Introduction to
Research Methods
for Business
Indrawati (Iin)
Head of MM Program TEBS Telkom University
Teaching and Writing is my hobby, it is a tool for distributing knowledge
(by which people) benefit, thus it is equal to sadaqa jariyah, InsyaAlloh.
Achieved Philosophy of Doctor (PhD) in Multimedia University, Malaysia
Published more than 225 articles in newspaper, magazines,
proceedings, journals, chapters, and books.
Mobile : 081321922742 or 61717380
Wesitte: Indrawati02.wordpress.com
Email: indrawati02@yahoo.com or indrawati@imtelkom.ac.id
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1. Purposiveness
A research should be started with a definite aim or purpose
2. Rigor
Connotes carefulness, scrupulousness, and the degree of exactitude in research.
A good theoretical base and a sound methodological design add rigor to a
purposive study
3. Testability
Has certain hypotheses that can be tested by applying certain statistical tests to
the data collected for the purpose.
4. Replicability
The result of the tests of hypotheses should be supported again and yet again
when the same type of research is repeated in other similar circumstances.
5. Precision
The closeness of the findings to reality based on sample.
Ex.: The estimated number of production days lost during the year due to
absenteeism at between 20 and 40, as against the actual figure of 35, the
precision of the estimation compares more favorably than if the estimated
number was somewhere between 20 and 50.
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6. Confidence
The probability that the estimations are correct.
Ex.: The researchers can confidentsly claim that 95% of the time their results will be
true and there is only 5% chance of their being wrong
7. Objectivity
The conclusions drawn through the interpretation of the results of the data aalysis
should be objective, based on the facts of the findings derived from actual data and
not on subjective or emotional value.
8. Generalizability
The scope of applicability of the research findings in one organizational setting to
other settings.
9. Parsimony
Simplicity in explaining the phenomena or problems that occur, and in generating
solution for the problems.
Ex.: If three variables in work situation are identified, which when changed would
raise the organizational commitment of the employees by 45%, that would be more
useful and valuable to the manager than if it were recommended that he should ten
different variables to increase organizational commitment by 48%.
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3. PROBLEM
DEFINITION
Research problem
delineated
4. THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Variable clearly
identified and labeled
5. GENERATION OF
HYPOTHESIS
6. SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH DESIGN
2. PRELIMINARY DATA
GATHERING
Interviewing
Literature Survey
7. DATA COLLECTION,
ANALYSIS,INTERPRET
ATION
8. DEDUCTION
Hypothesis
substantiated?
Research question
answered?
No
Yes
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9. Report
Writing
10. Report
Presentation
11. Managerial
Decision Making
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Interesting
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Literature Review
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the key studies in the field. For this reason, articles and
books that are often cited by others must be included
in your literature review, even if these articles and
books were written thirty or even forty years ago. More
recent work should also be incorporated in the
literature review, since the recent work will build on a
broader and more up-to-date stream of literature than
older work.
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Psychological
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Problem Statement
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There are three key criteria to assess the quality of the problem
statement: relevant, feasible, and interesting.
Relevant, if the problem statement is meaningful from a
managerial perspective, an academic perspective, or both.
Feasible, the researcher is able to answer the problem statement
within the restrictions of the research project. A frequent problem
in term of feasibility is that the problem statement is too broad in
scope.
Interesting, to researcher, supervisors, and also to readers.
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What is a Problem ?
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Decreased
Market
Share
Decision Maker
Unhappy
Customers
Loss
Of
Sales
Low
Traffic
Obvious Measurable
Symptoms
Researcher
Marginal
Performance
Of Sales Force
Low Quality
Products
Inappropriate
Delivery
System
Unethical
Treatment of
Customers
Real Business/Decision
Problem
Poor Image
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Research Objectives
Research Concept
Research Concept
Research Model
Research Constructs
Opertionalization
Measurement
Hyphotesis
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