On the Quality of Service Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

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within same mobile group have the same group mobility pattern, but have different individual mobility patterns. It is assumed that the leader node has stronger radio transmission
capability and better computing power compared to the other nodes in the group. It is also
assumed that a normal node in level-1 is controlled by at least one leader node. Also neighboring leader nodes in lever-2 are able to communicate directly with each other through
separated channel, called hyper-channel. The algorithm is divided into the following three
phases: RREQ phase, QoS path computation phase, and QoS path maintenance phase.
A priority-based QoS routing scheme is proposed in [39] that uses the notion of
zone-disjoint routes with the objective of providing an interference-free communication to high-priority traffic. The contention between high- and low-priority routes is
avoided by reserving the high-priority zone of communication. Low-priority flows will
try to avoid this zone by selecting routes that is maximally zone disjoint with respect to
the high-priority reserved zone and will consequently allow a contention-free transmission of high-priority traffic in that reserved zone. The protocol assigns a path to a
high-priority flow that is shortest as well as maximally zone-disjoint with respect to
other high-priority communications. Each low-priority flow will try to take an adaptive
zone-disjoint path avoiding all high-priority zones. If such a path is not available, it will
block the flow adaptively to protect high-priority flows. However, unless the hop-count
or path length of low-priority flows, packets belonging to low-priority flows may get
diverted toward longer path unnecessarily?, increasing the end-to-end delay. Moreover,
there is no assurance of convergence, that is, the packets may move around the network
in search of zone-disjoint paths but may not reach the destination at all. Adaptive call
blocking of low-priority flows were also used to improve the high-priority throughput.
Furthermore, narrow-beam directional antennas are used to accommodate multiple
numbers of non-overlapping high-priority zones. However, the paths would become
less stable with narrow-beam directional antenna especially when the nodes are mobile.
It is not obvious how the use of directional antenna will improve the throughput of
prioritized flow without degrading the low-priority flows in the network.

4.3.4 QoS Routing Based on Route Scheduling

Based on route scheduling, there are four categories, namely reactive, proactive, location,
and hybrid protocols. Proactive table-based routing schemes require each of the nodes
inthe network to maintain and update routing information, which is used to determine
the next hop for a packet transmission in order to reach destination. On-demand routing
is an emerging routing philosophy intended to overcome the scalability and routing overhead problems of proactive protocols in MANETs. Routes are created when necessary
based on a query-reply approach. It differs from the conventional proactive routing protocols in that no permanent routing information are maintained at network nodes, thus
providing a scalable routing solution in large MANETs. Examples of reactive protocols
are DSDV [40] and DSR [41] that splits routing into discovering a path and maintaining
a path. Maintaining a path happens only while the path is in use in order to make sure
that it can still be used. Thus, no periodic updates are needed. The key distinguishing
feature of DSR is the use of source routing. That is, the sender knows the complete hopby-hop route to the destination.