SMART

EGG INCUBATOR

ACKNOWLEGMENT
First of all we would like to thanks to our God.secoundly we would like to express our deepest
gratitude to our advisor, Mr Ahunum Abebe for, his excellent guidance, caring, patience, and
providing us with an excellent atmosphere for doing this project. He helps us as much as possible
and when we ask any question he answer our question politely. We would also thanks the school
of electrical and computer engineering help us by giving the resource just like computer access
and other material and also extra ordinary thanks to our parents who support and believe on us
through the long journe

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Contents
List of Figure....................................................................................................iv
List of Table......................................................................................................v
Acronym...........................................................................................................v
Abstract..........................................................................................................vii
Chapter 1.........................................................................................................1
1. Introduction.................................................................................................1
1.1 Back ground information........................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the problem......................................................................2
1.3 Objectives of the Project.........................................................................2
1.3.1 Specific Objectives...........................................................................2
1.4 Methodology...........................................................................................2
1.5 Scope of the project................................................................................4
1.6 Organizations of the Project...................................................................4
Chapter Two.....................................................................................................5
Literature Review.............................................................................................6
2.1. Embryonic Development.......................................................................6
2.2 Incubating Conditions.............................................................................7
2.3 Egg Incubators in the Market..................................................................8
2.3.1 Automatic Forced-Air Incubator........................................................8
2.3.2 Manual Forced-Air Incubator.............................................................9
2.3.3 The Mini Eco.....................................................................................9
2.3.4 Smart egg incubator.......................................................................10
Chapter Three................................................................................................11
3. System Design and Analysis......................................................................11
3.1 System block diagram and Operations.................................................11
3.1.1 Power supply..................................................................................11
3.1.2 PIC16F877A Microcontroller..........................................................12
3.1.3 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)...........................................................15
3.1.4 Humidity control.............................................................................15
3.1.5 Temperature sensor........................................................................15
3.1.6 Fan..................................................................................................16
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3.1.7 Egg roller........................................................................................16
3.1.8 Voltage Regulator...........................................................................18
3.1.9 transformer....................................................................................18
3.2 Software design....................................................................................21
3.2.1 mikroC PRO for PIC.........................................................................21
3.2.2 Proteus-8........................................................................................21
Chapter four...................................................................................................22
4. Results and Discussions.............................................................................22
4.1 Simulation Results................................................................................22
4.1.1 Dc- source......................................................................................22
Chapter five...................................................................................................23
5. Conclusion and Recommendations for future work...................................23
5.1Conclusion.............................................................................................23
5.2 Recommendations for future work.......................................................24
Reference..........................................................................................................25
Appendix..........................................................................................................26
Appendix A. NTC thermistors data sheet..................................................................26

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List of Figure
Figure1.1 Project development flow chart.....................................................................................3
Figure 2.2Automatic Forced-Air Incubator.....................................................................................9
Figure 2.3 Manual Forced-Air Incubator.........................................................................................9
Figure 2.4 the Mini Eco Incubator Figure.....................................................................................10
Figure 3.1 system block diagram...................................................................................................11
Figure 3.2 Pin diagram of PIC16F877A........................................................................................14
Figure 3.3 egg roller......................................................................................................................17
Figure 3.4 short circuit test...........................................................................................................19
Figure 3.5 open circuit test............................................................................................................19
Figure 4.1 circuit diagram of dc source.........................................................................................22
Figure 4.2 output wave form of DC source...................................................................................22

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List of Table
Table 2.1 Condition of incubator for various types of egg................................................8
Table 3.1 input/output port of micro controller............................................................14

Acronym

Description
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AC..alternative current
ADC....analog to digital converter
B...beta
C..Celsius
DCdirect current
F..Fahrenheit
I/O.input output
KB...kilo byte
LCDLiquid crystal display
MHZ...mega hertz
NTCNegative temperature coefficient
PIC..programme integrate circuit
R25..resistance at 25 degree Celsius
RHT.relative humidity temperature
RT..thermistor resistance
RT2 resistance at T2
Temp.temperature
V ref ..reference voltage
V.Voltage

Abstract
The main objective of this project is to design and develop the system of an egg incubator that
able to incubate chicken eggs. The Smart egg incubator will fill up with the temperature and
humidity sensor that can measure the condition of the incubator and automatically change to the
suitable condition for the egg. The health of egg is very important for the development of embryo
within the egg. Improper control means that the temperature or humidity is too high or too low.
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In this project the heater will use to give the suitable temperature to the egg. By using the water
and controlling fan, we can make sure the humidity and ventilation in good condition. The status
condition in the smart egg incubator will appear on the liquid crystal display (LCD) screen
display. To make sure all part of egg was heated by lamp, steeper motor is very useful to rotate
iron rode at the bottom side and automatically change the position of egg by using egg roller.
This keeps the embryo centered in the egg and prevents it from sticking to the shell membrane.
The entire element will be controlled using programmable integrated circuit (PIC). The PIC is a
type of microcontroller that can process a data from sensor and will execute the control element
to change the condition of smart egg incubator

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Chapter 1
1. Introduction
1.1 Back ground information
Today, according to the growth of human population and human needs , we should use artificial
methods of the mass production in the short timescales to be responsive to the community needs
So, using new methods is essential for more and better poultry production that are depends on
them. In this regard, can be used its industrial methods that means using artificial incubation, it
was many years that technology of control devices which used in incubation works, have been
created. Fundamental factors and key are known for being successful in artificial incubation
during the incubation of eggs should be rotated. It is necessary to control the heat, humidity and
ventilation and no shock occur. Among the environmental conditions, temperature is very
important than other factors, this temperature is required for its Egg incubation technology that
provides opportunity for farmers to produce development over a specific period. The humidity is
also critical, and if the air is too dry the egg will lose too much water to the atmosphere, which
can make hatching difficult or impossible. The most important difference between natural and
artificial incubation is the fact that the natural parent provides warmth by contact rather than
surrounding the egg with warm air. As incubation proceeds, an egg will normally become lighter,
and the air space within the egg will normally become larger, owing to evaporation from the egg.
Industrial rising of farm animals indoors under conditions of extremely restricted mobility is
commonly known as factory farming. It is done as part of industrial agriculture which is a set of
methods that changes as laws and technology change known as industrial agriculture which is
designed to produce the highest output at the lowest cost, using economies of scale, modern
machinery, modern medicine, and global trade for financing, purchases and sales. Egg incubator
is one of the inventions that provide opportunity especially for who want to be excellent farmer.
There is one of easy and fastest way that can make a product. This invention will upgrade the egg
incubator that has already in market today. The systems will automatically controlling the
temperature and humidity of the incubator for various types of egg.

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1.2 Statement of the problem

According to speech release by secretary general Ministry of Agriculture & Agro-based Industry
Ethiopia though blesses with fertile soil, abundant rainfall and suitable climate for food
production is still not yet ensured food security and has never achieved a food trade balance.
Realizing the opportunity and potential for the development of this sector, the government was
entrusted with the responsibility to develop the agro food sector into a competitive entity and
contribute significantly to national income. Efforts in transforming the sector is indeed a
Herculean modern farming methods but also entails the need for a mind-set leap among the
community from the old stigma of agriculture being a backward and low skill activity.
Alternatively, the Smart Incubator is designed to improve the available eggs incubation method,
in order to change the traditional farming method to advance and modern farming method.
Besides, by introducing the smart incubator may help our country achieve a food trade balance
surplus.

1.3 Objectives of the Project

The general objective of this project used to build egg incubator by automatically control the
humidity and temperature condition.

1.3.1 Specific Objectives

The specific objective of this project is
To design the size and type of incubator
To identify the egg roller
To design the temperature and humidity circuit
To select the appropriate micro controller for the project
To select the appropriate motor for turning of egg tray

1.4 Methodology
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In this part we try to clarify our projects procedure by using flow charts will be discussed as
follow.

Figure 1.1 Project development flow chart

From the above figure the project development are expressed by designing mechanical, electrical
And software parts.in the mechanical part we will try to design the egg roller and the incubator
but we cannot work the hard ware part of this one at this semester. The only we have to do is that
the electrical circuit and software part. Also in the electrical part we develop the system circuit.
Then this three part will combined together to perform the Smart Egg Incubator System. The
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incubator will fill up with the temperature and humidity sensor that can measure the condition of
the incubator and automatically change to the suitable condition for the egg. Actually, this project
consists of three elements that should be controlled. There are movement, temperature and
humidity. In this project, the light is use to give the suitable temperature to the egg. The
percentage of the humidity in the incubator need to consistent by control the fan and water
through in the incubator, it is can make sure the humidity and ventilation in good condition. To
make sure all part of egg was heated by the heater, egg roller is very useful to rotate iron rod at
the bottom side and automatically change the position of egg.
The entire element will be controlled using programmable integrated circuit (PIC). The PIC is a
type of microcontroller that can process a data from sensor and will execute the control element
to change the condition of incubator.

1.5 Scope of the project

The scope of this project is combining of electrical part and programming part. The hardware part
consists of electronic circuit for the microcontroller, temperature sensor, 7 segments display relay,
power supply circuits, steeper motor and power supply the software consists of
Microcontroller16F877A. Microcontroller circuit are used for control the entire project, and then
sensors are used to detect the eggs and continue to be brought to the incubation with the
conveyor.

1.6 Organizations of the Project

This paper is organized in the following format in a way that caught the attention of the reader.
This project is combination of five chapters that contain the Introduction, Literature Review,
System Design and Analysis, Results and Discussion and the last chapter is a Conclusion and
Recommendation of the project
Chapter 1 is an introduction of the project. In this chapter, we will explain the background,
methodology and objectives of the project. The idea of the project and the overall overview of the
project also will be discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 2 focuses on the literature review and that indicates what project has been done before
we work this one and the response of the problem. .
Chapter 3 is about System Design and Analysis. On this chapter the required hard ware and
software parts are described in detail and the system overviews and design and analysis will be
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explained
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion, in this chapter we try to see the result of our project.
Chapter 5 discusses the conclusion and recommendation of the project. Finally the project has
been done with the expected result. This project can be done for the short period of time but some
recommendation must be included to make sure the system running properly without any
violation.

Chapter Two
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Literature Review
Novice poultry producers usually become interested in artificial incubation of their own chicks.
The success of this type project depends on proper care and incubation of the hatching eggs so
healthy, vigorous chicks are produced. Many times a producer carefully attends to the incubation
process but disregards the care of the eggs before they are placed in the incubator. Even before
incubation starts the embryo is developing and needs proper care. Hatching eggs suffer from
reduced hatchability if the eggs are not cared for properly [2]. The size and type of incubator
selected depends on the needs and future plans of each producer. Many different models are
available. For continuous settings, separate incubator and Hatcher units are recommended. If all
eggs in the unit are at the same stage of incubation, a single unit can be used. Locate the
incubator and hatchers units indoors to protect them from major weather changes. It is essential
that the room has a good ventilation system to supply plenty of fresh air. Keeping the units
indoors makes it easier to maintain uniform temperature and humidity. There are basically two
types of incubators available. Forced-air

and still-air incubators. Forced-air incubators have

fans that provide internal air circulation. The capacity of these units may be very large. The stillair incubators are usually small without fans for air circulation. Air exchange is attained by the
rise and escape of warm, stale air and the entry of cooler fresh air near the base of the incubator.

2.1. Embryonic Development

Embryonic development is a continuous process that can roughly be divided into three different
phases. They are differentiation, growth and the maturation. Typically, differentiation of organs
occurs in the first days of incubation. The growth and the maturation of the organs occur in the
later phases of development. Each of these phases requires specific incubator conditions [7]. As
the embryo grows, its metabolic rate increases and this is accompanied by increased heat
production. Consequently, the natural pattern of the embryo and eggshell temperature shows an
increase towards the end of incubation. In the incubator we must differentiate between the
temperature set point at which the incubator operates and the temperature of the air at the level of
the eggs, which determines the temperature of the egg and embryo. At the start of incubation the
embryo produces little heat and eggs must be warmed. This means that the air temperature must
be higher than the egg temperature. As the embryo grows, metabolic heat production increases
and to prevent overheating the air surrounding the eggs must be cooled such that heat is removed
from the eggs
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2.2 Incubating Conditions

The condition of incubator is very importance element. Poor results are most commonly
produced with improper control of temperature and/or humidity. Improper control means that the
temperature or humidity is too high or too low for a sufficient length of time that it interferes with
the normal growth and development of the embryo. Poor results also occur from improper
ventilation, egg turning and sanitation of the machines or eggs.
The components than must be control in the incubator are temperature, humidity and ventilation.
The temperature must depend on the types of egg. In order to hatch a good percentage of fertile
eggs, an incubator must be able to maintain a constant temperature. Though different sorts of
eggs require different heat levels, most will grow and hatch well at 37 to 38C [5]. Sure, that does
sound imposingly precise, but such accuracy isn't all that difficult to achieve
Rarely is the humidity too high in properly ventilated still-air incubators. The water pan area
should be equivalent to one-half the floor surface area or more. Increased ventilation during the
last few days of incubation and hatching may necessitate the addition of another pan of water or a
wet sponge. Humidity is maintained by increasing the exposed water surface area [6].
Ventilation is very important during the incubation process. While the embryo is developing,
oxygen enters the egg through the shell and carbon dioxide escapes in the same manner. As the
chicks hatch, they require an increased supply of fresh oxygen. As embryos grow, the air vent
openings are gradually opened to satisfy increased embryonic oxygen demand. Care must be
taken to maintain humidity during the hatching period. Unobstructed ventilation holes, both
above and below the eggs, are essential for proper air exchange.
The Table 2.1 below shows the condition of the incubator for various type of egg which is
consists of suitable temperature and humidity for every type of eggs. The Fahrenheit unit can be
converting to Celsius by using the Fahrenheit formula, F = [32 + (9/5) *C].

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Table 2. 1 Condition of incubator for various types of egg
Species

Incubatio
n

Temp

Humidity (F)

Period (F)

Chicken
Turkey
Duck
Muscovy

(days)
21
28
28
35-37

100
99
100
100

85-87
84-86
85-86
85-86

Duck
Goose
Guinea

28-34
28

99
100

86-88
85-87

2.3 Egg Incubators in the Market

There are many egg incubators at market nowadays. They come with several features that
differentiate their product with other. However, they use the same principle in creating their
product. For example, Automatic Forced-Air Incubator uses a light bulb to increase the
temperature in the incubator, while, Mini Eco Eggs Incubator, uses heater coil for the same
purpose. In our project, smart incubator makes the other eggs incubator as literature review in
order to provide an automatic eggs incubator at low cost and easy to handle.

2.3.1 Automatic Forced-Air Incubator

Automatic model with a capacity / load the eggs of 100 eggs, also can accommodate nearly
300 quail eggs. For operating an automatically diverting eggs for up to 8 times a day by the
installation of electric motor, timers and relays. Using a thermostat brand products Caemz Italy
known for its precision control of temperature up to 1 degree Celsius, clear digital thermometer
displays the temperature of incubator operation, the blower fan is temperature resistant and
moisture and heat lamps are easily replaced with 5 watt, low and save electricity.[3]

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Figure 2.1 Automatic Forced-Air Incubator

2.3.2 Manual Forced-Air Incubator

Model with manual capacity of 60 eggs, can accommodate nearly 200 quail eggs. Operation
simultaneously over the use of egg tray egg incubator can be operated from the outside without
opening the incubator. Using a thermostat brand product Caemz Italy known for its precision
control of temperature up to 1 degree Celsius, clear digital thermometer displays the temperature
of incubator operation, the blower fan is temperature resistant and moisture and heat lamps are
easily replaced with 5 watt, low and save electricity. [3]

Figure 2.2 Manual Forced-Air Incubator

2.3.3 The Mini Eco

The Mini Eco holds 10 hens eggs (or equivalent) and provides the fine temperature control to
ensure consistent and reliable hatches. Temperature is monitored on a purpose built liquid-inglass thermometer and although factory set, the electronic temperature control allows fine tuning
of the temperature setting if required. [4]

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Figure 2.3 the Mini Eco Incubator Figure

2.3.4 Smart egg incubator

The smart egg incubator which is our project comes with several features that differentiate their
product with others. Some of these features are listed below:
i. Using light bulb for heating process.
ii. Using thermistor for entering the temperature.
iii. Using fan control the heat process.
iv. 7 segment display to show the value of temperature in the incubator and setting value.
v. Using analogy temperature sensor to detect the temperature at the incubator
vi. Using PIC16F877A microcontroller to control the overall process
By considering all of the above literature our incubator should be made with readily available
materials, relatively cheap and be within the buying capacity of local farmers, able to hatch
different shapes and sizes of egg, have higher capacity compared to natural methods, be simple to
operate and maintain by local farmers.

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Chapter Thre
3. System Design and Analysis
On this chapter the required block diagram and software parts are described in detail and
thesystem overviews and design and analysis will be clarify.

3.1 System block diagram and Operations

Figure 3.1 system block diagram

This block diagram is built to identify the inputs and outputs that will be used in our project. It
consists of a combination of all of the problems encountered and different information. From this
diagram some of the components are;

3.1.1 Power supply

The DC source was designed with a rectifier and filter circuit. A full bridge rectifier was chosen
because they have less ripple than a half bridge rectifier because the frequency is twice as fast.
This means the filter has to supply the voltage for only half as long so it has less time.We have
used Transformer with rating of 220/12V which steps down the voltage level from 220 V AC to
required voltage level to feed the system.

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3.1.2 PIC16F877A Microcontroller

PIC 16F877 is one of the most advanced microcontroller from Microchip. This controller is
widely used for experimental and modern applications because of its low price, wide range of
applications, high quality, and ease of availability. It is ideal for applications such as machine
control applications, measurement devices, study purpose, and so on.
General Features

High performance RISC CPU.

ONLY 35 simple word instructions.
All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycles.
Operating speed: clock input (200MHz), instruction cycle (200nS).
Up to 3688bit of RAM (data memory), 2568 of EEPROM (data memory), and 8k14

of flash memory.
Pin out compatible to PIC 16C74B, PIC 16C76, PIC 16C77.
Eight level deep hardware stack.
Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources).
Different types of addressing modes (direct, Indirect, relative addressing modes).
Power on Reset (POR).
Power-Up Timer (PWRT) and oscillator start-up timer.
Low power- high speed CMOS flash/EEPROM.
Fully static design.
Wide operating voltage range (2.0 5.56) volts.
High sink/source current (25mA).
Commercial, industrial and extended temperature ranges.
Low power consumption (<0.6mA typical @3v-4MHz, 20A typical @3v-32MHz and
<1 A typical standby).
Key Features

Maximum operating frequency is 20MHz.

Flash program memory (14 bit words), 8KB.
Data memory (bytes) is 368.
EEPROM data memory (bytes) is 256.
5 input/output ports.
3 timers.
2 CCP modules.
2 serial communication ports (MSSP, USART).
PSP parallel communication port
10bit A/D module (8 channels)

Analog Features
10bit, up to 8 channel A/D converter.
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Brown out Reset function.
Analog comparator module.
Special Features

100000 times erase/write cycle enhanced memory.

1000000 times erase/write cycle data EEPROM memory.
Self-programmable under software control.
In-circuit serial programming and in-circuit debugging capability.
Single 5V,DC supply for circuit serial programming
WDT with its own RC oscillator for reliable operation.
Programmable code protection.
Power saving sleep modes.
Selectable oscillator options.

Pin Diagrams and input output ports of PIC16F877A

PIC16F877 chip is available in different types of packages. According to the type of applications
and usage, these packages are differentiated. The pin diagram which is in our project is shown in
fig.3.2 below.

Figure 3.2 Pin diagram of PIC16F877A

Input/output ports
PIC16F877 has 5 basic input/output ports. They are usually denoted by PORT A (R A),
PORT B (RB), PORT C (RC), PORT D (RD), and PORT E (RE). These ports are used for input/
output interfacing. In this controller, PORT A is only 6 bits wide (RA-0 to RA-7), PORT B ,
PORT C,PORT D are only 8 bits wide (RB-0 to RB-7,RC-0 to RC-7,RD-0 to RD-7), PORT
E has only 3 bit wide (RE-0 to RE-7).

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Table 3.1 input/output port of micro controller
PORT-A
PORT-B
PORT-C
PORT-D
PORT-E

RA-0 to RA-5
RB-0 to RB-7
RC-0 to RC-7
RD-0 to RD-7
RE-0 to RE-2

6 bit wide
8 bit wide
8 bit wide
8 bit wide
3 bit wide

All these ports are bi-directional. The direction of the port is controlled by using TRIS(X)
registers (TRIS A used to set the direction of PORT-A, TRIS B used to set the direction for
PORT-B, etc.). Setting a TRIS(X) bit 1 will set the corresponding PORT(X) bit as input.
Clearing a TRIS(X) bit 0 will set the corresponding PORT(X) bit as output.
(If we want to set PORT A as an input, just set TRIS(A) bit to logical 1 and want to set PORT B
as an output, just set the PORT B bits to logical 0.)

Analog to Digital Converter (A/D) Module

The Ana log-to-Digital (A/D) Converter module has eight inputs. The conversion of an analog
input signal results in a corresponding 10-bit digital number. The A/D module has high and lowvoltage reference input that is software selectable to some combination of VDD, VSS, RA2 or
RA3. The A/D converter has a unique feature of being able to operate while the device is in Sleep
mode. To operate in Sleep, the A/D clock must be derived from the A/Ds internal RC oscillator.
The A/D module has four registers

3.1.3 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

LCD screen needs to display the current value of temperature and humidity. It connects to 7 pins
of one port, and operates in 4 bit 'nibble' mode to save I/O pins. For our project, the LCD is
connected to Port B. The potentiometer is for adjusting the contrast of the display, and if
incorrectly adjusted can cause the display to become invisible. By using 4 bit mode we can
connect the entire LCD module to one port, it uses exactly 10 pins (just right for our Molex
connectors). In 4 bit mode we don't use pins 7-10, which are used as the lower 4 data bits in 8 bit
mode, instead we write (or read) to the upper 4 pins twice, transferring half of the data each time

3.1.4 Humidity control

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The Humidity sensor will used as, turning ON or OFF the Water Heater to provide adequate
humidity.in our project we used the NTC thermistor to control the humidity based on
temperature. Egg incubators need a humidity range of 50 55% during the first 18 day. In order
to maintain this humidity range has set our temperature between 28 and 30 C. During the last
three day the humidity must be increased to 60%. To satisfy this we have increased our
temperature to 31 C.

3.1.5 Tempsorerature sensor

Incubator temperature should be maintained between 37 C and 38 C. The acceptable range is
36C to 39C. Mortality is seen if the temperature drops below 36C or rises above 39C for a
number of hours. If the temperature stays at either extreme for several days, the eggs may not
hatch. Overheating is more critical than under heating. Running the incubator at 40C for 15
minutes will seriously affect the embryos, while running it at 35C for 3 or 4 hours will be slow
the chick's metabolic rate. There are different types of temperature sensors from those we have
use the NTC Thermistor because it can find easily. NTC Thermistors are ceramic semi-conductor
elements made from metal oxides which have a predictable and repeatable R-T curve. The
resistance changes are non-linear and exhibit a Negative Temperature Coefficient therefore their
resistance, at a determined measuring power, declines as the temperature of the device increases
and vice versa. We have calculated the temperature value by the formula shown in equation
below
B=ln

RT 25
1
1
/(
)
RT
T 25 T
T2= 1 / ((1/B) * log (RT/R25) + 1/T25))

Where
B is a constant =3380
T1=298K
R25=5Kohm which is the zero power resistance at 25oC
RT2 - The zero power resistance at T2
B or beta value is an indication of the slope of the curve which represents the relationship
between the resistance and the temperature of a particular thermistor measured under zero power
conditions. The higher the Beta value the greater the change in resistance per degree C. We have
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the ADC of the PIC16F877A microcontroller in order to control the analog temperature

3.1.6 Fan
This component are used for the purpose of circulating the heated air uniformly around the
incubator. And alsoThe Fan will be switched in order to circulate the temperature and humidity
throughout the incubator.

3.1.7 Egg roller

Eggs set on their sides must be rotated 1/2 turn at least 3 times daily. Eggs set with the air cell
end up should be tilted in the opposite direction 3 times daily. This keeps the embryo cantered in
the egg and prevents it from sticking to the shell membrane. Stop turning the eggs for the last
three (3) days of the incubation cycle (at 18 days for chickens) 25 days for waterfowl, etc.) Have
used the stepper motor in order to roll the eggs automatically with specified period of time. Since
stepper motors can rotate step by they are preferable for our project.
A stepper motor is a brushless, synchronous electric motor that can divide a full rotation into a
large number of steps, for example, 200 steps. Thus the motor can be turned to a precise angle.
Stepper motors operate differently from normal DC motors, which simply spin when voltage is
applied to their terminals. Stepper motors, on the other hand, effectively have multiple "toothed"
electromagnets arranged around a central metal gear. To make the motor shaft turn, first one
electromagnet is given power, which makes the gear's teeth magnetically attracted to the
electromagnet's teeth

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Figure 3.3 egg roller

3.1.8 voltage regulator

Are usually three legs, converts varying input voltage and produces a constant regulated output
voltage. They are available in a variety of outputs.
The most common part numbers start with the numbers 78 or 79 and finish with two digits
indicating the output voltage. The number 78 represents positive voltage and 79 negative one.
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The 78XX series of voltage regulators are designed for positive input. And the 79XX series is
designed for negative input. From this we are choose LM7805 and LM7812 which are5v and 12v
output voltage respectively. Both of them handle up to 36 input voltage, could not be greater than
this values otherwise the regulator will over heat.
The capacitors chosen for filtering is 1000F in order to remove the ripples and the design
choice was verified in Proteus with a simulation. The rectifier circuit has two outputs.
These are: 12V which feeds to the stepper motor and relay.
5v which founds from the voltage regulator and it feeds to the microcontroller
We have also use different components to satisfy our projects from this, transformer is the
main one but not the list in order to get the appropriate value of relay, steeper motor and micro
controller.toget this values first we have to calculate coupling factor, primary inductor, secondary
inductor and also primary and secondary value of resister. To get this values we have to check
two tests, short circuit test and open circuit test.

3.1.9 transformer
Transformer is astatic device which transforms electrical energy from one circuit to another with
out any direct electrical conections.and also it is used to step up or step down the incoming
voltage.we have select 2p2s single phase transformer in order to step down 220v in to 12v.to get
this values we make two tests.

A. Short Circuit Test of single phase Transformer

The connection diagram for short circuit test on transformer is shown in the figure. 3.3 voltmeter,
wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in HV side of the transformer as shown. The voltage at
rated frequency is applied to that HV side. The LV side of the transformer is short circuited. From
this we have read the voltage, current, and power according to the test.

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Figure 3.4 short circuit test

B. Open Circuit Test of single phase Transformer

The connection diagram for open circuit test on transformer is shown in the
figure. 3.4 voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in LV side of
the transformer as shown. The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that
LV side. The HV side of the transformer is kept open. According to this we
have measure voltage, current and power in our machine lab.

Figure 3.5 open circuit test

By making this two test in our lab we have try to measure the
voltage,currentand power in order to calculate coupling factor,inductor and
resistance just like as follow
From no load test
V=26v,p0=7.2w,I0=0.31 then
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P=V*I*cos
=cos-l(P/VI)=cos-l(7.2/26*0.31)=26.710

Io

Im

Ic
Im=I0sin=0.13638
Ic=I0cos=0.26921
Rc=p/Ic2=93.89
Xm=V/Im=190.644H
From short circuit test
Isc=4.54A ,Psc=220w, Vsc=41v then
Zeqv=V/I=41v/4.54A=9.11
X=Zeqv/2=4.55H
Reqv=Psc/Isc2=220/4.52=10.8642
R=Reqv/2=5.4
K=V2/V1=26/220=0.1182
By calculating this values we have add the selected transformer parameters
in order toget a12v steep down voltage from the proteus software.

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3.2 Software design

In the software design we have select two types of softwares to simulate our project. These are:1. mikroC PRO for The PIC compiler
2. Proteus-8 software to build and run our circuit

3.2.1 mikroC PRO for PIC

The mikroC PRO for PIC is a powerful, feature-rich development tool for PIC microcontrollers.
It is designed to give solution to our project.
3.2.2 Proteus-8
Proteus 8 is a single application with many service modules offering different functionality
(schematic capture, PCB layout, etc.). At this semester we have use proteus-8 software to check
the power supply feed to the micro control and egg roller.

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Chapter four
4. Results and Discussions
4.1 Simulation Results
4.1.1 Dc- source

Figure 4.1 circuit diagram of dc source

We have used a 220/12 V transformer to step down the voltage and we have used a full wave
rectifier in order to convert the ac source to dc source. We have used a 1000uf capacitor to
remove the ac ripples,LM7812 regulators to get 12V which is available for the stepper motor and
relay and LM7805 regulators in order to converter the output of the dc source in to 5V which is
available for most integrated circuits. The Proteus simulation for this is shown below.

Figure 4.2 output wave form of DC source

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The red colored graph is the output found from the voltage regulator and the green one is the
output of the rectifier at the 1000uf capacitor.

Chapter five
5. Conclusion and Recommendations for future work
5.1 Conclusion
From this project we conclude that micro controller and relay are get input voltage from the
supply by the help of regulator, capacitor and rectifier in order to activate the process .The health
of egg is very important for the development of embryo within the egg. Improper control means
that the temperature is too high or too low. In order to control this temperature we have used the
NTC thermistor by integrating with the PIC16F877A. At the consequence if the temperature is
below 38 C the relay was activated and the lamp is switched. The micro controller we have select
are used to control the temperature and stepping of the stepper motor and it displays the states of
incubator on the LCD display. The design of our project is started by designing full wave
rectifiers that changes ac into constant DC output. To avoid harmonics we also used capacitor for
filtering purpose. By using this components we have got 5v and 12v voltage in order to supply
the micro control and steeper motor respectively. The stepper motors are used rotate egg roller
properly.

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5.2 Recommendations for future work

The incubator we have designed is only for hen chicken eggs but it is possible to design
an incubator System that can able to incubate various type of egg.
In developing countries just like our country power interruption occurs, in order to avoid
the interruption and to be continuous the operation of the incubator has to be used a
battery backup and solar power system.
The learning teaching process almost totally focused on theoretical part and ideal
calculation this system by itself discourage students from practical knowledge.
Our project room are shortage of computer access this cause wastage of time and
hindrance to work our project properly so in order to solve this problem the school must
be increases computer accesses.
We have identify the appropriate material for our work and check the overall simulation in
case it was not work but if you have given priority we are finish over all simulation
including the hard ware implementation in the future.

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Reference
[1]. Singh, R.A (1990). Poultry production, kalyani publisher, New Delhi, third edition.
[2]. Ayivor W.F &Hellins C.E (1986) poultry keeping in tropics, Oxford University press,
London, second edition pg. 40-45.
[3]. Abu. M. B. MohdAdid (2008), Development of smart Egg Incubator System for Various
types of Egg (SEIS). Bachelor Thesis (Hons) Electronics.Faculty of Electronics
Engineering.Universiti Malaysia Pahang.
[4]. Hughes B.L., Jones J.E., and Toler J.E. (1991). Effects of Exposing Broiler Breeders to
Nicarbazin Contaminated Feed. Poult.Sci. 70:476-482.
[5]. Lourens A.H, Van den brand, R. Meijerhot and B. Kemp 2005. Effect of eggshell
temperature during Incubation on embryo development, hatchability and post hatch development
poultry sci. 84: 914-920.
[6]. Ensminger, M E. (1974), Poultry Science, Avian Biology Research 2th Edition.
[7]. Wilson, H.R (1991). Physiological requirement of the developing embryo: temperature and
turning chp 9, page 145-156. in avian incubation S.G Tullet, butterworth-heineman, London,
U.K.

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Appendix
Appendix A. NTC thermistors data sheet
The resistance variation of 5K NTC thermistors is shown in table below temperature
Temperature(C)
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75

RT()
152831.92
110192.48
80369.15
59267.29
44169.70
33252.16
25276.18
19391.74
15009.33
1171598
9219.53
7311.42
6128.6
5000
3807.45
3104.52
2547.18
2102.41
1745.26
1456.75
1222.36
1030.87
873.61
743.61

TCR(%K)
-6.66
-6.43
-6.20
-5.98
-5.78
-5.58
-5.39
-5.21
-5.04
-4.87
-4.71
-4.56
-4.42
-4.28
-4.15
-4.02
-3.90
-3.78
-3.67
-3.56
-3.46
-3.26
-3.17
-3.08

26

R/R due to B-tolerance

7.58
6.83
6.13
5.45
4.80
4.18
3.58
3.01
2.46
1.93
1.42
0.93
0.46
0.00
0.22
0.43
0.64
0.84
1.03
1.22
1.40
1.58
1.75
1.92