.8
15
3
15
3.2
15
3.4
20
3.6
10
3.8
10
4.0
10
4.2
5
4.4
23
4.6
15
4.8
10
5.0
10
5.2
5
5.4
5
5.6
10
5.8
15
6.0
15
6.2
30
6.4
15
6.6
75
6.8
55
7.0
115
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and Pile Dynamics

20
30
30
28
30
30
60
55
65
55
45
45
45
35
40
30
45
25
30
15
15
40
40
33
33
10
8
15
25
35
45
35
80
65
170
145

0.800
1.067
0.734
0.534
0.534
0.600
2.001
2.001
2.668
2.335
2.001
2.001
2.001
1.334
1.668
1.001
1.668
1.001
1.334
0.334
0.667
1.134
1.668
1.534
1.534
0.334
0.200
0.334
0.667
1.334
1.0005
1.334
0.3335
0.667
3.6685
0.667

Total
Friction
(kg/cm)
16.01
37.35
52.03
62.70
73.37
85.38
125.40
165.42
218.78
265.47
305.49
345.51
385.53
412.21
445.56
465.57
498.92
518.93
545.61
552.28
565.62
588.29
621.64
652.33
683.01
689.68
693.68
700.35
713.69
740.37
760.38
787.06
793.73
807.07
880.44
893.78

Friction
ratio
(%)
10.01
7.62
3.86
2.67
2.43
2.86
6.67
8.00
10.67
11.67
13.34
13.34
13.34
8.89
11.12
6.67
8.34
10.01
13.34
3.34
13.34
4.93
11.12
15.34
15.34
6.67
4.00
3.34
4.45
8.89
3.335
8.893333
0.444667
1.212727
3.19
0.494074

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Cone Penetration Test (CPT) - Sondir

0

50

qc (kg/cm2)
100
150

200

250

fs (kg/cm2)
2

0,0

1,0

1,0

2,0

2,0

2,0

D
3,0
e
p
t 4,0
h

D
3,0
e
p
t 4,0
h

D
3,0
e
p
t 4,0
h

5,0

)
6,0

7,0

8,0

15

20

1,0

5,0

5,0

Rf (%)
10

0,0

0,0

6,0

6,0

7,0

7,0

8,0

8,0

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Soil Profile Interpretation

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Driven Pile Capacity Estimation by CPT

Testing
Schmertmann-Nottingham Method (1975)
Qp

qc ,1 qc , 2
2

. Ap

Tip Resistance

Where :
Qp = Pile tip resistance
qc,1 = the average value of qc (cone resistance) at 0.7D 4D below pile tip.
qc,2 = the average value of qc (cone resistance) until 8D above pile tip
Ap = Pile tip area
Note :
In general, the value of cone resistance is limited to 100kg/cm2 for sandy soil
and 75 kg/cm2 for silty sand
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Driven Pile Capacity Estimation by CPT

Testing
Schmertmann-Nottingham Method (1975)
L
8D z

Qs K s ,c .
. f s . As f s . As
z 8 D
z 0 8.D

Where :
Qs = Skin friction resistance
D = Pile diameter or side
fs = Skin friction of CPT test
As = Skin friction contact area
Ks,c = reduction factor based on CPT type, depth, fs, and type of pile material

Skin Friction
Resistance

Note :
In general, the value of skin friction is limited to 1.2 kg/cm2 for sandy soil
and 1.0 kg/cm2 for silty sand
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The value of Ks,c

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D = pile length, and B International
= pile side
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ANY QUESTIONS ????

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