Cambridge International Examinations Mathematics Leena ANA (ela) | Guide David Rayner Paul WilliamsMathematics IGCSE Revision Guide David Rayner Paul WilliamsOXFORD Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP (Oxford University Press isa department of the University of Oxford, It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholzrship, and education by publishing worldwide in ‘Oxford New York ‘Auckland Cape Town Dares Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lompar Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi NewDethi Shanghal Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Maly Japan South Korea Poland Portugal Singapore Switzerland Thalland Turkey Usraine Vietnam Oxford isa registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries (© Oxford University Press 2008 ‘The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press maker) First published 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, ‘without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, for as expressly permitted by aw, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction fulside che scope ofthe above should be sent tothe Rights Department, (Oxford University Press at the address above ‘You must not circulate ths book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available ISBN 9780199154876 10987684321 Printed in Great Britain by Bell and Bain Lt, Glasgow Paper sed in the production ofthis book isa natural, recyclable product made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The manufacturing process Conforms tothe environmental regulations ofthe country of origin. CIE past paper examination material reproduced by permission of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicat, ‘The University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate bears no esponsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past {question papers which are contalned in this publication, 4S FSC SRSzSiidnpandyee Numbers Sequences Sets Calculations Directed numbers Fractions and decimals Standard form Estimation and limits of accuracy Ratio, proportion and rate 10. Percentages 11 Time and speed 12. Graphs in practical situations 13. Graphs of functions 14. Straight line graphs 15 Algebraic formulae 16 Expanding and factorising 17 Algebraic fractions 18 Functions 19° Indices 20. Solving linear equations 21 Solving quadratic equations 22. Solving inequalities 23. Linear programming 24 Angles and polygons 25 Circles 26 Similar shapes 27 Geometrical constructions 28 Symmetry 29° Locus 30. Mensuration 31. Trigonometry 32. Statistics 33. Probabi 34. Vectors 35 Matrices 36. Transformations weer anawne Answers. 101 107 109 ne 125 137 145 150 153 163Sets of numbers Natural numbers are the numbers you use to count. So the natural numbers ate 1, 2. 3,4, Integers are "vihole numbers”. They can be positive, or negative (with zero in between). So the integers are the numbers ..-3, ~2, ~1, 0, 1,2, 3. Positive integers are the numbers 1,2, 3,4, Negative integers are the numbers ~1, 2, Sometimes 0s included with ‘the natural numbers. Factor Any number which divides into 6 is a factor of 6. So the factors of 6 are 1, 2,3, and 6. ‘Multiple Any number which appears in the 6 times table is multiple of 6 So the multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, Prime numbers A prime number has only two (different) factors (ie. 1 and itself 50 1 is not a prime number. The prime numbers are 2, 3, 5,7, 11, 13, 17, 19, (The number of primes is infinite), Prime factor A prime factor isa factor which is also prime. ‘The factors of 63 are 1, 3, 7, 9, 21 and 63, Of these only 3 and 7 are prime so the prime factors of 63 are 3 and 7. Aun has 7 square building blocks. The only way he can make a rectangle with these blocks is to put them ina single straight line because 7 is prime, ctrrrrry If Arjun has 12 square building blocks then he can make three different rectangles, since 12, isnot a prime number. For example he can make a 3 x 4 rectangle or a 2 x 6 rectangle as well as the 1 x 12 rectangle, Creer eres Square numbers aC NG NRG ae (that is a2 * 2 square). In the same way he can arrange squares, of 9, 16, 25... building blocks. ‘The square numbers ae 1, 4, 9, 16. x2 9=3%3UES Revision guide: Mathematics ‘Common factor 3 is a common factor of 9 and 12 since 3 is 2 factor of both Band 12 Common multiple 30 is a common multiple of 6 and 15 since 30 is a muitiple of both band 15 Exam question CIE 0580 November 05 Paper 1 Q10 ‘An integers such that 60 “he shaded area represents © a F A @ NB When A isa subset of 8, AUB Age Beans that Ais not a subset of B ACB means that A les inside 8 but A cannot be equal to B. 4s called a proger subset of B ACB means that A les inside B but A can be equal to 8 ‘The empty set Zor | are the symbols used for "the empty set” so. MB = Gif there is ‘no element that belongs both to A and &.For example if is the set of polygons, set 4 is quadrlaterals and set 8 i triangles then the Venn diagram would look like ths In this example A 8 = Disince a polygon cannot bbe a quadrilateral and a triangle. The two ovals do rot intersect. Example ‘Eis all whole numbers less than 10. a=boxiaweresiasiian B= (x: xis a prime number} ~~ This notation means that A (a) Express this on a Venn diagram. consists of all numbers x, (b) List all the elements of A’. where x is an even number. (©) What is n(A U 8)? ( Fnd ans. ‘Dsree atwle mbes a 1, the onl nubs apeatg oe Vem ‘ “4 ayamare 2.36.5 6,7, 83nd9 ( 6) (bya contains lth demen otsde A : SoA’ ={1, 3,5, 7, 9} (QA U B represents all the elements which belong 10 A é Aor Bor both. SoA UB = (2, 3,4,5,6, 7, 8), There are 7 elements in this set so n(A U 5) = 7 (4) 4.7.B represents all the elements which belang to both A and 8, SoA NB = 2} since 2 is the only number which is both even and prime. ‘Shading unions Example A U Biincludes any region thats shaded in A’ or & (or both). 2 i ii 2 3 a 4 a is shaded Bis shaded AUB sshased Example A’ UB’ includes any region that is shaded in A’ or B’ (or both). yw a e] A € AueFett sets Shading intersections Example A°1B includes any region that s shaded in both A’ and &, € ’ el A 3 a 3 A @ 4a ane Example {A'1.B includes any region that Is shaded in both A‘and sf ee [eee [oa ae A 8 ane Exam question CIE 0580 November '05 Paper 44a All 24 students in a class are asked whether they like football and whether they like basketball. Some of the results are shown in the Venn diagram below. Sy ‘ ‘6 = {students in the class}. {students who like football. 2B = {students who like basketball}. (@) How many students like both sports? (b) How many students like neither sport? (©) Write down the value of n(F U 8). (@) Write down the value of (F'n 2). (@) A student from the class is selected at random. What is the probability that this student likes basketball? (fA student who likes football is selected at random. What is the probability that this student likes basketball? (a) The 12 people inthe intersection of the two ovals lke both sports, () The diagram has numbers in three of the four regions, The total number of students in the three regions is 7+ 12 + 2 = 21. There are 24 students in the class so that leaves 3 students who are in the faurth region, which is those who lke neither sport. (Continued)He7esJ3) Revision guide: Mathematics Exam question (continued) (0 F U8 represents those who lke football or basketball or both, There are 7 + 12+ 2 = 21 in this region soniF UB} = 21 (6) F’ 7B represents those who do not ike fectball but who do ike basketball () ) (@) 12+ 2.= 14 student ke basketball cut of 24 students inthe cass. So probability sed ane (7+ 12= 19 students ke football. Of those 12 tke besketbll. So probability is 12 Extended « Sone na) =2 1. Descrive the shaded regions: 2. Inayear of 100 students, 70 enjoy Maths, SO ‘enjoy French and 20 enjoy neither oe] a, 2 |9ey 4 é {a} Drawa Venn dagram showing tis information, (b) Use your diagram to find the number of students who enjoy both subjects, 3. Ina shop there were 120 customers on a certain dy. Of these 60 paid using notes, 30 paid using ‘coins and 50 paid using cards. (@) Draw a Venn diagram showing this information. (0) Use your diagram to find the number of Customers who used both notes and coins. Or) ary 2 cr ry 2 = z 4. Onan athletics dey 150 athletes take part. 60 ‘ate in the 100 metres, 50 are in the 200 metres ‘and 80 are in neither. (@)_ Draw a Venn disgram showing this information, (©) Use the diagram to find the number of athletes who ran in only one race,) tea 4 Galatlations ‘The square of a number n isn x ”, $0 the square of § is nS Oaa ‘The cube of a number nis n X n x n = n°, so the cube of mets Gg <5) Sis the square rot of 25 ‘Se The square root ofr i represented by V7 oon some calculators on some calculators sovi5=5 a ‘er 2isthe cube rot of The cube wot ns prasented 5 2 by em on some calculators SoW8=2 Exam question ‘CIE 0580 June ‘06 Paper 1.Q5 Calculators are not all, ip 7 the seme. Lear how ‘cube of side J metres has a volume of 20 cubic metres. Calculate the value of J Taree Yi 1=2.71 m(o3sh Order of calculations James fist calculates “three plus five” to give 3.+5.=8 and then does “times by two” to gle 8 x2= 16, Akshay first calculates "two times three” to give 2 3 = 6 and then does “plus five" to gves+5=11 What is two times three plus five? When calculating expressions with several operations you have to do the working inthe right order. The order is Brackets — for example (3 + 4) Indices ~ for example 2° or V3_ Dison for exampleB +2 B | D MAS ‘Multiplication — for example 3 x 4 Aktion - fr cape 5 +2 | subtraction ~for example 7 — 2 Without a calculator Example Calculate (3 + 4? x 3+(54+7)+6-1 Using the B of BIDMAS gives (3 + 4? x 3+ (5 +7) Px 3+12 Using the | of BIDMAS gives 7? x 3+ 12+6-1=49x3+412+6-1 Using the D of BIDMAS gives 48 x 3+ 12+ 6—1=49x3+2-1 Using the M of BIDMAS ges 43 x 3-+ 2-1 = 147 42-1 Using the A of BIDMAS gives 147 + 2-1 = 149-1 Using the Sof BIDMAS gives 149 — 1 = 148,re Example Add brackets to this expression to make the answer corrct: 4x5-3-7=1 Possible postions for the brackets are (x5)-3-7= 20-3 0 4x5 ~(3-7)=20-(-4)=24 4x G-3)-7=4x2-7=1 So the correct postion forthe brackets is 4 x (5 ~ 3) ~ With a calculator The calculator operates using BIDMAS, 7983-1 H, for example, you type in 7 +9 = The calculator Does the Division fist to give 7+ 3.—1 Then the Addition to give 10 — 1 Then the Subtraction to glve 9 z+9 you want the calculator to work out 22 then yau type the expression using brackets. ype in (7 +9) + (3 ~ 1) a5 shown to get the answer 8. (249)4(3-1) Example (2) Work out (782+ 8.13), writing down all the figures on your calculator display, (b) Write the answer to part (a) correct to 2 significant figures. {@) You must instruct the calculator to work out (762 + 6.13) not VT.62 + 8.13. Some calculators open brackets automaticaly when |) is pressed. Others may not Others do not need them as they write everything under the square root, QOUGVWO0 So type in GB The brackets may appear automatically or may not be needed. ‘The display might look like this Vi bee 1a 3. 5bBb2bIb7 (0) VOELF BAT = 4.0 (0284) Example (a) Work out $243, writing down all the figures on your calculator display. (b) Write the answer to part (a) correct to 2 significant figures. (a) It is often safest to calculate the top and bottom of the expressions, write them down in full and then do a separate calculation. 52+43=9Sand61~27-34 52+43 35 ae Sogi-27734 9.55364 “Wing this into a calculator gives: 2. 7A4LL7bY? 52443 _ 33243 = 2.7941 17647 52443 ) e127 80 23h) ‘The screen on your calculator might have a diferent layout. This calculation canbe done in cone go an the caeulator, | You have to bracket the top | expression and bracket the bottom expression. The display looks lke this: 5.2443) ere) 2-794L1 764?Exam question (a) Work out 12.48 x 0.062 VB +752 Write down all the figures on your calculator display. (b) Write your answer to part (a) correct to 2 significant figures. @) ype in (12.48 x 0.063) + (vB + 7.52). ‘The display looks ike this: (12- 48x. 063) (VB+7.52) 0.075976 76348 12.48 x 0.063 (a) 12.48 X 0083 — 9.076 10230 Ve+752 Example Ise your calculator to work out 58iN 2 £95, Use your calculator to work out #0 20" + ‘Galeulations CHE 0580 June ‘06 Paper 1 Q6 Using ANS on calculator Hf you type in 12.48 x 0,063 to 98 0.78524 and then VB + 152 ta get 1034842712 (on the calculator dpey) you can then type 0. 78b24+Ans 0-075976 76348 ‘The “Ans” uses the value that the caleulator lst calculate. Inthis case VB + 7.52 giving your answer to 3 sf. You need to bracket the numerator ofthis expression or else use the fraction button on some calculators, The espa looks like ths: Ssin(20)+cos(5) tan(i0) 15. 34816358 isin 20° + cos 5° 20+ 085 = 15.30 36) Questions 1, Find (to 3s aiven thatthe volume ofthe cube is 50 cm? Fem tem Tom 12. Calculate the value of each expression (to 3st where necessary! fa) 8? (o) 119 or @ VIT @ W=100 (h WeESS 3. Find the side length of a squere whose area is 49 cm 4, Find the side length of a cube whose volume is 216 cm’. 5. Write the following in ascending order (smallest first: @os WE voe 06 oe uct cee) Wer 6 4 6. Add one set of brackets to each equation to make it comrect. @) 4>15+5-2x5=29 ) 34+22x3=15 ( 543x2+7=32 7. Calculate the value ofeach expression (to 350. (@) VIZXES> 21 XBT 61-35 © srea7x 18 2P +a @ ts +5 Directed numbers You can use a number ine to show directed numbers. -5—4—3-2-1 01234 5 Adding and subtracting To a a postive mmber (or subtract a negative number) move tthe right on the nner Example (-4)+6=2 SET isas ‘To subtract a positive number (ar add a negative number) move to the left. Example 54 (-2=5-283 SESE O1ia as Example “The temperature in Moscow was ~1°C at 2300, By 0400 the next day it had fallen by 3°C What was the temperature at 04002 ‘The temperature was (~1) ~ 3 SASH OT isas Multiplying and dividing Multiplying or dividing two negative numbers or two positive numbers gives a positive number. “Multiplying or dividing @ negative number and a positive number gives a negative number, Example (4) x (-2)-8 3X (-5h= 15 (10) +(-2)=5 (-6)+3=-2 Exam question CIE 0580 June '08 Paper 1 06 In May, the average temperature in Kiev was 12°C. In Fobruary, the average temperature was 26°C lower than in May. ‘What was the average temperature in February? ‘The average temperature in February was 12 ~ 2 —c 10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° ‘Armove of 6 to the right. ‘Amove of 2 tothe let. 1. The average temperature each month in Montrealis 2, Calculate the following: ‘shown in the table. fe) 17 +(-3) {b) (4) x (-2) ‘Month [an [eb [Mar [Ap [ay] Jon © aoe (a) ee Avg temp }-11] -9 | -3] 5 | 13] 18 BUG IB G2) 2 “al [Aug | Sep [Oat [Nov | Dee 3. Aman’ bank balance is ~£345 20. He then a fiafisf [1 [7 withdraws €50, What is his now balance? {@) Find the diference between the highest and lowest average monthly temperatures. 4, The water on a gauge is at ~20 cm, that is 20 cm {b) The average minimum temperature for below the flood level. the water ses by 25 cm what December is usually 5 lower than the average level does the gauge show? December temperature. Find the average minimum temperature for December.6 Fractions and| decimals Fractions cate pt ito fe qlee noe eas one ofthe veces then the unt neest cn bere s:afraton, that ofthe wal cle a5. decimal, that is 0.2 of the whole cake, the three expressions are equal 858 percentage, that is 20% of the whole cake isthe numerator ns a Fract Wer you wrt number aa facton yu writin ne fem 7. isthe denominator If Ann shades 4 out of 6 equal sectors ofa circle then she shades 4 of the cle Howeteryoucan so seta se has shaded of te cre 2.4 so3 = 4 When itis 15 minutes after 3 pm, 15 minutes out of 60 minutes in the hour have gone by and the time is a quarter past three. + Remember If you multiply or divide the numerator and the denominator of a fraction by the same number then the value of the fraction is not changed 8 25 ZiN 4 2 l4 sossyouswitoe? = So mi B= t a Neal a 7 \Witing a number in “its lowest form” or “its simplest form* means writing itso that the numerator and denominator do nat have any cammon factors (except 1) Example Write In its lowest form, 4 and 18 have a common factor af 2 fe 18 Z's the lowest form since 2 and 3 have no common factors (except 1) Decimals and percentages In a decimal number the decimal point separates the whole number part from the fractions The fractions are tenths, hundredths, thousandtns and so on. o5+2+5 SBS +55 * 705 Example Express 0.15 as (a) a fraction (b) a percentage. 120 so tyounatpy +5 = 15.3 jay toa 015 by 10d its values not changed. (@ 015 = 1 - bt w-3 15 x 100% = 15%Revision guide: Mathematics Example Express the fraction 2as (a) decimal (b) a percentage. ) 2= 2=04x = @2 @) 204 x 100% = 40% Example Write down three equal numbers from this ist: 2 8 os o% osx 2, 38 08 800% \Wite al the number s decimals ei 2a 8 5s cos esos on Jy= 7b g~ 0.008 Bj-008 a8 800% So tether en number af 0008, 0.8% ad 25, Addition and subtraction of fractions ‘+ Same denominators Ifthe fractions have the same denominator then add the two numerators and leave the denominator unchanged. Example Example 2,3 - z pea Z 2,38 2 7* 77 F <— denominator left unchanged —» 11 * Different denominators Ifthe fractions have afferent denominators then rewrite them so that they have the same denominator (the LCM af the denominators) Example 144 610 LEM of 6 and 10 i 30 0 write Jasd, and tas 3 330 410 *30 Hence he 1 Bp iB. 8° 107307307 30775 + Mixed numbers Example 245. 2718 LeMof 12 and 181 36so wre 7 a2 ang 5 a5 10 Zas2t and 5 as 7,521, 10.31 Hence 452214 10.31 lence 17 * 1g 36 * 36 36 {A “med number sa number such 264 2. So tis a mitre of whole number and a fraction fxample sh+72 Method 1 sh+73 2+ eee 2+ ete 2415 2413 NB Method 1is simpler when adcing or subtracing large numbers. Method 2 \Wte both fractions as “top heavy fractions”Fractions and decimals Method 2 ‘Write both fractions as “top heavy fractions” Sond soeg=6+8 dc aed and33=3+3= So Multiplication of fractions + Muli the rumerators together and multiply the denominators together. 6 3_2x3_6 577x535 Remember to cancel out comman factors 2 Example 2 Zy3- Fy 33 Example 37 Xia 1 < jae 32 ample Fed of 120. nao 1 + Mixed numbers Example Find 12 x22, Write both numbers as “top heavy fractions”, 2 sod + tee Bg ot so1dx 22 Division of fractions ‘+ Wiite both fractions as top heavy fractions ‘+ "Flip over” the second fraction and change the division sign into @ mukiplication sign. Example fat Find 31+ 91 =2.28 <— Wte both fractions as top heavy fractions << “flip over’ the second fraction and change the division sign into multiplication sign. + raisthesame as x35 ee so 8 isthesameas x 5Revision guide: Mathematics Recurring decimals A recurring decimal has a sequence of digits which repeat indefinite, ¢g, 0,333333..., 0.275275275..., 06781818181 The recurting digits are shown lke this: 0.333333... = 03 aaTs278275... = 027% thelist gt ofthe ecg pa. oe7eisisist = 06781 Comparing the sizes of decimals You can wite 57 It is clear from this that $7.82 is larger than 57.8, ‘To compare the sizes of two decimals Compare the digits in the first decimal place. 1 the cigits in the frst deci place are equal 1 compare th 1 ae perma feos then compare the second decimal paces sce BES lgethan no 82 ge tan 679 Example Place these numbers in ascending order: a2 3 Bo2 06 om 3 ‘write them all as decimal fractions. 34 2 BL x 2-06 066 67% B= 06s Soin ascending order they are: 13 2 3a Boe 2 6m B Exam question CIE 0580 June ‘06 Paper 1 Q2 ° ° 0.09 90% 725 9% 08 7 900% Write down the three numbers from the list above which have the same value. ‘rite all the numbers as decimal fractions. s a 009 90%=-09 72,-0.009 9% The vee equal ubers te 0.09, 9% and 8 0.09 900% = 9Fractions and decimals Notation for comparing the sizes of numbers ‘The symbol ">" means greater than, So x > 5 means that xis greater than 5 The symbol "-<" means less than, So x <3 means that x less than 3, ‘The symbol "=" means greater than or equal to, So x = 6 means that xs greater than or equal 06. “The symbol "=<" means less than or equal to, Sox *= -2 means that xs less than or equal to-2. Exam question ‘CIE 0580 November ‘05 Paper 1 Q14 ‘choose one of the symbols: =, < or >, to complete each of the following statements, When x = 6 and y= -7, then xy OR yoXenry fe) 6>-T0x>y () P=0=36, P= (-7F = 49 and 36 < 49507 <7 (@ yox=-7-6= 13, x-y-6~-7 = 13and-13.< 13 soy—K nines expressions. from one battle of orange juice? xy Wy-K.x-y 3. G) Express 0.375 28 a fraction (9 12. ©) bepress 3 as a decimal ae a 0037 37% «0307 37H 4. Calculate the following: From the numbers listed above write down Vest Were ta {a} the smallest suber PEGS () the largest number (88-32 (©) the two numbers which ate equal id) 4b= 23UP Seueiel ioe) ‘The mass ofthe Earth fs about § 974 200 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg, avery large: ‘number The time taken for light to travel 1 km is about 0,000 003 335 56 seconds, a very small number. Standard form is useful when writing very large and very small numbers. ‘To write a number in standard form express it as a number between | and 10 multiplied by ‘the aporopriate power of 10 ax 10% Wa number ‘nis a whole number, between | and 10 positive for large numbers, (isa<10) negative for small nurnbers ‘So the mass of the Earth = 5.9742 x 10™kg Some calculators dspay this as. ‘Multiplying by 102 moves the decimal place in S97RE ‘5.7¢2 by 24 places tothe right. The time taken for light to travel 1 km = 3.335 56 x 10°* seconds Some calculators display this as. Multiplying by 10-£ moves the decimal place in 3.335566 -6 333556 by 6 placesto the lft. Example \Write these numbers in standard form: 3723000 0.001235 0.172 10.3. o.000000312 201 723 x 10° 0,001 235 = 1.235 x 107 1.72 X10" 10.3 = 1.03 x 10" 0.000 000312 = 3.12 x 10-7 201 = 2.01 x 107 Example \Write 456.000 000 000 in standard form. £456 000 000 000 = 4.56 x 100.000 000 000 = 4.56 x 10" Example Write 0.000 372 in standard form. 0.000 372 = 3.72 x 72x 10-4 70000 Exam question ‘CIE 0580 June '06 Paper 1.920 ‘There are 565 sheets of paper in a book. (2) How many sheets of paper are there in 2000 of these books? Give your answer in standard form. (b) A pile of 565 sheets of paper is 25 mm high. Calculate the thickness of 1 sheet of paper. Give your answer in standard form. (@) 2000 x 565 = 1 130.000, ()25 + 565 = 0.044 247. 13108 42 x 10°? mm (to 3s)Questions +The distance from London to Beirut is approximately 3. 3460 km, Express this number in standard form ‘The distance from Auckland to Rio de Janeiro is approximately 12 260 km. Express this number in standard form. The radius of the Earth s 6 378 100 m. Express this ‘number in standard form. ‘The speed of light is given as 2.998 x 10% ms~ Express this as an ordinary number, Express these numbers in decimal form (to 3 sf) (@) 02° () 0.35 © 0.157 (a) 0.228 Give the values of these expressions in standard form (0 33h @ ©” © Vous ) VO007 Gf alg @s? 10. Give your answers to these calculations in standard form (to 3 sf where necessary) (@) (3.4 x 107) x (4.2 x 105) () (2.9 x 10°) x (2.1 x 10”) (© (72. 104}x (1.3 x 10-4) (a) (3.91 x 10°) + (2.35 x 1077) (© (9.21 x 107) +(231 x 10-9) ( (1.21 10-4) + (1.24 x 10°) 11. 12. . The population of the world at the end of 1995 was 5.2 x 10" people (@) The population was projected to grow by 4% in 1996. Calculate the projected population at the +) aR RUNES TSI Standard form Pi ETRE ARE, end of 1986, giving your answer in standard form (to 230, (6) In fact the population at the end of 1996 was 5.5 10°. What was the percentage increase (to 2 sf in the population over 19967 (@) The projected population at the end of 2020 Is 1.8 x 10 How many more people i this ‘than at the end of 19957 (Give your answer in standard form to 2 sf.) “The density of water is 1 x 10# kg m3. Find the following (al in standard form): (@) the mass of water (in kg) in a cuboid measuring 2mby3mby5m (©) the volume (nr) of water whose mass is 5X 10* tonnes (ane tonne is 1000 ko. (the volume (in em?) of 1 m? of water. (€) the mass (in g) of 1m? of water (@) the density of water in g cm (the mass of water (n g) in 2 cuboid measuring 64m by 3 cmby 10cm. ‘The population ofa certain country is 5.7 x 10° and is area is 7.21 x 10* km. Find the population density (people per m*) ofthis country in standard form to 3, The diameter of the Earth is 1.3 X10" m, ‘Assuming that the Earth isa perfect sphere, find its circumference in km. Write the answer in standard form (to2 sf) The adult population of a country is 60 milion. The ‘average annual income per adult is $43 000. Find in standard form the total annual income from the ‘adult population.8 Estimation and limits of accuracy cape tour Estimation ‘A website states thatthe distance between Cape Town and Caio is 7234.15 km. However its more realistic to give an estimation ofthis distance. ‘The distance can be stated to (a) the nearest kn (b) the nearest 10 km (@) the nearest 100 km, {@) To the nearest km the distance i ether 7234 km or 7235 km. tis clear that 7234.15 km is closer to 7234 km than to 7235 km. So the answer is 7234 km, to the nearest km, (b) To the nearest 10 km the distances either 7230 km or 7240 km. tis clear that 7234.15 km is closer to 7230 km than to 7240 km. So the distance is 7230 km, tothe nearest 10 km, (@) To the nearest 100 km the distance is either 7200 km or 7300 km. It is clear that "7234.15 km is closer to 7200 km than to 7300 km. So the distance is 7200 km, to the nearest 100 km, Example ‘What is 9236.5 km to the nearest km?) |< $$ 9236.5 kms exactly halfway between 9236 km and 9237 km. Use the rule that “5 or more is rounded up", {9236.5 km = 9237 km to the nearest km, ‘When a number is rounded to 2 decimal places, there is no limit t how many digits it can have before the decimal point but it must have exactly two digits after the decimal, point. Zeros are treated in the same way as any other number. Example Given that = 3.141 592 653 589 793 238.46. find eeorrectto2dp. res betwen 3.14 ard 3.15, both of which ae gen to 2 dp. Rounding to 3 signi 3.14°43592 653 589 793 238 46 rounds down to 3.14 since ¢ so Example Write 17.298 correct to 3 significant figures. 17.298 les between 17.2 and 17.3, both of whch are gen to 3s. 17.248 rounds up to 17.3 since: S0 17298 3.14 to.2 dp) 7.3 flo 35h, int figures is less than 5 "Sor more” 7238.15 7234 7235 3S 7230 7240 R315 7200 7300 ‘When a number is exactly halfway between the two ‘numbers the convention is ‘that Sis avays rounded up. 3.14159265358979323846, 314 315 17.98 172 73Estimation and limits of accuracy ity Example Write 18.047 correct to 3 significant figures. 19.047 18.047 les between 18.0 and 18.1, bath of which are given to 3st 18.07 rounds down to 180 since is les than five 70 tet Pi nies hoon B. OSs $0 18.047 = 180003 A ‘Small numbers When rounding small numbers to 3 signficant figures remember thatthe digits the fst non-zero alt and that every digit after that i significant. Example We 0.006 5176 correct o3 significant figures. 01004 517 Sies between 0,008 51 and 0004 2, both of which ae gen to 3s significant 0.004 51 i6 rounds up to 0.004 52 since ee reer $00,004 5176 = 0.004 52 (to 3 sf) is "Sor more” Be careful with numbers that have several zeros. Large numbers ‘When rounding large numbers to 3 significant figures remember that the zeros at the end ‘of the numiser are not (necessarily significant. Example Write 2003 correct to 3 significant figures. 2003 les between 2000 and 2010, bot ct which are gen to 3. -2003.rounds down to 2000 since 3is less than 5. aun ooo since 0 2003 = 2000 (to 3s. This can be confusing since you might be tempted to assume that 2000 only has one significant figure. Example Find an approximate answer to 18.79 = 2:31 x 3.15 by rounding each number to 1 sf The clestion becomes 20 23 = 14 Limits of accuracy Upper and lower bounds if the length of a rope is given as 5.3 m (to 2 sf) then you can calculate the upper and lower bounds ofthe lenath ofthe rope. Tati you can caculate the longest and shortest posible values ofthe length ofthe ope To calculate the lower and upper bound think of the two numbers (to 2 sf) immedlotey above and btn 53 These are 5.2 and 5.4 Vy S ESS 53 ee, oe Sa ‘The lower bound is halfway between 5.2 and 5.3. So 5.25 isthe lower bound. “The upper bound is halfway between 5.3 and 5.4, So 5.35 isthe upper bound, Ifa length is given as 5:3 m (to 2sf) then it could be as short as 6.25 m and as long as 5.35 m. You write 5.25 m = length < 5.35 m «—————— NB You can say that 5.55 cm isthe upper bound for 5.5 m even though 5:35 rounds to 5.4m. This means thatthe number can be anything below 5.35m (60 5.34999999099..) but never use recurring decimals as bounds,[233 Revision guide: Mathematics Example The perimeter of acrce is given as 15 cm (to2 sf) Find the upper and lower bounds for the perimeter of the circle, To calculate the lower and upper bound think ef the twe numbers (to 2 sf) immediately above and below 15. These are 14 and 16 The lower bound is halfway between 14 and 15, that is 14.5 ‘The upper bound is halfway between 15 and 16, that is 15.5, So 14.5cm = perimeter < 15.5cm Exam question (HE 0580 June'06 Paper 1 07 ‘The population of a city is 350 000 correct to the nearest ten thousand, Complete the statement about the limits of the population. — 104= 2048 Example The value of a house in 2007 was $300 000. What was its value in 2008 after a fall of 1% of 300000 309009 = $3000 3080 of £300 001 $3000 x = $24 000 Quick alternative method: ‘So the value of the house in 2008 was $300 000 — $24 000 = $276 000. 300.000 x 0.92 = $276 000 Simple interest and compound interest IF you save money ina savings scheme (for example, wth a bank, building society or the government) the initial amount you investi calle! he prineipal snd you receive interest on your money. Similanly if you borrow money the lender will charge you interest. ‘Simple interest \When you invest money in a bank offering simple interest you only get interest on the ‘original principal. Example Joseph invests $500 at 4% per annum simple interest. How much will he have atthe end of 5 years? Interest = 40h of $500 = 85 500 = $20 per year "Per annum" (pa) means each year. Total interest in 5 years = $20 x 5 100 Joseph will have $500 + $100 = $600