Yaron Seidman
Zac Patterson & Lois Nethery
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Beijing Chinese Medicine (periodical), 1952 June 15th (1st volume 3rd publication)
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Yaron: The following three articles date from early 1937. By this stage, Chinese
medicine had suffered decades of uncertainty, abolition attempts, contempt,
ridicule and exclusion. In 1936, Chinese medicine finally and for the first time in
the 20th century had gained legal status. Practitioners were delightedbut it
came at what cost? These articles allow us a short glimpse into the
transformation and pressure that Chinese medicine practitioners faced at
that time.
Pages 464473
In the Third Plenary Session, 53 commissaries including Jiao Yitang have suggested the
Ministry of Education to integrate Chinese medicine into the education system so that Native
medicine schools can be built under legal regulations. Besides Jiao and Li Zonghuang ,
37 other commissaries have also put forward a bill calling for equality between Chinese and
Western medicine doctors. Not only are Chinese medicine doctors and pharmacists thrilled to
hear about these but also the general public, who is concerned about the development of Chinese
medicine, is excited too. We hope that the authority will not let us down or let the efforts of the
commissaries go in vain.
I have checked the resolution of the two bills. The former was sent to the Central Political
Committee for further discussion and the latter for their reference. It is another matter how
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they will discuss and decide a solution for the first bill, but at least they show their sincerity. As for
the second proposal, the phrase "for reference" is too ambiguous. It is doubtful that the bill will
be implemented; how can we move to further discuss other questions? Moreover, this is the
second time we have proposed this bill. The first time was in the Fifth National Assembly
.2 Now that the Third Plenary Session 3 is coming to an end, every bill will be
discussed and executed by the Central Political Committee. We, Chinese medicine doctors, will
provide all necessary assistance to the authority.
In fact, many have already pleaded for the inclusion of Chinese medicine into the education
system long ago. As early as 1914, when Wang Dafan was still the Secretary of Education,
the Medical Association of Beijing had sent representatives to discuss the matter with Wang.
Wang replied: I have already decided to abrogate the use of Native medicine as well as Native
materia medica. I am afraid I cannot accept your application. The determination of the
Ministry of Education to wipe out Chinese medicine was clear. Not long thereafter, Chinese
medicine doctors from all over the country gathered to set up a Chinese Medicine Rescue Group
and sent representatives to the State Council and various ministries to petition
for preserving Chinese medicine.
Here is the reply from the State Council: Native medicine has a long and ancient history. With
its organised and systematic structure, it has become a specialised field in science and has
continued to be valued by our fellow citizens. The reason why our national medical curriculum
has only included Western medicine is that it takes a long time to integrate both medical
practices. Eliminating Chinese medicine was not on the agenda since the very beginning. We
can see from this reply how the government changed its stance on the issue after the petition of
our scholars but we still cannot see any possibility for accepting our proposal.
In 1925, the Chinese Education Progress Society and Chinese Medicine Progress
Research Association had a joint meeting in Taiyuan . The bill was discussed
and passed in that meeting. In the same year, China National Education Federation
held likewise a meeting in Changsha and the bill was passed once more. It is really
disappointing that the Ministry of Education has never taken it into action.
Since the Central Hygiene and Health Conference 4 proposed to eliminate
Chinese medicine as well as Chinese pharmacology in a meeting in 1929, many Chinese
medicine practitioners became agitated. They gathered from all around China and launched an
appeal to the government. Mr. Jiang, the chairman of the Committee, finally repealed what has
been discussed before and announced the setup of the Central Native Medicine Bureau
Kunmintang Fifth National Assembly was held November 12th-22nd, 1935 in Nanjing.
Kunmintang Third Plenary Session was held in February 15th, 1937 in Nanjing .
4 Was held in Nanjing from February 23rd26th, 1929.
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3
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in the capitol with commissary Jiao Yitang as its President.5 This may seem to be the
dawn of a new era for Chinese medicine but until now, the efforts of the commissaries including
Jiaos effort did not yield any substantial achievements. Well then, does Chinese medicine
deserve to have the two bills passed? My arguments are summarised into four perspectives:
1. Academic:
Now most people classify Western medicine as science and Chinese medicine as philosophy. Still,
I think it is possible to incorporate elements of science into philosophy through scientific means.
The Prime Minister once said, Everyone knows that Germany is the most advanced country in
terms of scientific development. Even so, scholars in Germany know that they have to study
Chinese philosophy to supplement what is missing in their science. Looking at how the
foreigners treasure our legacy, how can we abandon our own traditional wisdom? Is that what
the Prime Minister wants to see? It is true that Chinese medicine focuses more on philosophical
perspectives. This is no doubt its weak point but, at the same time, it is also its strength. We can
use science to supplement it. In order to do so, we have to build schools and train talented
persons. This is the first reason why Chinese medicine deserves to have the bills passed.
2. Effectiveness:
Action speaks louder than words. No matter how people criticize Chinese medicine theories, its
effectiveness is indisputable. Looking at the vast territory and huge population of our country, if
not due to Chinese medicine our nation would already been wiped out by deadly infectious
diseases. This is one point. Another point is that if Chinese medicine were ineffective it would
have been eliminated long ago and could not have sustained itself up to today. In terms of its
effectiveness, Chinese medicine deserves to be advocated.
3. Economic:
Since imports of Western drugs began in recent years, it has cost us many billions. Is this not
connected to our economy? In addition, there are more than ten million people in our country
making a living by trading Chinese herbs. Western drugs have already become a more popular
option than Chinese herbs, even without any advocacy. It is not difficult to imagine the huge
impact on peoples livelihood when Chinese pharmacology is abrogated. This is the third reason
why we should promote Chinese medicine.
Took place August 31st, 1931 while promulgating two items of legislation: Central Native Medicine Bureau Regulations
and Central Native Medicine Bureau Local Branches Outline .
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4. Global trend:
Consider our eastern neighbour: Japan. Since the Meiji restoration era they abolished Han
medicine . However, this act was heavily criticized by scholars in modern days and so they
revived Han medicine in Japan and formed the Asian Medical Association 6 and other
research centres of Han medicine at universities. Japan treats it as a national treasure. Some
scholars in America also study Chinese medicine after they witnessed the effects of Ma Huang
in asthma treatment. These are some examples how others value Chinese medicine. If we do
not invest effort into promoting Chinese medicine now, after a few decades we might have to
learn from foreigners what should have been ours. Isnt that ironic? We therefore urge the
authority to recognize the need to integrate Chinese medicine into the education system and
equalize the status of Chinese and Western doctors. This would not only demonstrate the spirit of
our nation but also preserve the essence of both Western and Chinese cultures.
(Retrieved from Tianjin Yishibao )
Established in 1927.
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The Third Plenary Session is responsible for resolving many matters, one of which is the bill
proposing the integration of Chinese medicine into the official education system, now sent to the
Central Political Committee for further discussion. This, no doubt, is a dream come true for all
Chinese medicine doctors and their supporters. Even though a detailed discussion is still needed
for the implementation, the principle outline has already been laid out.
Those who are against the integration argue that medicine should progress with time. Chinese
medicine is obsolete and should not be placed alongside science-based medicine. They claim that
since the education system is the pillar of a nation, we should not allow the outdated and mystical
medicine to coexist with the scientific new medicine. If you take a look at newspapers and
magazines from the past few years, you can certainly find many similar arguments.
For those who are in favour of the integration, their only supporting argument is that Chinese
medicine has a long and extended history. It was passed down from generation to generation
since the time of Qi Bo until today. As to the issue of reforming Chinese medicine, some
preach that modern science should be used as a reference and that some valuable parts of
Western medicine should be integrated into Chinese medicine.
Before the bill was passed, the opposing party strongly resisted the idea of integration while the
supporting party continued to pray for the reform. After passing the bill, however, the opposition
dared not say a word because the final decision was made by the ruling Party. And of course, on
the other hand, the supporters cheered and hailed; they saw that their dreams had finally come
true. I also congratulated them that their efforts did not go in vain.
Nonetheless, still I am worried and doubtful that Chinese medicine will be integrated into the
education system. I briefly describe my doubts in the following paragraphs.
One question we have to think about is whether Chinese medicine should be a one-year or a
two-year program? If it is a one-year program, should it be considered as a specialised school or a
university program? Regardless of the answers to these questions, one thing we are sure of, for
the sake of preserving and promoting our precious gemtraditional Chinese medicineit
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should be classified as higher education and not as secondary education or vocational training
such as that of midwives.
Students nowadays spend six years in primary education and another six years in secondary
education before they move on to higher education. Needless to say, the curricula of primary and
secondary education are very similar, facilitating the transition. Similarly, the subjects in
secondary schools are closely related to different majors in universities so that students can learn
new things by linking to and building on prior knowledge. For example, history and similar
subjects are related to various social science majors; biology, mathematics and other science
subjects are crucial to majors like science, medicine and agriculture.
Up to today, curricula and standards of medical education are formulated based on the ultimate
goal of training students to become professional physicians. Currently, hygiene classes in junior
secondary grade have already adopted the new science theory. Although there are no more
hygiene classes in senior secondary grade, those who enter medical schools should already have
some knowledge of human anatomy and physiology and even some basic understanding of
etiology and prevention of disease so they are not lost when they study basics of medicine. What
they learnt in science lessons in both secondary school and university could be even more useful.
Nevertheless, this only applies to Western medicine students and not to Chinese medicine
students. After the integration, schoolsbe it universities or specialised schoolsshall introduce
a new curriculum of Chinese medicine. For those who choose this major of study, what they have
learnt in secondary schools, except Chinese writing, history and geography, seem to have no
relation whatsoever to Chinese medicine. Some subjects of Western medicine like anatomy might
be helpful to Chinese medicine, but most of them arent. Whats more, jargons like Qi
transformation and five elements cannot even be seen in primary or secondary school
textbooks.
Here comes the question: should we reform the curricula of our primary and secondary schools
as well? As an alternative, we can add new subjects such as Tang Tou Ge Jue 7 to prepare
students who would like to study Chinese medicine in the future. Some say that these subjects
can be electives where they can choose between those and the science subjects. Some disagree,
saying that it would be a good opportunity for the modernization of Chinese medicine. They
bluster that subjects like chemistry, biology and science are also necessary for those students who
would like to study Chinese medicine at university level. Maybe it would be even better if those
who study Chinese medicine are those who excel in science as well. Here comes the second
question: will these students feel disoriented when they study Chinese medicine, for they have indepth and concrete knowledge in science?
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Perhaps not, but who is going to compile and edit the textbooks for Chinese medicine in college?
Some say that classics like Ling Shu , Su Wen , Shang Han Lun and Ben Cao are
themselves excellent textbooks. Some argue that the students might be doubtful if these outdated
publications are used as textbooks. Even if they have faith in these materials, would it be possible
for them to abdicate their now-scientific-oriented mind and think purely from the perspectives of
five elements and Qi? If they are doubtful of the materials, how can they become the talents that
we are looking for?
Some people suggest that a number of subjects in Chinese medicine schools should adopt
modern scientific theories including microbiology, physics and so on and that we should
assimilate the strength of Western medicine. This question remains to be answered by the
government.
From here on, further related problems arise and require solutions. They are listed below:
1.
Schools, the army and the government shall recruit both Chinese medicine doctors and
Western medicine doctors to avoid discrimination against Chinese medicine.
2.
Hospitals in all provinces, cities and counties shall either incorporate Chinese and Western
medicine, or have the two completely separated.
3.
Health professionals at all levels shall include both Chinese and Western medicine doctors.
4.
Chinese herbs shall be added into the Pharmacopoeia of China or compiled into a
new pharmacopoeia called The Herbal Pharmacopoeia of China , with the
modern one renamed as the Western Pharmacopoeia of China .
5.
Other than modern pharmacology schools , we shall establish schools for Chinese
medicine pharmacology in order to distinguish itself from Western
pharmacology schools. Or we can rename the modern pharmacology schools as School of
pharmacy in Western medicine in order to distinguish the two.
Can Chinese and Western medicine integrate in all aspects in the future?
2.
3.
Will the future generation of Chinese medicine doctors outshine the so-called Native doctors
of the present?
4.
Does it take millennia for the world to recognize the efficacy of Chinese medicine?
5.
Is there any chance that, one day, we will no longer need to differentiate medical doctors
into Chinese and Western?
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I studied science when I was young so I grew up as a believer in scientific medicine. (Until now,
Chinese medicine still remains a mystery to me. Even if Chinese medicine is a better form of
medicine than the Western one, I still believe in scientific medicine because I do not know the
mechanism behind Chinese medicine. I dare not say how delicious a cake is before I have
actually tasted it.) But now, as Chinese medicine has integrated into the education system, its
efficacy should not be questioned. It is a real pity that I cannot sit in a class due to my old age.
How I wish I was born 20 years ago. I read an article written by Hu Dingan some years
ago which was published in a newspaper. I could not find the original copy nor remember the
title of the article but I can still recall the gist of his articlehe persuades high school graduates
not to study Chinese medicine at university. I think this was inappropriate. Even before the
article was published, graduates opting to study Chinese medicine were only a minority. In the
future, when Chinese medicine has officially integrated into the education system, who is to judge
whether graduates would like to pursue Chinese medicine as their future career? Just think about
that, if someone would write an article urging students to study Chinese medicine instead of
Western medicine, how would it be then?
(Retrieved from New Medicine and Society )
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At first, there was no such thing as Chinese Medicine Committee among the highest
ranks of the central government. This was one reason why conflict continued between Chinese
and Western medicine doctors. Now that the Chinese Medicine Committee was established, with
renowned doctors as committee members and after much advocacy and petition, the body
should make huge contributions to the improvement and progression of Chinese medicine. (See
the speech delivered by director Liu Ruiheng )
There should be no boundaries in the academic arena. There is no need to draw a line between
Western and Chinese medicine. It is a real pity that such things have happened in our country
before. In the speech made by the director Mr. Liu Ruiheng during the inauguration
ceremony of the Chinese Medicine Committee members, he made the following comment:
Now that the Chinese Medicine Committee is established, we should make a concerted effort to
regulate and promote Chinese medicine. As we are now in the twentieth century, the age of
science, we should adopt scientific principles and logical methods to regulate Chinese medicine.
We can deduce from the above quote that Chinese medicine is lagging behind
and illogical . Thus, we have to opt for scientific means to manage and
promote it. The establishment of the Chinese Medicine Committee, therefore, has a considerable
number of responsibilities and duties.
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Why is there a need to restructure Chinese medicine? We can simply say that Chinese medicine
is illogical in its theories and non-scientific in terms of diagnoses
. Medicine is never a study that can be mastered easily. I dont think that reading a
few books on Chinese materia medica would qualify one to become a doctor. Secret
prescriptions handed down from ancestors are nothing more than eye-catching slogans
and the five elements and six climates is simply superstition. For those who call
themselves doctors but, in reality, only know little about medicine, it is extremely dangerous to
try and treat patients. Hence, the government should put more effort into reforming the industry
as this is seriously a life-threatening matter.
Medicine as a whole should not be differentiated into Western and Chinese. The reason for what
is unfolding now is that one of the medicines has developed from pure scientific methods, hence
it is progressing at an incomparable pace while the other is still lingering over its metaphysical
theories which is leading its ongoing regression. Now that the Central Health Department has
established the Chinese Medicine Committee with a task to reform the Chinese medicine
industry, I really have no idea whether this is for better or worse.
How can we integrate Chinese medicine into our education system? This question is worth
discussing. In the Third Plenary Session, this question has already passed on to the Executive
Council to come up with a solution. At the Chinese Medicine Committee meeting held on 10th
March, one of the committee members proposed that Chinese medicine should be integrated
into the education system after reaching a certain standard. My opinions on this matter are
summarised as follows:
A. The curriculum.
If we have to integrate Chinese medicine into our education system, which kind of curriculum
should it have? Should it be vocational training? Or should it be a specialised course at the
university? The value of Chinese medicine may be underrated if it is considered as mere
vocational training. How about secondary education? Well, it does not seem to be appropriate as
secondary education as it requires an in-depth and specialised foundation of knowledge. Should
it be part of the tertiary education system then? I think students may become confused when they
begin to learn five elements and six climates since they have taken courses on physics,
chemistry and biology in secondary school before. There is one thing the committee members
should know: science and philosophy are like oil and water. They simply dont mix. In case
anyone is not sure what science is all about, you can find it out easily if you repeat secondary
school education. I have a friend who enrolled in a Chinese medicine school after he graduated
but he quit one year later. This is a good example which proves my point above.
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2.
3.
For demand and supply, which contributes to the development of applied science.
Looking into our curriculum, we already have hygiene classes and physiology in primary and
secondary schools. They are considered as part of the general education. Biology, chemistry and
physics taught in high school are closely related to medical studies at university. If we list Chinese
medicine as a course at university, how can we help students to learn those concepts such as the
five elements and six climates and classics like Tang Tou Ge Jue , Lingshu Suwen
, Shang Han Lun and Ben Cao ? Students have studied science in
secondary education; how can they take a step back and examine these new notions when they
enter university? In case Chinese medicine really does integrate into tertiary education, it is
better to restructure the curricula of primary and secondary education altogether by
reintroducing the study of classics and adopt the education system from Ming and Qing
Dynasties.
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Websites:
http://www.ChineseClassics.org
http://www.HunyuanInstitute.com
http://www.Hunyuan.org
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