Sociology Final

1
Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

Impact Analysis
Photo Credit - ANKIT ANAND
Project Work of Sociology on

Child Labour prohibition and regulations act, 1986: Impact
Analysis
Dr. Sangeet Kumar
ANKIT ANAND
Faculty of Sociology
Roll No- 916

1st Year B.A. LL.B
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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Impact Analysis
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide
Dr. Sangeet Kumar for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement
throughout the course of this research. The blessing, help and guidance given by him time to
time shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark.
I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Dr.Sangeet Kumar for
providing me this research topic and for her cordial support, valuable information and
guidance, which helped me in completing this task through various stages.
Lastly, I thank almighty, my parents, brother and friends for their constant encouragement
without which this assignment would not be possible.
Introduction:-
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Impact Analysis
Child labour is the practice of having children engages in economic activity, on part or fulltime basis. The practice deprives children of their childhood, and is harmful to their physical
and mental development.1 Poverty, lack of good schools and growth of informal economy are
considered as the important causes of child labour in India.2
The 2001 national census of India estimated the total number of child labour, aged 514, to
be at 12.6 million, out of a total child population of 253 million in 5-14 age group. 34 The child
labour problem is not unique to India; worldwide, about 217 million children work, many
full-time.5
In 2001, out of a 12.6 million child workers, about 120,000 children in India were in a
hazardous job.6 UNICEF estimates that India with its larger population, has the highest
number of labourers in the world under 14 years of age, while sub-Saharan African countries
have the highest percentage of children who are deployed as child labour. 7
8 9
International
1 "Child labor - causes". ILO, United Nations. 2008.
2 Mario Biggeri and Santosh Mehrotra (2007). Asian Informal Workers: Global Risks, Local
Protection. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-38275-5.
3 "National Child Labour project". Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India.
Retrieved 12 September 2011.
4 Age Structure And Marital Status India Census 2001

5 "Child Labour - ILO". ILO, United Nations. 2011.
6 "Children and Work (Annual Report 2009)". Census 2001. 2008. p. 108.
7 "India- The big picture". UNICEF. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
8 "THE STATE OF THE WORLDS CHILDREN - 2011". UNICEF. 2012.
9 Madslien, Jorn (4 February 2004). "ILO: 'Child labour prevents is ver". BBC NEWS. Retrieved 20
September 2011. "Facts on Child Labor - 2010". ILO, Geneva. 2011.
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Impact Analysis
Labour Organisation estimates that agriculture at 60 percent is the largest employer of child
labour in India,10 while United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation estimates 70% of
child labour is deployed in agriculture and related activities.11 Outside of agriculture, child
labour is observed in almost all informal sectors of the Indian economy.12 13 14
Companies including Gap,15 Primark,16 and Monsanto17 have been criticised for child labour
in their products. The companies claim they have strict policies against selling products made
by underage children, but there are many links in a supply chain making it difficult to oversee
them all.18 In 2011, after three years of Primark's effort, BBC acknowledged that its awardwinning investigative journalism report of Indian child labour use by Primark was a fake.
BBC apologized to Primark, to Indian suppliers and all its viewers.19 20 21
10 "Facts on Child Labor - 2010". ILO, Geneva. 2011.
11 "Agriculture accounts for 70 percent of child labour worldwide". FAO, United Nations. 2006
12 "Child Labour". Labour.nic.in. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
13 http://labour.nic.in/cwl/ListHazardous.htm
14 Burra, Neera. "Child labour in rural areas with a special focus on migration, agriculture, mining
and brick kilns". National Commission for Protection of Child Rights. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
15 "Gap Under Fire: Reports Allege Child Labor". ABC News. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
16 Hawkes, Steve (17 June 2008). "Primark drops firms using child labour". The Times(London).
Retrieved 22 October 2009.
17 "Child Labor". Forbes. 3 October 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2009.

18 "Child Labor". Forbes. 3 October 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
19 Burrell, Ian; Hickman, Martin (17 June 2011). "BBC crisis over 'fake' sweatshop scene in Primark
documentary". The Independent (London).
20 "Shamed BBC hand back top award after 'faking footage of child labour' in Primark Panorama
expose". Daily Mail (London). 28 June 2011.
21 "http://www.primarkresponse.com/panorama/timeline-of-events/". Primark. 2012.
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Impact Analysis
Article 24 of India's constitution prohibits child labour. Additionally, various laws and the
Indian Penal Code, such as the Juvenile Justice (care and protection) of Children Act-2000,
and the Child Labour (Prohibition and Abolition) Act-1986 provide a basis in law to identify,
prosecute and stop child labour in India.22
The term child labour suggests ILO,23 is best defined as work that deprives children of their
childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental
development. It refers to work that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and
harmful to children, or work whose schedule interferes with their ability to attend regular
school, or work that affects in any manner their ability to focus during school or experience
healthy childhood.
UNICEF defines child labour differently. A child, suggests UNICEF, is involved in child
labour activities if between 5 to 11 years of age, he or she did at least one hour of economic
activity or at least 28 hours of domestic work in a week, and in case of children between 12 to
14 years of age, he or she did at least 14 hours of economic activity or at least 42 hours of
economic activity and domestic work per week. 24 UNICEF in another report suggests,
"Childrens work needs to be seen as happening along a continuum, with destructive or
exploitative work at one end and beneficial work - promoting or enhancing childrens
development without interfering with their schooling, recreation and rest - at the other. And
between these two poles are vast areas of work that need not negatively affect a childs
development."
22 "National Legislation and Policies Against Child Labour in India". International Labour
Organization - an Agency of the United Nations, Geneva. 2011.
23 "What is child labour?". International Labour Organization. 2012.

24"Definitions: Child Protection". UNICEF. 2012.
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Impact Analysis
India's Census 2001 office defines25child labour as participation of a child less than 17 years
of age in any economically productive activity with or without compensation, wages or
profit. Such participation could be physical or mental or both. This work includes part-time
help or unpaid work on the farm, family enterprise or in any other economic activity such as
cultivation and milk production for sale or domestic consumption. Indian government
classifies child labourers into two groups: Main workers are those who work 6 months or
more per year. And marginal child workers are those who work at any time during the year
but less than 6 months in a year.
Some child rights activists argue that child labour must include every child who is not in
school because he or she is a hidden child worker.26 UNICEF, however, points out that India
faces major shortages of schools, classrooms and teachers particularly in rural areas where 90
percent of child labour problem is observed. About 1 in 5 primary schools have just one
teacher to teach students across all grades.27 28 29 30
Child Labour and Child Work:Child labour is defined by many organizations as any kind of work for children that harms
them or exploits them in some way may it be physically, mentally, morally or by depriving a
child of education.
25 "Figures: An Analysis of Census 2001 Child Labour Facts and Figures". Govt of India and ILO.
2007.
26 "Abolition of Child Labour A Brief Note". National Advisory Council. 2011.

27 "The Children - Education". UNICEF. 2011.
28 "Global campaign for children - More teachers needed". UNICEF. 24 April 2006.
29 Swati Chandra (10 April 2012). "Shortage of teachers cripples right to education". The Times of
India.
30 "Uniform shortage". India Today. 3 September 2011.
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Impact Analysis
It refers to work that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to
children; deprives children of the opportunity to attend school or leave school prematurely;
requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy
work and work that is in violation of a countrys minimum age laws. In its most extreme
forms, child labour involves child slavery, debt bondage, children separated from their
families, child trafficking, children exposed to serious hazards and illnesses and/or left to
fend for themselves on the streets of large cities often at a very early age. Whether or not
particular forms of work can be called child labour depends on the childs age, the type
and hours of work performed, the conditions under which it is performed and the objectives
pursued by individual countries.
On the other hand child work refers to a positive participation of children in an economic
activity, which is not detrimental to their health or mental and physical development; on the
contrary, it is a beneficial work, which strengthens or encourages the child development. It
allows a normal schooling and does not impede the child from doing leisure activities or
resting. This includes activities such as helping their parents around the home, assisting in a
family business or earning pocket money outside school hours and during school holidays.
These kinds of activities contribute to childrens development and to the welfare of their
families; they provide them with skills and experience, and help to prepare them to be
productive members of society during their adult life.
Aims and objectives:To know about Child Labour

To know about the cause and consequence of Child Labour in India
To know about the Child Labour Laws and their implementation
To know about violation of Child Labour provisions
To know about the measures to eradicate Child Labour from our Society
To know the global perspective on child labour
Hypothesis:-
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Impact Analysis
The researcher feels that Child Labour directly or indirectly hampers the development of the
country because it limits the growth of personality of the child and STOPS him from making
effective contribution to the society.
Research Methodology:Doctrinal Method

The doctrinal method in this project refers to various books, law review, magazine and
journals on prostitution. Some help has also been taken from news paper, article and data
given in report and last but not the least on line material.
Non Doctrinal Method

The non doctrinal method will involve interview of 2-3 women caught in flesh trade, Police
officer, Journalist. It also involves Interview of a common man and taking their view on this
social problem.
History of Child Labour:Child labour in some form or the other has always existed in societies all over the world.
Children used to accompany their parents while working in the fields. Moreover they were
also expected to help with household chores as well as taking care of the sick and elderly. As
most of the work was being done under the watchful eyes of the parents, instances of
exploitation were rare. Even today work of this sort is not considered exploitative.
The worst forms of the exploitation of children started during the Industrial Revolution. It
was at this time that machinery took over many functions formerly performed by hand and
was centralized in large factories. There was a large scale structural shift in employment
patterns. Many artisans lost their jobs and were forced to work in these factories. But the
owners of these factories realized that operating many of these machines did not require adult
strength,
and
children
could
be
hired
much
more
cheaply
than
adults.
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Impact Analysis
Children had always worked, especially in farming. But factory work was hard. A child with
a factory job might work 12 to 18 hours a day, six days a week, to earn a dollar. Many
children began working before the age of 7, tending machines in spinning mills or hauling
heavy loads. The factories were often damp, dark, and dirty. Some children worked
underground, in coal mines. The working children had no time to play or go to school, and
little
time
to
rest.
They
often
became
ill.
Many of the jobs that these children specialized in were very dangerous. E.g.: The youngest
children in the textile factories were usually employed as scavengers and piecers. Scavengers
had to pick up the loose cotton from under the machinery. This was extremely dangerous as
the children were expected to carry out the task while the machine was still working. While
the piercers had the job of fixing broken threads. It is estimated that these piecers walked
almost
20
miles
in
single
day.
Another barbaric practice followed in Victorian times was the use of children as chimney
sweeps. Children were also employed to work in coal mines to crawl through tunnels too
narrow and low for adults. They also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks,
or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods. Some children undertook work as
apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants. By 1810 about
2,000,000 children were working 50 to 70 hours a week. About 2/3rds of the total workers in
the textile industry were children.
Church and labour groups, teachers, and many other people were outraged by such cruelty.
They began to press for reforms. The English writer Charles Dickens helped publicize the
evils of child labour with his novel Oliver Twist. Two Factory Acts were implemented in
1802 and 1809. Both these acts set limits on the maximum number of hours that a child was
allowed to work in a day. But the implementation of these laws was lax and it had very little
effect.
In the United States it took many years to outlaw child labour. Connecticut passed a law in
1813 saying that working children must have some schooling. By 1899 a total of 28 states
had passed laws regulating child labour. Today all the states and the U.S. Government have
laws regulating child labour. These laws have cured the worst evils of children's working in
factories. But some kinds of work are not regulated. Children of migrant workers, for
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example, have no legal protection. Farmers may legally employ them outside of school hours.
The children pick crops in the fields and move from place to place, so they get little
schooling.
In India child labour has always existed in the agricultural sector. Children and their parents
used to work together in the farms. Moreover the task of taking the cattle to graze was always
allotted to children. Although this work was hard and tiring, it did not lead to a worsening of
their future prospects. Schooling was not available in most villages and most of the jobs were
still in the agricultural sector. So this work served as training for their future. Large scale
exploitation of children in India began with the arrival of the British. Just as the case was in
Great Britain, the new industrialists started hiring children who were forced to work in
inhuman conditions. Laws against child labour were passed under Employment of Children
Act of 1938. These attempts at legislation failed as they failed to address the root cause of
child labour in India: poverty. Until and unless the populace was brought out of poverty, it
was impossible to take the children out of the labour force.
Cause of Child Labour in India

India accounts for the second highest number where child labour of the world is concerned.
Africa accounts for the highest number of children employed and exploited. Child labour is
one of the biggest problems faced by world today. According to UNICEF, a staggering
number of 250 million children aged 2 to 17 are subjected to child labour worldwide.
Poverty the main reason for child labour

Poverty can be termed as the main reason for child labour in India. Though the country has
achieved commendable progress in industrialization, the benefits of the same have not been
effectively passed on to the lower strata of society. The disparities in income have
progressively increased more so after the opening up of the Indian Economy from the late
80s. People who had the resources became richer by employing the poor who were readily
available as cheap labour. The average earnings of a poor industrial worker is still about 2
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Impact Analysis
dollars per day even in suburban areas around Mumbai and other metropolitan cities of India.
In order to keep costs down even large companies employ unorganized workers through
contractors who get uneducated and unskilled and semi-skilled people at very low wages.
Poor children and their families may rely upon child labour in order to improve their chances
of attaining basic necessities. More than one-fourth of the world's people live in extreme
poverty, according to 2005 U.N. statistics. The intensified poverty in parts of Africa, Asia,
and Latin America causes many children there to become child labourers.
This helps the industries to keep their labour costs down at the cost of the poor labourers. In
effect what happens is that the children of these poor unorganized labourers have to find
some work to help run the family. They cannot afford to go to school when they do not have
food to eat and when their other brethren go hungry. Hence children from such deprived
families try to work as domestic servants, or in factories who employ them and remain
uneducated and grow up that way becoming perennial victims of this vicious cycle or poverty
and suppression.
As we know that more than 70% of the population of our country lived in rural area. Their
economic situation is not good. The main reason for low income in the family is highest
number of family members in the family. They think that income of the family is directly
proportional to number of family members. This is the reason for child labour in our society.
ILLETERACY AND LACK OF EDUCATION

Illiteracy is a situation when a person is not able to read and/or write. This is when the person
is not in a position to get even primary education. Lack of education is another aspect which
is a result of illiteracy and lack of information. An uneducated person is one who is generally
unaware of things which an average person is required to know. Such people are normally
unaware of their human rights and the rights of their children too. The children of such
people normally become child labourers around their homes.
Basic education is not free in all countries and is not always available for all children,
especially in remote rural areas. Where schools are available, the quality of education can be
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Impact Analysis
poor and the content not relevant. In situations where education is not affordable or parents
see no value in education, children are sent to work, rather than to school.
In 2006, approximately 75 million children were not in school, limiting future opportunities
for the children and their communities. A 2009 report by the United Nations estimated that
achieving universal education for the world's children would cost $10-30 billion -- about
0.7% - 2.0% of the annual cost of global military spending.
Culture and tradition
With few opportunities open to children with more education, parents are likely to share a
cultural norm in which labour is seen as the most productive use of a childs time. Children
are often expected to follow in their parents footsteps and are frequently summoned to
help other members of the family, often at a young age.
Market demand
Child labour is not accidental. Employers may prefer to hire children because they are
cheaper than their adult counterparts, can be dispensed of easily if labour demands
fluctuate and also form a docile, obedient work-force that will not seek to organize itself for
protection and support.
The effects of income shocks on households
Households that do not have the means to deal with income shocks, such as natural disasters,
economic or agricultural crises or the impact of HIV, AIDS, may resort to child labour as a
coping mechanism. For example, millions of children have been affected by the HIV
pandemic. Many children live with HIV, while an even larger number have been orphaned or
made vulnerable by AIDS. If a parent falls ill due to HIV or AIDS related illnesses, the child
may have to drop out of school to care for family members. The phenomenon of child-headed
households is also associated with the HIV, AIDS epidemic as orphaned children work to care
for younger siblings.
Inadequate/poor enforcement of legislation and policies to protect children
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Impact Analysis
Child labour persists when national laws and policies to protect children are lacking or are
not effectively implemented.
Fatalist attitude of the poor towards life
Most of the people belonging to the lowest strata of society in India have a fatalist and
submissive attitude towards life. They do not believe that their lot can be better.
High population leading to break neck competition for jobs
The industrialists in India have been successful in taking advantage of this disadvantage
faced by job seekers. Due to high population the job seekers not in a position to bargain a
higher wage. As a result the poor remain poor working for low wages.
Irresponsible attitude of employers
A general sense of irresponsibility towards society is seen the employers in India who are
least bothered as to how their employees survive. In spite of being aware of the high cost of
living and inflation they are least bothered and least ashamed to pay wages which are much
below sustenance levels. Also if the employers were responsible they in the first place would
not employ children at all.
Existing laws or codes of conduct are often violated.
Even when laws or codes of conduct exist, they are often violated. For example, the
manufacture and export of products often involves multiple layers of production and
outsourcing, which can make it difficult to monitor who is performing labour at each step of
the process. Extensive subcontracting can intentionally or unintentionally hide the use of
child labour.
Laws and enforcement are often inadequate.

Child labour laws around the world are often not enforced or include exemptions that allow
for child labour to persist in certain sectors, such as agriculture or domestic work. Even in
countries where strong child labour laws exist, labour departments and labour inspection
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Impact Analysis
offices are often under-funded and under-staffed, or courts may fail to enforce the laws.
Similarly, many state governments allocate few resources to enforcing child labour laws.
Parental illiteracy
In India parental illiteracy is also one of the important cause of child labour. Due to illiteracy
they do not know the importance of education. They do not have any idea what is the role of
education in any ones life.
Tradition of making children learn the family skills
In India due to illiteracy and poverty the children have to opt the traditional business of
family in order to support the family members.
Ignorance of the parents about the adverse consequences of Child labour
Non-availability of and non-accessibility to schools
Irrelevant and non-attractive school curriculum
Employers prefer children as they constitute cheap labour and they are not able to
organize themselves against exploitation.
CONCEQUENCES OF CHILD LABOUR

As it remains a wide spread problems especially in developing countries, child labour, has
predominantly negative effects on health and development of the children involved and also
on the socioeconomic picture of the country in short or long term. Certain forms of child
labour, particularly those done outside of the households, have known effects on the wellbeing of child labourers. The impact of child labourers exposure to various forms of workrelated abuse may encompass the physical, psychological and emotional dimensions, and
ultimately undermining the childs welfare. The short-term effects of engaging in child
labour, particularly the worst forms, are the ones more immediately experience by the child
and the household. Evidently, the short-term positive impact of child labour is the increase in
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Impact Analysis
household income because of the added worker effect. However, the emphasis will be
more on the negative consequences of child labour by taking into account schooling affects
health effects and psycho-emotional effects on the child.
Expectedly, these short-term effects resonate in the long term. And the emphasis will also be
on the socio-economic long-run effects on the macro economy, which are consistent with the
effect of child labour on the household level.
Short-run consequences
The general short-run consequences are as follows:
Schooling Effects
There is universal agreement about the negative impact of child labour on the education of a
child labourer. Child labour interferes with school attendance and school performance, and it
increases the probability that the child becomes a school dropout. In the medium and long
run, this leads to low education and skills and low capacity to earn, thus bringing about the
mutual feedback between child labour and education in the medium and long runs.
Evidence was provided 65 to the aforementioned, revealing that school participation
decreases with age of the child labourers. About 53 percent of the surveyed child labourers
do not attend school. School participation among child labourers aged 5 to 12 was about 80
percent. This drops to 60 percent by age 13 and to 22 percent by age 17 (Alonzo, 2002).
Health and Safety Effects
It violates childrens right and exposes them to health risks for they are prone to physical,
emotional and sexual abuse. Increasing number of victims of most harmful child labour such
as child trafficking exposes children to HIV/AIDS, STIs, and other infectious diseases
As coping mechanisms, child prostitutes may also indulge in substance abuse, which may
have insidious effects on their physical and mental states if left unchecked. Studies by Pacis
reports that child domestic workers experience physical abuse73many are being injured,
beaten, or tormented, some even to death. Others were forces to drink poisonous fluids such
as bleach and anti-clog liquids.
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Impact Analysis
Psycho-emotional Effects
The worst forms of child labour also expose children to psychological and emotional abuses
and harm. This in itself is a crime against the childs rights, which should be prevented at all
costs.
From a psycho-social viewpoint, the reality of child labour essentially leads to the loss of the
childs semblance of childhood. It was pointed out that64, socially; the children felt that they
have less time for recreation, play and even to socialize with other people outside of their
work. This lack of socialization at play may have both psychological and emotional effects on
child labourers. These abuses started immediately after they were deployed to their work. He
further said that many child domestic workers have stunted intellectual, emotional and
physical development. Some have experience rape, molestation and other acts of sexual
abuse.
Long-run consequences
Child labour is basically the short-run coping mechanism of poor families during times of
crises.. In the medium and long run, the practice of child labour provides a coping mechanism
of the poor and disadvantaged in a community and society that is wanting in economic
development and social protection.
As it were, the negative consequences of child labour experienced in the household level,
resonates on the aggregate level and in the long run. The costs of foregone education and the
lack of skills acquisition and health, emotional and psychological damages will surely have
an effect on current and future efficiency and productivity.
Macroeconomic, endogenous growth theory argues that the contribution of human capital to
economic development results in increasing returns to scale and positive externalities which
are key to economic development and sustained growth (Lim, 2002). It was said (Anker,
2000) that Child labour leads to reduction in human capital and reduction in skilled and
educated labour, a reduction in healthy and productive labour, and a reduction in the quality
of the labour force by reducing socialization and interpersonal skills. High incidence and
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Impact Analysis
prevalence of child labour, therefore leads to massive productivity and efficiency losses in the
medium and long-term.
Types of child labour

Several forms of child labour exist worldwide with some types more prevalent in some areas
of the world. Some labour might be harmful while others are not. In 2006, an estimated 74
million children aged 5-17 years were working in hazardous situation and they contribute
about half the total number of economically active children and more than 2/3 of those in
child labour.18 in addition to this, estimated 8.4 million children are involved in other worst
form of labour such as trafficking, forced and bonded labour, prostitution and pornography
and other illicit activities
Domestic child labour
Domestic services are by far the most common line of work for female child labourers, but
boys can also be domestic servant (Bequele, 1988). Domestic servants are basically children
who work at a familys home and perform their common household tasks, such as caring for
small children, cooking, cleaning the house and handling cleaning chemicals, using sharp
kitchen utensils and lifting heavy items. These children undergo immense physical stress,
making them subject to accidents while carrying out even the simplest of tasks. Sometimes
the childs employers and their family members physically abuse the child. They are thrown
into a cycle of violence until they are given out to the next family.
In Guatemala and El Salvador tens of thousands of girls work as domestic servants, some as
young as eight years old (ILO/OPEC, 2000). According to one local advocate in Guatemala,
employers control nearly every aspect of a domestic workers life, including the salary she
earns, the work she does, her working hours, the days she can go out, where she can go and
even what language she should speak in the home and how she should dress (Child
Domestic, 2004). Approximately 200,000 Indonesian girls and women work in Malaysia as
household domestics. In order to pay recruitment and processing fees, they either take large
loans requiring repayment at extremely high interest rates or the first four or five months of
their salary is deducted. Girls expecting to spend one month in pre-departure training
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facilities are often trapped in heavily guarded centres for three to six months without any
income, or may be trafficked into forced labour, including forced domestic work or forced
sex work.
In west and central Africa, girls as young as seven provide a cheap workforce to families
needing assistance with house work or small commercial trades (Lindert, 1976). Child
domestics work under constant threat of punishment and physical abuse. Many escaped
following an incident of unendurable abuse, after which they lived abandoned in the street.
It was estimated that there are 14 million child domestic workers in Africa (HRP, 2005). In
the city of Cotonou, Benin republic, it was estimated that one-half of the households have a
domestic servant and that around 85% are young girls. In Lome, Togo, 1/3 of the households
were estimated to have a house girl, most of them children (UNICEF, 2000). The case of
Nigeria is once again particular. According to the Child Welfare League of Nigeria, with the
presence of a child domestic servant in virtually every household, Nigeria could be seen to
have the largest number of child domestic workers in the world. Majority of these children
end up being physically, emotionally and if they are girls, sexually abused (Ego, 1998).
Agricultural Child Labour:Of the Of the 250 million child labourers worldwide, the vast majority- 70 percent, or some
170 million-are working in agriculture (CSUCS, 2004). The work is physically demanding
because children must bend, knee, climb ladders, carry heavy loads of fruits and other
exhausting activities. Among these chores, child labourers may also weed and cultivate soil,
fix irrigation canals, and apply dangerous pesticides. They also are exposed to dangerous
tools and have to use unsafe machinery they dont know how to operate.
As agriculture is predominantly a rural phenomenon, where children are found working in
agricultural and family farms. There are also 15 million bonded child labourers working in
agricultural sector in India (HRP, 25).
In Egypt, it was examined that in the cotton industry, Egypt's major cash crop, there was over
one million children working each year to manually remove pests from cotton plants. In
Ecuador, there were nearly 600,000 children working in banana fields and packing plants. In
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the United States, it was estimated that 300,000 children work as hired labourers in largescale commercial agriculture, planting, weeding, and picking apples, cotton, cantaloupe,
lettuce, asparagus, watermelons, Chilies, and other crops (SCUCS, 2004) in Nigeria most
children engaged in agricultural child labour are concentrated in the rural areas.
CHILD SOLDIERS
Children were reported to engage in war and other communal conflicts in various part of the
world. The children ranging from 8-18 years of age are forced to kill. They have handle very
dangerous objects such as knives, pistols, rifles, grenades and whatever else the army is able
to use.
Out of the 300,000 child soldiers around the world, it is estimated that 120,000 of these are
African children who have been forced and recruited to take part in wars and fighting in some
African countries. Sudan, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi, to name a few African
countries, are all shamed by the tragedy of child soldiers (Ebigbo, 2000). Under the influence
of drugs and alcohol, often they are the perpetrators of such brutality, some of the time
against their own family members. In Nigeria, there is no evidence of under 18s in the armed
forces. Children only participate in armed vigilante and youth groups and take role in
religious and communal clashes (UNICEF, 2004).
CHILD TRAFFICKING
Children are found to be trafficked to and from all regions of the world. For the transfer of
children to be qualified as trafficking, there should be the conclusion of a transaction, the
intervention of an intermediary and the motive to exploit. The UNICEF enlisted it among the
hazardous forms of labour that was put to about 70% of the worlds 246 million10 child 10
labourers. According to another report, 50% of all trafficked victims world wide are children
(US Department of State, 2004).
Age varies significantly depending on the purpose of trafficking, with the average age been
about 15 years for most developing countries. One report has shown that 90% of trafficked
domestic workers in West and central Africa were girls (UNICEF, 2005). Some of them as
young as 13 (mainly from Asia and Eastern Europe) are trafficked as mail order brides. In
most cases these girls are powerless and isolated and are at great risk of violence.
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Impact Analysis
Nigeria is a source, transit and destination country for trafficked women and children
(ANPPCAN, 2005). According to a BBC report, no one exactly knows the scale of child
trafficking problem in the country (Borzello, 2004). A UNICEF report put an estimate of the
total number of child labourers in Nigeria at 12 million (UNICEF, 1995 and ILO, 1950), with
a whooping 200,000 trafficked within West Africa alone. Also based on a nation wide survey
on child trafficking, approximately 19% of school children and 40% of street children have
been trafficked for forced labour (US Department of State, 2004). Areas mostly affected are
Imo (Owerri), Port Harcourt, Calabar, Lagos, Kano, Sokoto and Maiduguri. The age of the
children varies especially among girls, but the average age is put at 15 years (Ebigbo).
Patterns and routes of child trafficking show some regional variation in Nigeria.. A study also
showed that over 70 % of the minors who worked as street prostitutes in Italy have been
trafficked predominantly from Albania and Nigeria (US Department of State, 1999).
According to another ILO statement, the incidence of child prostitution is also rising. Local
NGOs estimate that more than 700 children of both sexes were recaptured on the Benin-Togo
and Benin-Nigeria borders during 1997 (CATW, 1998) and returned to their families.
Countries of destination differ somewhat between the northern and southern part of the
country. While Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and other Western countries have been identified
as destination for most trafficked children from the south, children from the north are mainly
trafficked to Saudi Arabia, Morocco and some other Middle Eastern countries.
BONDED CHILD LABOUR

Bonded child labour is child labour in which, a child below 18 years of age is working
against debt taken by himself/herself or his/her family members without or with the child's
consent, under conditions that restrain his/her freedom and development, making him/her
vulnerable to physical and other forms of abuse and deprives him/her of his/her basic rights
(Weiner, 1991; This is also called debt bondage)
Bonded child labour is caused when a poor family needs money (for food, a sickness, etc.) to
pay for something.
Apart from agriculture, which accounts for 64 percent of all labour in India (UNICEF, 1995),
bonded child labourers form a significant part of the work force in a multitude of domestic
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Impact Analysis
and export industries. Approximately fifteen million children work as bonded labourers in
India.
STREET CHILDREN
In contrast with child domestic workers, some children work in the most visible places
possible on the streets of developing world cities and towns (UNICEF, 1996). They are
everywhere: hawking in markets and darting in and out of traffic jams, plying their trade at
bus and train stations, in front of hotels and shopping malls.
A report from the state juvenile court stated that, on average, three street children are killed
every day in Rio, many by police at the request of merchants who consider the begging,
thieving and glue-sniffing a major nuisance (Ebigbo, 2003).
Many have dropped out of school or never attended classes. On the streets, they shine shoes,
wash and guard cars, carry luggage, hawk flowers and trinkets, collect recyclables and find a
myriad other ingenious ways to make money.
Unhealthy and unfair. Some are able to combine some schooling with their street work, but
nevertheless many are exploited and cheated by adults and peers and must spend many hours
earning their survival.
In northern Nigeria where the Moslem religion is predominantly practiced and begging is
allowed, young boys and girls lead handicapped adults about on the streets to beg. They
receive a pittance for their services. Apart from this, because many parents believe that good
parenting means that children should be brought up strictly and with religious training they
send mostly male, but also some female children, to the Koranic scholars who are versed in
teaching the Koran. Many of the Mallams do not have western education. Hawking by boys
and girls is thus widespread and parents clearly recognize that the practice holds dangers for
children.
In the eastern and western parts of Nigeria children may attend morning or afternoon school
and hawk goods out of school hours, though there are some children who trade on the streets
the whole day. Their income helps their families or house-madams financially or pays for
school fees. Although most Nigerian children return home at the end of the day, a growing
number, including girls, subsist and exist on the streets (Oloko, 1989 and Ebigbo, 1985).
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Impact Analysis
The street child density study was undertaken in which fieldworkers were posted to the busy
streets of Kaduna (in the North), Ibadan (in the West) and Enugu (in the East). Over a oneweek period, 414 children per street were counted in Enugu, 1959 per street in Kaduna, and
1931 per street in Ibadan. At the end of the study they found that there is a street density
population of 44.4, 195.9 and 193.1 working children per hour per street in Enugu, Kaduna
and Ibadan respectively (Ebigbo, 2003). There was a 1:1 male/female ratio in Enugu; there
were 20 percent more girls than boys in Kaduna and there was a 1:2 male/female ratio in
Ibadan. In Enugu more children were observed on the streets in the evening, indicating that
more children attended school in the morning and traded in the evening to supplement family
income. In Kaduna and Ibadan there was no marked contrast in the number of children
working in the mornings and evenings. This seems to indicate that a large number of children
do not go to school at all but are engaged all day in active trading (Ebigbo, 2003).
CHILD PROSTITUTION
Child prostitution is defined by the United Nations as "the sexual exploitation of a child for
remuneration in cash or in kind, usually but not always organized by an intermediary (parent,
family member, procurer, teacher, etc.)" (www. dol.gov). The sexual exploitation of children
is considered to be one of the worst forms of child labour and a form of bonded labour.
While it is believed that those under 15 make up a small minority of child prostitutes, some
observers note a trend towards greater demand for ever younger children in the sex industry,
particularly in Asia but also in Latin America.
In Nigeria, commercial sex work is gradually becoming a profession solely for children
where the average age for commercial sex work is 16 years. Many school leavers survive by
prostitution and many street children turn to commercial sex as a means of income
generation.
Child prostitution is more prevalent in the oil rich Niger Delta regions of Port Harcourt,
Bonny and Akwa Ibom, as well as other big cities like Lagos (CSEC). Many School leavers
survive either by selling drugs or by prostitution. There is a proliferation of both foreign and
local pornographic materials which are easily accessible to children and which are in some
cases targeted at young people.
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Impact Analysis
THE CHILD LABOUR (Prohibition and Regulation) ACT, 1986
1 OBJECT:
To prohibit the engagement of children in certain employments and to
regulate the
conditions of work or children in certain other employments.

11 DEFENITION:
Child: Child means a person who has not completed his fourteen years of age.
111 APPLICABILITY:
In extends to the whole of India.
PROHIBITION OF EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN CERTAIN OCCUPATIONS

AND PROCESSES:
No child shall be employed or permitted to work in any of the following occupations: Set
forth in part of A of the schedule or in any workshop where in any of the process set forth in
part B of the schedule to this Act
1. Transport of passengers, goods; or mails by railway

2. Cinder picking, clearing of an ash pit or building operation in the railway premise.
3. Work in a catering establishment at a railway station, involving the movement of vendor or
any other employee of the establishment from one platform to another or into or out of a
moving train.
4. Work relating to the construction of railway station or with any other work where such
work is done in close proximity to or between the railway lines.
5. The port authority within the limits of any port.
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Impact Analysis
107
6. Work relating to selling of crackers and fireworks in shops with temporary licenses
7. Abattoirs/slaughter Houses
8. Automobile workshops and garages.
9. Founderies
10. Handling of taxies or inflammable substance or explosives
11. Handlom and powerloom industry
12. Mines (Under-ground and under water) and collieries
13. Plastic units and Fiber glass workship
OR
In any workshop wherein any of the following processes is carried on.
1 Beedi making
2 Carpet Weaving
3 Cement manufacture including bagging of cement
4 Cloth printing, deying and weaving
5 Manufacture of matches, explosive and fire works
6 Mica cutting and splitting
7 Shellac manufacture
8 Soap manufacture
9 Tanning
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Impact Analysis
10 Wool cleaning
11 Building and construction industry
12 Manufacture of slate pencils (including packing)
13 Manufacture of products of agate
14 Manufacturing processes using toxic metals and substances such as lead, mercury,
manganese, chromium, cadmium, benzene, pesticides and asbestos (Section-3)
108
15 All Hazardous possess an defined in section 2(cb) and dangerous operations as notified in
ruler made under section 87 of the factories Act 1948
16 Printing (as defined in section 2(k) of the factories Act 1948
17 Cashew and cashew nut descaling and processing
18 Soldering process in electronic industries
19 Agarbathi manufacturing
20 Automobile repairs and maintenance (namely welding lather work , dent beating and
printing)
21 Brick kilns and Roof files units
22 Cotton ginning and processing and production of hosiery goods
23 Detergent manufacturing
24 Fabrication workshops (ferrous and non-ferrous)
25 Gem cutting and polishing
26 Handling of chromites and manganese ores
27 Jute textile manufacture and of coir making
28 Lime kilns and manufacture of lime
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Impact Analysis
29 Lock making
30 Manufacturing process having exposure to lead such as primary and secondary smelting,
welding etc. (See item 30 of part B process)
31 Manufacture of glass, glass ware including bangles fluorescent tubes bulbs and other
similar glass products
32 Manufacturing of cement pipes, cement products, and other related work.
33 Manufacture of dyes and dye stuff
34 Manufacturing or handling of pesticides and insecticides
35 Manufacturing or processing and handling of corrosive and toxic substances, metal
cleaning and photo enlarging and soldering processes in electronic industry
36 Manufacturing of burning coal and coal briquette
37 Manufacturing of sports goods involving to synthetic materials, chemicals and leather
38 Moulding and processing of fibreglass and plastics
39 Oil expelling and refinery
40 Paper making
41 Potteries and ceramic industry
42 Polishing, moulding, cutting welding and manufacture of brass goods in all forms
43 Process in agriculture where tractors, threshing and harvesting machines are used and
chabt cutting
44 Saw mill all process
45 Sericulture processing
46 Skinning dyeing and process for manufacturing of leather and leather products
109
47 Stone breaking and stone crushing
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Impact Analysis
48 Tobacco processing including manufacturing of tobacco, tobacco paste and handling of

tobacco in any form
49 Tyre making repairing, re-trading and graphite beneficiation
50 Utensils making polishing and metal buffing 51 Zari Making (all process)
IV CHILD LABOUR TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE:

The central government may by notification constitute a child Labour technical advisory
committee to advise the central govt. for the purpose of addition of occupations to the
schedule of the Act. (Section-5).
V HOURS AND PERIOD OF WORK:
No child shall be required or permitted to work in any establishment in excess of number of
hours prescribed (Section-7) In Kerala the working hours in limited to four and half hours in
a day. (Rule -3).
The period of work on each day shall not exceed three hours and no child shall work for more
than three hours before he has had an interval for rest for at least one hour. No child shall be
permitted or required to work between 7 P.m. and 8 a.m.
No child shall be required or permitted to work overtime. (Section-7).
VI WEEKLY HOLIDAY:
Every child shall be allowed in each week a holiday of one whole day. (Section-8).
VII NOTICE TO INSPECTOR:

Every occupier shall within 30 days send a written notice in Form-A to the inspector within
whose local limits the establishment is situated. (Section-8 read with Rule-4).
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110
VIII DISPUTES AS TO AGE:

If any question arises between an inspector and an occupier as to the age of any child, in the
absence of a certificate in Form-C as to the age of such child granted by the prescribed
medical authority, be referred by the inspector for decision to the prescribed medical
authority. ( A govt. medical officer not below the rank of an Assistant surgeon of a district or
on officers having equivalent rank in ESI Dispensaries or hospitals (Section-10 read with
Rule -16)
IX REGISTERS:
Every occupier of an establishment shall maintain a register in respect of children employed
or permitted to work at the establishment in Form-B. (Sect. II read with Rule-15)
X DISPLAY OF NOTICE:
Every occupier shall display in the establishment the abstract of section-3 and 14 in form-D
of the Act (Section 12 read with Rule -17)
X1 PENALITIES:
Violations under Section-3 shall be punishable with imprisonment which shall not be less
than three months which may extend to one year or with fine which shall not be less than ten
thousand rupees but which may extend to twenty thousand rupees or with both. Continuing
offence under section (3) shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be
less than six months but which may extend to two years. Any other violations under the Act
shall be punishable with simple imprisonment, which may extend to one month or with fine,
which may extend to ten thousand rupees or with both.
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Impact Analysis
111
X11 WHO CAN FILE PROSPECUTIONS:

1. Any person
2. Police Officer
3. Inspector appointed under the Act
No. court inferior to that of a metropolitan Magistrate or a Magistrate of the First Class shall
try any offence under this Act. (Section-16) Shall be a Government Medical Officer not
below the rank of an Assistant Surgeon of a district or an officer of equivalent rank employed
on a regular basis in Employees State Insurance dispensaries or hospitals
17. Abstract of the Act An abstract of sections 3 and 14 of the Act shall be displayed in form D suspended to these
rules (Rule 17)
The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 is one the most debated acts
regarding children in India. It outlines where and how children can work and where they
cannot. The provisions of the act are meant to be acted upon immediately after the
publication of the act, except for part III that discusses the conditions in which a child may
work. Part III can only come into effect as per a date appointed by the Central Government
(which was decided as 26th of May, 1993).
The act defines a child as any person who has not completed his fourteenth year of age. Part
II of the act prohibits children from working in any occupation listed in Part A of the
Schedule; for example: Catering at railway establishments, construction work on the railway
or anywhere near the tracks, plastics factories, automobile garages, etc. The act also prohibits
children from working in places where certain processes are being undertaken, as listed in
Part B of the Schedule; for example: beedi making, tanning, soap manufacture, brick kilns
and roof tiles units, etc. These provisions do not apply to a workshop where the occupier is
working with the help of his family or in a government recognised or aided school.
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Impact Analysis
The act calls for the establishment of a Child Labour Technical Advisory Committee
(CLTAC) who is responsible for advising the government about additions to the Schedule
lists.
Part III of the act outlines the conditions in which children may work in
occupations/processes not listed in the schedule. The number of hours of a particular kind of
establishment of class of establishments is to be set and no child can work for more than
those many hours in that particular establishment. Children are not permitted to work for
more than three hour stretches and must receive an hour break after the three hours. Children
are not permitted to work for more than six hour stretches including their break interval and
can not work between the hours of 7 p.m. and 8 a.m. No child is allowed to work overtime or
work in more than one place in a given day. A child must receive a holiday from work every
week. The employer of the child is required to send a notification to an inspector about a
child working in their establishment and keep a register of all children being employed for
inspection.
If there is a dispute as to the age of the child, the inspector can submit the child for a medical
exam to determine his/her age when a birth certificate is not available. Notices about
prohibition of certain child labour and penalties should be posted in every railway station,
port authority and workshop/establishment.
The health conditions of work being undertaken by children shall be set for each particular
kind of establishment of class of establishments by the appropriate government. The rules
may cover topics such as cleanliness, light, disposal of waste and effluents, drinking water,
bathrooms, protection of eyes, maintenance and safety of buildings, etc.
Section IV of the act outlines various remaining aspects such as Penalties. The penalty of
allowing a child to work in occupations/ processes outlined in the schedule which are
prohibited is a minimum of 3 months prison time and/or a minimum of Rs. 10,000 in fines.
Second time offenders are subject to jail time of minimum six months. Failure to notify an
inspector, keep a register, post a sign or any other requirement is punishable by simple
imprisonment and/or a fine up to Rs. 10,000. Offenders can only be tried in courts higher
than a magistrate or metropolitan magistrate of the first class. Courts also have the authority
to appoint people to be inspectors under this act.
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Impact Analysis
Rules of this act must be passed by the respective parliaments (state or central). Any changes
or added provisions must be passed by the parliament. The establishment of this act also calls
for a change in a number of other acts. The Employment of Children Act of 1938 is repealed.
The enactment of this act changes the definition of child to one who has not completed his
fourteenth year of age. Hence under provisions of this act the age of a child is also changed in
the Minimum Wages Age 1948, the Plantations Labour Act 1951, the Merchant Shipping Act
1958, and the Motor Transport Workers Act 1961.
International Conventions on child labour

A Convention is an international agreement between countries. These are usually developed
by the United Nations or other international organizations. Governments that ratify
Conventions are obliged to incorporate them into their own laws and to make sure that these
laws are applied and respected.
The Convention on the Rights of the Child was the first legally binding international
instrument to incorporate the complete range of human rights for children, including civil,
cultural, economic, political and social rights. The Convention defines a child as anyone
below the age of 18 years and spells out the basic human rights that children everywhere
should have, including the right to protection from economic exploitation (Article 32) and the
right to education (Article 28). It is the most endorsed human rights treaty in the world,
ratified by all but two countries.
The two main Conventions focusing specifically on child labour, on minimum age for
admission to employment and on the worst forms of child labour, were developed by the
International Labour Organization (ILO). It is important that countries both ratify the
Conventions, and take positive action to both end child labour and support the rehabilitation
and education of former child labourers.
Convention No. 138 on the Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, 1973
As mentioned previously, child labour is work that children should not be doing because they
are too young to work, or if they have reached the minimum age because it is dangerous
or otherwise unsuitable for them. Countries that ratify this Convention undertake a legal
promise to stop child labour and make sure that children below a certain minimum age are
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Impact Analysis
not employed. At the end of 2010, this Convention had been ratified by 156 of the 183
member States of the ILO.
The framework as to the minimum age is as follows:
The minimum age at
Possible exceptions for
which children can
developing countries
start work
Hazardous work
18 (16 under strict
18 (16 under strict
Any work which is likely to
conditions)
conditions)
15
14
13-15
12-14
jeopardise childrens health, safety

or morals should not be done by
anyone under the age of 18
Basic Minimum Age
The minimum age for work should
not be below the age for finishing
compulsory schooling, which is
generally 15
Light work
Children between the ages of 13
and 15 years old may do light
work, as long as it does not threaten
their health and safety, or hinder
their education or vocational
orientation and training.
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Impact Analysis
Convention No. 182 on the Worst Forms of Child Labour, 1999

This Convention covers all boys and girls under the age of 18 in line with the definition of the
child under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. It calls for immediate and
effective measures to secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child
labour as a matter of urgency. At the end of 2010, this Convention had been ratified by 173
of the 183 member States of the ILO.
The Convention defines these worst forms, to be prohibited to all persons under 18 years, as:
(a) All forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as the sale and trafficking of
children, debt bondage and serfdom and forced of compulsory labour, including forced of
compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflict;
(b) The use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution, for the production of
pornography or pornographic performances;
(c) The use, procuring or offering of a child for illicit activities, in particular for the
production and trafficking of drugs as defined in the relevant international treaties;
(d) Work which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to
harm the health, safety or morals of children.
The term worst forms of child labour encompasses both hazardous work (d) and other worst
forms (a) to (c). The difference is that while hazardous work, through changes in the work
environment and the work itself, can sometimes be modified to remove the hazardous
aspects, the other worst forms can under no circumstance be considered acceptable.
As to the exact types of work to be prohibited as hazardous work under item (d) above, the
Convention leaves the matter to national determination after consultation with employers and
workers organisations and taking into consideration relevant international standards.
Convention No. 182 complements Convention No. 138, which in its turn provides the basic
framework for national and international action for the elimination of child labour.
Convention No. 182 focuses on the worst forms as a priority target, while Convention No.
138 sets forth the ultimate long term objective of the effective abolition of child labour, and
also clarifies what should be targeted as child labour by providing for the minimum age
standards.
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Impact Analysis
As specified in the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (1998),
the ILO Conventions No. 182 and No. 138 on child labour are considered as core
Conventions. This means that all ILO Member States, even if they have not ratified the
Conventions, have an obligation arising from the very fact of membership in the Organization
to respect, to promote and to realize the principles concerning such fundamental rights. The
four areas covered by the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work are:
(a) Freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective
bargaining;
(b) The elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour;
(c) The effective abolition of child labour; and
(d) The elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation.
.
International Labour Standards on Child labour
Child labour is a violation of fundamental human rights and has been shown to hinder
children's development, potentially leading to lifelong physical or psychological damage.
Evidence points to a strong link between household poverty and child labour, and child
labour perpetuates poverty across generations by keeping children of the poor out of school
and limiting their prospects for upward social mobility. This lowering of human capital has
been linked to slow economic growth and social development. A recent ILO study has shown
that eliminating child labour in transition and developing economies could generate
economic benefits nearly seven times greater than the costs, mostly associated with
investment in better schooling and social services. (Note 1) ILO standards on child labour
are primary international legal tools for fighting this problem.
Selected relevant ILO instruments
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Minimum
Age
Convention,
1973
(No.
138)
This fundamental convention sets the general minimum age for admission to
employment or work at 15 years (13 for light work) and the minimum age for hazardous
work at 18 (16 under certain strict conditions). It provides for the possibility of initially
setting the general minimum age at 14 (12 for light work) where the economy and
educational facilities are insufficiently developed.
Worst
Forms
of
Child
Labour
Convention,
1999
(No.
182)
This fundamental convention defines as a "child" a person under 18 years of age. It

requires ratifying states to eliminate the worst forms of child labour, including all forms
of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as the sale and trafficking of children,
debt bondage and serfdom and forced or compulsory labour, including forced or
compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflict; child prostitution and
pornography; using children for illicit activities, in particular for the production and
trafficking of drugs; and work which is likely to harm the health, safety or morals of
children. The convention requires ratifying states to provide the necessary and
appropriate direct assistance for the removal of children from the worst forms of child
labour and for their rehabilitation and social integration. It also requires states to ensure
access to free basic education and, wherever possible and appropriate, vocational
training for children removed from the worst forms of child labour.
Case studies of child labour
Adhuri muskan.... (Reality beyond my smile...)
Meri beti bahut acha padhti hai,sab log use kehte hai said a proud mother of a 11 years old
girl named Salma. Happiness and dreams of the mother can be seen in her eyes regarding
her daughter. Salma was wearing a yellow salwar suit carrying paper boxes on her head and
crossing the road,when asked where are you going she said Ammi udhar sabzi bech rahi
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Impact Analysis
.Salma smiled at when her name was asked. This smile remained on her face till the end of
our conversation. She stays in the busy area of Rajabazar. The whole area of Rajabazar is
of shops, road side vegetables, fruits and juice sellers. Mostly we could see children in every
shop working either with their parents or handling work themselves.
She has five sisters and one brother. Her mother sells vegetable and father is a mason.
Among all the brothers and sisters she is the fourth.
There are many Schools in rajabazar but not in proper conditions, still Salma manages to
study in a nearby school named Gol Patti. This school has no level of class. As per the RTE
Act, a school should have minimum facilities, like an all-weather building, fully equipped
library, playground, drinking water facilities, separate toilets and kitchen for cooking mid-day
meals. But here every child no matter of what age studies together in the same class. She
studies urdu and Bengali in her school and both the teacher loves her very much. Work and
study goes side by side in her life. Children want to study but no proper schools, classrooms
are there to meet up to their needs.
She sits with her mother in the market to sell vegetables after she returns from school. She
goes to school but works. She goes to school at 7o clock in the morning and returns at 11o
clock. After that she works in the vegetable market till 4o clock.
Mujhe sab kuch banana aata hai bhaat,dal,sabzi said
by that small girl. After 4o clock she goes back to home cooks food and does household
work and at night she studies after finishing all her days work.
She is engrossed in her work so much the whole day
that she do not have time to think that whether she likes anything to do or not. When was
asked do you love watching t.v her smile faded away saying no i dont watch t.v neither she
knew anything about the film stars for whom we were crazy fans at her age.
Every child has a dream...An aspiration in life. When I was a kid I thought of becoming a
doctor. But strange to hear this line from Salma maine kuch nahi banna chahti the
expression which this small girl had while speaking these lines showed she did not know
what she can become or have in life. She was happy with her work. Maturity was seen in her
face when she spoke. A child of 11years is made to work and the work is such that she has no
hope in life. Poverty has lead them to forget everything and has forced them to smile at what
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Impact Analysis
they have. Such categories of children who are studying and also working often remains off
record. There is no use of taking education if the child is engaged more than half of the time
at work.
SMITA DASGUPTA
XISS,RANCHI
BEHIND THE MIRROR..........
Kaun kaun si sabzi hai tumhare pass......................

Didi tamatar,mirchi aur nimboo...... a sweet voice spoke with an innocent face. The things
which we see in front may not be what it is in real. We would see a girl selling vegetables
happily but is the girl really happy doing the work? Or she wanted something else to do?
Time and hardships of life teaches one to become mature enough where one searches her
happiness but finally finds it behind the mirror where there is nothing to see.
A girl found selling vegetables below the Rajabazar bridge, was very active in selling away
all her vegetables. Her name is Ruksana. A girl of 12yrs seemed to be so much into her
work that it seemed she had no other thing to imagine in life.
Sometimes no proper education facility becomes a hurdle in the education of a child. This is
the case with Ruksana who wanted to study,took admission in one of the school named
Dudh khori but the teachers in the school did not teach properly so got disinterested and
left the school for work. She studied there for only 1 year and 1 month before she left. On
asking what did you study there she said bar bar sirf A,B,C,D padhaya jata tha...... . Thus
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Impact Analysis
we see that by building a school is not just the solution of providing overall education but the
school environment should be conducive enough for a child to get quality education. There
should be proper teacher student ratio and the teaching materials and methods should be
attractive enough so that every child remains motivated to be in school and continue their
study.
She has 3 brothers and 3 sisters and Ruksana being the eldest had a lot of burden. Her mother
needs to be at home in the morning while she comes and sell vegetables till 12o clock. Her
father being a van driver stays mostly out. At her age one should be in school not working.
Mujhe school jana bahut acha lagta hai par kya karu didi kam bhi to karna padhta hai she
was filled with emotions when spoke these lines. VA East- RTE Campaign June 2011 Selling
one handful of chillies at the cost of Re.1!!! what would that girl earn in a day.......When
asked said didi ek din me do sau rupae tak kama leti hu.
When ever we get money in hand we try to spend that money in buying our valuables but
Ruksana did something different, what ever she earned she gives it to her mother. She cooks
food for her family............she likes eating fish and gohst. She wants to play after work but
cant manage her timing.
She has no extra curricular activities......but loves listening to music.
In the place like rajabazar where mostly every child is involved in working with their parents,
the mother of Ruksana is found searching a school for her daughter where she would get
good teachers. Still the child wants to bring her life in front of the mirror and see the real
ruksana.
BY:
SMITA DASGUPTA
XISS RANCHI
Bangles or Books
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39

Impact Analysis
Mujhe bahut kam hai.. the voice was innocent and smart..he had come there to buy
things for household work. He was so busy that he didnt have a single minute to waste rather
he would go back to his place and start of with his work.
While he was purchasing the goods we tried to talk to him. This young boys name is
Mohammad Saif Ali . He lives far away from his parents and siblings, which showed that
he was missing out on the warmth, care and affection of a family life. They all lived in
Mulk(state). He here stays with his uncle who has a churi (Bangle) business and he works
with his uncle in the factory. He is just 12 years old but seems to have seen life much more
than us. He is much more focused in life not regarding studies but earning a living for his
family. He lives in Narkeldanga and comes to the market for buying goods.
He has 3 brothers and 2 sisters and younger brother is still studying but the question is how
long? Because Saif himself left school when he was small and started to earn. Earning is so
much important now a days that a small kid forgets every thing even his childhood. He is
ready to sacrifice his skills, knowledge, dreams, and happiness in order to just earn some
money.
How different his life seems to be as compared to the normal school going kid of his age
Whole day he works in the factory where by government it is said that working hour of a
normal person is 9 to 5and he being a child firstly should not be made to work and given
education till the age of 14. According to RTE Act ,A child above six years of age, who has
not been admitted to any school, shall be admitted in the class appropriate to his/her age.
Working should not be his aim rather than take education. He should not be found working in
a bangle factory but getting proper education.
In the busy streets of Raja bazar somewhere the childhood of Saif has lost and he is busy and
accepted his life of whole day working ..Will he get it back again- those beautiful days of
childhood? The answer we all know
By: SMITA AND TINA
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Impact Analysis
A faraway dream- a long mile to go.
A busy morning in the Raja bazaar market place. A predominantly Muslim populated area in
North Kolkata, the place wears a dirty and overpopulated scenario. The environment has very
little to cheer with small children running to and fro to do their daily chores of work under
unsympathetic conditions. When these children should have been attending school they are
busy working as child laborers to help their families make two ends meet. That day the sun
was at its brightest and the heat was sweltering. Amidst the hustle bustle of the bazaar we
found a small boy of 11 years inside a small dingy room without almost any ventilation,
engrossed in his work. Clad in a vest and half pants, he was busy polishing shoes while his
father and uncle sat making them. His name is Hari Kishan Kumar Das. Speaking
comfortably in Hindi he said that he studies in class 5 of Vidya Pati Vidya Mandir, a
government aided school. He originally hails from Ranchi but has moved to Kolkata with his
father in search of better means of livelihood while his mother has stayed back in his native
place. He has five sisters and he is the youngest child of his parents. His father is a shoe
maker while his mother is busy doing household chores throughout the day. When asked
about his daily schedule, he said that he goes to school in the morning which starts at 11am
and ends at 3.30pm. Then he helps his father in polishing shoes which leaves him with very
little time to revise his lessons of school. His face reflected a lot of maturity telling us about
his hardships and struggles he has already faced at this young age which is very much unlike
other children of his age. During vacations he is able to devote more time in helping his
father. He toils throughout the day which leaves him hardly any time for fun and leisure. He
loves studying English, Hindi and Maths. He neither likes watching television, nor is
interested in singing, dancing or listening to music. But in the little free time that he gets, he
loves playing football which is his favourite sport with his two best friends who stay nearby
and also goes to the same school as him. After that short break, he again returns to helping his
father.
When we asked him about his future dreams his eyes immediately lit up and he said Main
bada hokar English ka master banna chahta hoon.
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41

Impact Analysis
A little effort, sensitivity and a positive human approach towards their problems and
conditions can ensure that their dreams are surely fulfilled someday..
Compiled by:
Sreesha Sanyal, United world School of Business, Kolkata.
Lost childhood.
Childhood is the beautiful of all lifes season (Author anonymous).

But it is sadly not true for every child.
Meet 11 year old Mampi, busy serving tea and hot alu chops with her little hands to the
numerous customers visiting her fathers small tea stall in the crowded Ballygunge Station
area. This area is infested with vendors carrying a variety of goods, domestic helpers and a
thousand people who commute from the suburban towns to Kolkata. It is a very densely
populated area with busy activity always. Mampi hails from Mathurapur which is near
Lakshmikantapur in South 24 Parganas, and has moved to Kolkata along with her parents and
younger brothers, one year back in search of better means of earning. Her father runs a tea
stall while her mother works as a domestic maid in the nearby apartments. Her two younger
brothers go to school and are in classes one and three. When asked about her schooling, she
said that she used to attend primary school in Mathurapur but was not enrolled in a school
here in Kolkata. She said she loved going to school and enjoyed her cycle ride which her
father used to give her on the way to school. She had friends there and used to play skipping
during recess. Now she says she misses school a lot but with a matured look says that helping
her parents run the family is very important too. She loves watching the television and hums
the songs of the latest tollywood movies. She helps her father in the tea stall and later helps
her mother in cooking, washing utensils and collecting water from the common tap. She
sometimes gets a little money from her father to buy her favourite ghoogni from the
vendors that come to her slum. When asked what she wants to become in the future she says
Jani na.., that is she does not have any dreams. A child of her age should have a carefree
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Impact Analysis
and fun filled childhood away from tension and worries but sadly it is exactly the opposite in
Mampis case. She has prematurely matured due to circumstances beyond her control.
With the passing of the RTE act, 2009 it was stated that there should be free and compulsory
education for all children within the age of six to fourteen years. The story of Mampi
however brings out other issues such as poverty which is preventing the successful
implementation of the Act. It has been a long time since the Act has been passed but it has not
been fully put into action because a large number of children like Mampi are toiling as child
laborers and not attending school. If every child has equal rights, then this inequality amongst
them should not persist.
Compiled by:Sreesha Sanyal, Unitedworld School of Business, Kolkata.
KYA AAP ISKO NAUKRI DENGE??
Our life has become so mechanized that we hardly give a thought why some people have to
start their earning at an early age of 14 and much before!! When I was 14 I was so much
surrounded by the care and protection of my parents and hardly did any household stuff. All
my wishes were fulfilled. Now imagine what if you were asked to quit your study, sacrificing
your likes and start earning for your living. Its tough.
This is the story of a young boy, selling mango sitting beside busy road of Raja bazaar under
the blazing sun. His hairs strands were dry and rough. He was wearing an old shirt and a
lungi. He was there waiting for his customer along with a man which he addressed as his
uncle. I tried to interact with him......
Bhai aam kitne ka?( what is the price per kg?)
He replied solaah rupiya (Rs 16)
I purchased 2 kilos and tried to continue my talk.
I asked- bhai naam kya hai aapka?( what is your name brother?)
He replied RAJ
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Impact Analysis
I asked kaun se school mein padte ho? (Which school do you study?)
He replied hurriedly- maen school nahi jata( I dont go to school)
Actually he has never been to school. In a country where education is free under the RTE Act,
still there are people who could not afford to go to school because somewhere their life
demands that there are much more important things in life then going to school. Does this
means he need not go to school?
He is 14 yr old, helps his uncle to sell mango. His main earning is by making choodi
(bangles) with his three brothers. His weekly earning is Rs 1000/-. Though he has started
earning for the family does it not make you think that he is losing his childhood for his
living? Do you think there is an option for him?
As I was trying to continue further, a man came and interfered angrily - kya aap isko naukri
denge?? ( will u give him a job) Is elaake mein bohut saare ese bacche mil jayenge jo kaam
karte hain.
If people like him who are the localite says this, just imagine what is the actual of scenario of
child labor in raja bazaar area.
By:
Tina Mili
Unitedworld School of Business, Kolkata.
MERA BHI TO ADHIKAAR THA.
The most innocent phase in human life is the childhood. It is that stage of life when the
human foundations are laid for a successful adult life. It is the phase when we are carefree,
fun-loving, learning, playing.. And how wonderful to have grown up with such carefree
abandonment while we had parents, grandparents and others looking after us. But, this is the
story of not too many children.
Early morning when every child in the locality was hurrying for their school, this one girl
was helping her father in the Beil juice shop by the busy streets of raja bazaar.
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44

Impact Analysis
Buses are running and people were in a rush on the street. Amidst all the noise we saw, a
small girl in a pink salwaar kameez sitting in a corner with a sack full of Beil. She was
struggling with the sack finally she managed to take out the Beil from the sack and started
peeling it off. She is HIRAL, a 10year old girl. She was peeling off the Beil fruit like an
obedient student. She was doing her work without any question. Everyday she helps her
father in the morning and takes care of the household in the evening with her sisters. She said
she does not like cooking nor did she learn which depicts the innocent nature of a child. Her
elder sister does it all. She takes care of her small sister and plays with her.
Her mother died giving birth to the 7th child!!!.she is the 6th. Life becomes very tough to
spent childhood without mothers love and care but still Hiral is trying to manage and live life
to the fullest. She always dreamt of going to school as her sisters did but never been to. She
said after her mothers demise it has become hard to go to school moreover the financial
condition never gave a real opportunity to acquire education. This is where government
policies fail to provide a cheerful life and quality education. Despite her interest she could not
move forward for her rights. Absence of the care of mother has made her far matured than
any young girl of her age.
When I asked her - aapko kya karna pasand hai?
She shyly replied mujhe pata nahi (I dont know)
Her childhood is somewhere endangered in midst of her faith. She hardly recognizes her likes
and dislikes. It looks clearly that she has accepted lifes gift of hardship so sweetly.
Their only living is by selling Beil juice. She wanted to see new place. Her two elder sisters
are married. Others are yet to get married. Will her father be able to manage??? Is marriage
the ultimate option??....think....
By:
Tina Mili
Unitedworld School of Business, Kolkata.
Selling lemons and a dream
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45

Impact Analysis
Rajabazar, is composed of wards 29,28 and32 of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation which
were created in 1909. It is a densely populated area with crowded lanes and alleys in North
Kolkata, with a predominantly Muslim(Sunni) population, which houses some of the poorest
people in the city. The area is plagued with issues such as poverty, lack of sanitation, and
child labour. However even amidst all the hustle-bustle on the Narkeldanga flyover it is hard
to miss the sight of a 13 year old sitting with his back to the flowing traffic on the road, trying
to sell lemons. Meet Moeed Alam, a resident of Rajabazar, a student of Momin High School
and one of the many children who are forced to work to earn a living. Each and every person
has a different story to tell of his life and Moeed who is a class 7 student of the local
government school, shares a tiled house with his 8 siblings and parents. While his father
drives cycle vans, his mother is a housewife and almost all his siblings work in someplace or
the other, trying to contribute to the family income.
The first question which comes to the mind is how much does a child earn by selling lemons
all day? According to Moeed, his daily earning varies between 40-50 Rs per day, which is a
meagre sum, and needless to say, insufficient to allow him to spend on anything he wants.
The word school however brings a smile to his gloomy face, as he professes his love for
knowledge and describes how his father pays the annual school fees dutifully. While speaking
with him, one learns of the many discrepancies which exist in the government school which
does not provide the stipulated mid-day meals and free books and charges admission fees.
However these problems do not deter him in the least as he states that despite the shoddy
infrastructure and corruption, the school offers a beacon of hope to escape this poverty. He
aims to become a teacher and help in the education of his neighbourhood, but one can only
look and wonder at the steely conviction and grit of reaching ones goals.
By:
Adhiraj Gupta, National Law University Orissa
Will the State ever be able to match our aspirations?
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Impact Analysis
Life at times can be very cruel and unforgiving and people usually crumble under the weight
of these two. In these circumstances one would expect a person to grumble and complain of
their life, but what if that person had no one to share his pain with?
Tauqeer Alam happens to be one such person, a class 5 student of Momin High School in
Rajabazar, and a child who is forced to work in his fathers business to supplement the family
income. He shares a home with his parents and elder brother, who incidentally, was forced to
drop out of school due to financial constraints. His father sells shoes and sandals on the
pavement while his mother is a housewife, and his brother works as a helper in one of the
grocery stores nearby. The sight of a 11 year old sitting in the midst of meat and vegetable
shops, trying to sell sandal straps is heart wrenching and a glaring example of the inequality
prevalent in our country.
Tauqeer is too young to decipher how much he and his father earn in a day, but with the help
of the surrounding shopkeepers, one can gauge it to be around 150Rs per day. It must be
borne in mind that this is not his income but the income of his father and one can only
imagine how they sustain themselves with such a small amount. Naturally he does not get any
money to spend on what he wants but this does not bother him as he has bigger aims in life.
He doesnt remember the number of hours he works on an average but he puts it in his own
way Agar chutti hota hai to subah bhi kam karna padhta hai, varna school ke din mein sirf
sham ko thoda kam karte hai Dressed in a dilapidated grey t-shirt and black shorts, he looks
out at the world with his large black eyes and tries to smile. School seems to be a magical
word for him as he launches into a description of his favourite place. Mujhe bahut acha lagta
hai school Jane mein, Mere bahut sare dost hae school mein, School ke teachers students
ko sambhal nahi pate hai. In his opinion the lack or proper teachers and facilities discourage
the students from going, and then there is the famous dialogue: bade hoke to phir yahi kam
karenge, phir aur padh ke kya fayda?
Their logic is hard to defy and the only question left is whether the state can match up to
Tauqeers expectations.
By: Adhiraj Gupta, National Law University Orissa
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47

Impact Analysis
The experience they have never had

It is often very hard to imagine a world where high-rises and slums can exist side by side on
the same road, but that is the ugly truth about Indian society. A society which is characterised
by extreme inequality and numerous divisions of caste, class, religion and gender, it is to be
expected that peoples lifestyle would also be very different. While some people can afford
the best education money can buy, the others are forced to depend on the local government
school.
It has been said that life is full of sorrows and delights, but both are never there in equal
measure, sometimes there is more sorrow in life and sometimes there are more delights. For
Mohammed Zubair a resident of Rajabazar, it has been the former. The 13 year old dropout of
the local government school (Momin High School) lost his father when he was just 12 years
old, and was forced to leave his studies. He shares a house with his mother and 8 siblings, (4
brothers and 4 sisters) and needless to say, he states that it is difficult to sustain such a large
family.
In a country where the right to education is a fundamental right and where every child
between the age of 6-14 is to be provided free and compulsory education it is indeed
disheartening to hear stories such as the one of Mohammed Zubair. Wearing a faded
Argentina jersey and shorts, his mood lifts once we start discussing about his schooldays.
School was fun, there wasnt much space to play but my friends and I used to think up new
games we could play in the small classrooms. In his opinion the teachers were not
adequately trained and that is used to reduce their excitement in going to school, due to the
lack of prospects of learning something new...
As he starts handling customers at his small daily shop, he thinks ruefully of his school life,
and his dream to continue with his studies someday. His daily earnings vary between 150-200
Rs per day and does not leave anything for him to spend on his own desires. Though his
younger siblings are all going to school at present, it is only a matter of time when they also
will be forced to drop out of school due to economic constraints. Hence though the
government is providing free education, one can see that there are certain other things which
need to be made free so that children can enjoy this free education.
By:
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Impact Analysis
Adhiraj Gupta
National Law University Orissa
Conclusion:The researcher feels that Child labour is a curse to the Indian society as well as our economy.
We are in 21st century and we are taking about what we have achieved in the field of Science
and technology, Space, Economy etc. We think our self as the second most powerful nation in
Asian reason after China. But this is the time to think about us what we have achieved till
now:
1) No. 2nd from top in case of Child Labour after Africa.
2) No. 1 from top in case of prostitution.
3) No. 1 from top in case of child smuggling
This shows you the real side of the mirror and let you think that where India lie??? This is
not the time to blame our government but Along with the government we also have to know
about our responsibilities and should take corrective measures to stop child labour so that we
can have a better and developed India.
Suggestions:Stop Child Labour Often we hear voices from the responsible and hearted people of
society. How we can we be the ones who are also kind-hearted and responsible?! Lets talk ...
Children do heavy work for the sake of money. The need money for buying food, food for
themselves or for their family, and also for some other basic needs like clothes, drugs, school
fees etc. Can you imagine this scenario: A 10 year old boy comes to a factory for work
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Impact Analysis
because his younger sister is sick and she needs medicine? That boy does heavy work for
money so that he can buy some medicine for his poor sister. Thats the scenario friend!
What is the solution?

Seven things:
1. Society and People
2. Government
3. Monetry Reward
4. Educate the parents about the role of education
5. Vocational Training
6. Replace Child workers with Adults
7. Welfare organizations like UNICEF
First of all the major responsibility is for we the people to live in the society. It starts in your
home. Never make any servant do work underage. Give some financial help to the street
boys. Unite people who want to help them. Make welfare groups. Give children education
and give them shelter and food. If we all work from our own place as far as we can, then it is
possible to have a result. Never put any child to hard and heavy work in an industry. Boycott
the people who are doing this and raise your voice against them. Make them know the law of
crime like child labour. Raise awareness to the people. Come forward and take your own
responsibility
and
make
your
own
judgments.
Secondly, governments can play a huge role. First of all they can make the proper law against
child labour and enforce them strictly against people who are putting the children to heavy
work. Governments also should assure shelter, food, education and all basic needs for
children. A child should be as free as he is in heaven. You cannot demand money from him in
exchange for a chocolate from your shop. It is their birthright and government is the body
who can do it. Remember, children are also a tool for criminal to their crime. Governments of
a country should be aware and take steps for that.
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Impact Analysis
Third, Reward can also play a vital role in order to eradicate child labour from India. If
anyone gives the authenticated news about child labour then the government will give him
monetary reward.
Educate the parents about the role of education
Vocational Training
Replace Child workers with Adults
Lastly, we are living in a era of globalization. We all are international. So developed country
and organization should come forward to help the poor child of the third world country. The
various international organizations can take steps to raise awareness to the people to stop
child labour. They can help children financially by giving them free education at education
for all programmes and putting pressure on the government to enforce the law to provide
necessary elements for the welfare of children. The combination of the above bodies will
make
it
easy
to
eradicate
children's
ill
health.
Children are the sign of innocence and purity. Your heart should melt in tears when you see
them sleeping in the street with a hungry belly if you are a real human. We the youth raise our
voice.
Make
this
world
better
place
for
the
upcoming
generation.
The Time-Bound Programme (TBP):-
The International
Labour
Organization Worst
Forms
of
Child
Labour
Convention (Convention No. 182) calls for time-bound programmes for the eradication of the
worst forms of child labour. Countries ratifying this Convention must take immediate and
effective measures to secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child
labour (WFCL) as a matter of urgency.
The Time-Bound Programme (TBP) approach constitutes one of the means put in place by
the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) to assist countries in
fulfilling their obligations under the convention.
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Impact Analysis
TBPs are designed as a comprehensive framework that governments can use to chart a course
of action with well-defined targets. They comprise a set of integrated and coordinated
policies and interventions with clear goals, specific targets and a defined time frame, aimed at
preventing and eliminating a countrys WFCL. They emphasize the need to address the root
causes of child labour, linking action for the latters elimination to national development
policy, macro-economic trends and strategies, and demographic and labour market processes
and
outcomes,
with
particular
emphasis
on
economic
and
social
policies
to
combat poverty and to promote universal basic education and social mobilization. The TBPs
time horizon is set in accordance with the prevalence of the WFCL, the availability of
resources, the level of local expertise and other conditions prevailing in the country.
Focusing heavily on the rapid elimination of the worst forms of child labour, the TBP
approach represents a logical progression of IPECs work to date while drawing on the
experience that has been accumulating since the programmes inception. TBPs pull together
many of the successful approaches piloted by IPEC and others in the past into a
comprehensive and scaled-up programme combining upstream policy-oriented interventions
covering awareness raising, legislation and enforcement, education, employment and social
protection with withdrawal and rehabilitation interventions. IPEC sees the TBP as a key
strategic approach for attaining large-scale impact on the WFCL.31
Time-bound measures to address this issue will attempt to:
Prevent the engagement of children in the worst forms of child labour.
Provide direct assistance for the removal of children from the worst forms of child
labour and for their rehabilitation and social integration.
Ensure access to free basic education and appropriate vocational training for all
children removed from the worst forms of child labour.
Identify and reach out to children at special risk, and
31 ILO Convention No. 182, Articles 1 and 7.
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Impact Analysis
Take account of the special situation of girls.32
Bibliography:Books
Child Labour: Problem and Policy Implications; By:- S.S. Chinna
Institutional Design For Tackling Child Labour Problem: A Study of the State Child
Labour Project in Karnataka by:- V. Anil Kumar, K.G.Gayathri Devi, D.Rajashekhar
Problems of Child Labour in India
Before Their Time The World of Child Labour By:- David L Parker
Days of Toil and Tears The Child Labour Diary of Flora Rutherford By:- Sarah Ellis
Child Labor: A World History Companion Cover
Websites
http://www.labour.nic.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/FAQ/FAQ%20child%20labour.pdf
http://www.apheda.org.au/campaigns/child_labour/resources/1071218647_7800.html
http://www.goodweave.org.uk/child-labour/child-labour-qandas.shtml
32 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ipec/themes/timebound/tbp.htm
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Impact Analysis
http://www.childlaborphotoproject.org/childlabor.html
http://www.childlaborphotoproject.org/childlabor.html
http://www.developmenteducation.ie/taking-action/child-labour/faq.html
http://www.doli.virginia.gov/laborlaw/laborlaw_faqs_childlaborlawp1.html
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Impact Analysis
Page

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1

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

Photo Credit - ANKIT ANAND

Project Work of Sociology on

Dr. Sangeet Kumar

Roll No- 916

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

1 "Child labor - causes". ILO, United Nations. 2008.

4 Age Structure And Marital Status India Census 2001

8 "THE STATE OF THE WORLDS CHILDREN - 2011". UNICEF. 2012.

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

17 "Child Labor". Forbes. 3 October 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2009.

21 "http://www.primarkresponse.com/panorama/timeline-of-events/". Primark. 2012.

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

23 "What is child labour?". International Labour Organization. 2012.

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

26 "Abolition of Child Labour A Brief Note". National Advisory Council. 2011.

30 "Uniform shortage". India Today. 3 September 2011.

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

Aims and objectives:To know about Child Labour

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

Research Methodology:Doctrinal Method

Non Doctrinal Method

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

Cause of Child Labour in India

Poverty the main reason for child labour

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

ILLETERACY AND LACK OF EDUCATION

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

Laws and enforcement are often inadequate.

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

CONCEQUENCES OF CHILD LABOUR

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

Types of child labour

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

BONDED CHILD LABOUR

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

THE CHILD LABOUR (Prohibition and Regulation) ACT, 1986

conditions of work or children in certain other employments.

PROHIBITION OF EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN CERTAIN OCCUPATIONS

1. Transport of passengers, goods; or mails by railway

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

48 Tobacco processing including manufacturing of tobacco, tobacco paste and handling of

IV CHILD LABOUR TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE:

VII NOTICE TO INSPECTOR:

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

VIII DISPUTES AS TO AGE:

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

X11 WHO CAN FILE PROSPECUTIONS:

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

Child labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986:

International Conventions on child labour