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  • Learn Hindi Through English

    Diunggah oleh

    Rajalakshmi Vengadasamy
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    Learn Hindi through English

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    Learn Hindi through English

    Hak Cipta:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PDF atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    1K tayangan106 halaman

    Learn Hindi Through English

    Diunggah oleh

    Rajalakshmi Vengadasamy
    Learn Hindi through English

    Hak Cipta:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PDF atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    dari 106
    ~ m > RN NDI OUGH GLISH H mz I Za Dr. N. Sreedharan PREFACE sre agen afk - odie A language is like a flowing stream - Kabirdas “Write a better book,” my mind commanded me after I had gone through several self instructor books, tempting people to learn Hindi. Most of these books, certainly good in parts, assure the reader that one can learn Hindi in thirty days. I beg to differ from that point of view. Also I do not understand why on earth one should be able to learn a language in thirty days? What is the hurry? Based on my quarter century of teaching career, I should honestly say that one cannot fully learn Hindi or, for that matter, any language within a month. I have been learning Hindi for well over fifty years and there are still miles to go. Hence I thought that there should be a better book, a two-in-one book, which, without making any tall claim, would enable the reader to acquire step by step a solid knowledge of Hindi through model sentences and also get acquainted with Hindi grammar in full, without much stress and strain. There are no short cuts to knowledge. At the same time, some kind of promise by the author is essential so that the reader will confidently go through the lessons with optimism. As the author of this book, I assure that if one is willing to spend twenty more days in addition to the thirty days’ claim made by other instructor books, ‘one will reap full benefit from my book. In other words, through Sura's Lear Hindi Through English, one can gain a considerable knowledge of Hindi in 50 days, neither more nor less, because this book consists of exactly 50 lessons. Of course, it is assumed that the reader will devote one full hour daily (repeat daily) to learn each lesson. It will not serve any purpose if one practises these lessons by fits and starts, off and on. There should be consistency and regularity during the initial stages of learning a language. This book is a boon to readers who are serious about their aim and consistent in their approach. Needless to say that before taking up the first lesson, one will have to spend a week in advance to learn the Hindi alphabet. That takes the total number of days to go through this book to 57 days! w) ‘This one week labour of learning the alphabet is well rewarded. The Hindi language is written in the Devanagari script. It is in the same script that Sanskrit, Marathi, Nepali and many North Indian dialects are written. Hence it will be easier to learn these languages straightaway without having to learn a new’script for each. Further, the Hindi alphabet has the same letters which almost all Indian languages have, including Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam Therefore, learning a new script may be necessary for some languages, but there will be no problem regarding pronunciation. Learning a new language involves a lot of writing practice. Knowledge has to be transferred from the eyes to the fingers to make it permanent. Hence said Francis Bacon : “Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.” The learner should also practise writing the lessons given in this book, One can become meticulous in the use of written language only through a good knowledge of grammar. Viewed from this angle, this book will also effectively serve as a standard book of Hindi grammar. As the grammar of a language rarely changes, this book has a permanent value and it deserves to occupy a proud place next to Wren and Martin’s English grammar in the bookcase. It may be preserved as a family heirloom for the benefit of the younger and future generations also. Then there is an exhaustive appendix at the end of the book covering a wide range of vocabulary and serving as a ready reference to help the reader in the day-to-day use of Hindi language in various spheres of life As a practice book to learn alphabet, as a reliable guide to Hindi grammar and as a treasure trove of examples and model sentences, besides being useful from the examination point of view, Sura's Learn Hindi Through English is a must for the learner as well as the-leamed. As Hilaire Belloc said in another context: “Do not throw this book about... Preserve it as your chiefest treasure.” N. Sreedharan ™ HINDI ALPHABET Vowels a aa e ee g am z £ w voo i 3 s = ey ai ° au v g at at an aha a aw Consonants ka kha ga ghaonga > @ 7 FF gs cha cheha ja jha. gna 5 5 @ F & tata «da ddan z= 3 8 2 @ tha ththa dha dhdha na 7 9 @ ae pa ppasba—Ssfbhass mo 5 8 af 4 WF yom bh wa a 2 a a sha sha sasha ao v @ & ksha tha gna shra eo 7 mH qa kha ga moat ht ew ot et oe Ue is pronounced as'ng’ in as in sing, England. 3¥as'n' in pinch. is similar to American 'r asin very. Zis aspirated. Itis pronounced with an'h' sound or witha breath. ‘mis like strong'‘'n' with the tip of the tongue curled backwards and touching the tip of the palate. ais very much like the English'sh' in shut. It is pronounced with the tip of the tongue touching the palate. ‘occurs only in borrowed Sanskrit words. Itis identical in pronunciation with «, ‘The sign” chandrabindu placed abovea letter indicates that it is nasalized, or spoken also through the nose. Where use of English words with half open stsound is desired, half-moon symbol should be placed above. e.g.: Fh, siete, sie, are Note: In the vocabulary box in each lesson, the asterisk symbol (*) shows that the noun concerned is always used in feminine form and it takes verb in feminine form. (wii) Mode of writing consonants + vowels ki kee ku ‘koo kn ke kai ko * @ F 8 F & & B kha. khaa —khi khee = khu hoo = khru—khe hai kho. fe @#&@ =< « @ @ @ so gaasgi_—=(sweeguSsgoo,sgmuSs gest. go 7 om mR of 3 gy F FF gha ghaa hi ghee ~ghu = ghoo ghru ghe hai. gho a om & # gg g F 8 BF cha chaa chi chee chu choo chru_ che chai cho 7 oo f& @ @ @ a 8 * & chcha chchaa chchi chchee chchu chchoo chchru chche chchai chcho > os & F Fg EF F B® ia ja ji jee ju joo jm je jai jo + m7 &€§ * 3 BF J F & F jha = jhaa hi jhee jhu— jhoo hm = jhe jhai_—jho so om f& # § & F 8 &@ # tm tite tuto tite tito z= oa @ &@ ¢ & € & #& a ta taati_==Ssttee tty —tthoo tutte ttai_—tto 5 oo 8 8 § & @€ 8 8 B da daa di dee du doo dru de dai do zs os &8 & § &§ &€ & & B dda ddaa = ddi ddee ddu ddoo ddru dde ddai ddo zo oa &@ & § & &€ & @ @ tha thaa thi thee thu thoo thru the thai tho a om & @ § © FT F AF ththa = ththaa—ththi ththee ththu ththoo ththru ththe ththai —ththo eon @ & gy 4 gy & & dha dhaa = dhi dhee = dhu dhoo dhru dhe dhai dho 2 oa & @ § & | * @ B dhdha dhdhaa dhdhi dhdhee dhdhu dhdhoo dhdhru dhdhe dhdhai dhdho « oe &§ # g g g & & & na naan’, main som R F 3 2 7 FY AH kau kam kaha a ob & khau —kham — khaha a a a gau gam —gaha * oF 8 ghau gham — ghaha to oF oF chau cham — chaha a ot & chehau cheham chchaha a oF oF ju jam jaha ot a a hau jham —jhaha at a m tau tam —taha a é & ttau tam —ttaha a é B dau dam daha a € = ddau ddam = ddaha ao¢ & thaw tham = thaha t a & ththaw = ththamththaha t & & dhau = dham = dhaha a o¢ & dhdhau dhdham dhdhaha * ow nau nam naha t 4 & w (9) va sha sa ha pa pha baa bhaa maa agaga vaa shaa saa haa pi phi bi bhi pa OS DED pee phee bee bhee yee ree kee shee see hee pu poo 3 q phu pho g g bu boo a a bhu — bhoo a a mu moo a 4 yu yoo a a mu t00 vo lu too gq aq vu voo a a shu shoo g q a a su soo q hu hoo g q vru shru sru ru e pe phe be bhe ae eg eg ee ve she he z shai sai hai & po pho bo bho aos+sses aga a pau phau bau bhau mau yau lau vau shaw hau a sham sam ham zg paha phaha we baha bhaha yaha raha laha vaha shaha saha haha HINTS ONPRONUNCIATION {fa word ends in » sound, then that sound is not pronounced fully, but clipped half. wa ab 8H aaj TR amt kal we ghar we Qalam TH Ram ARR sir Ifa 3-Letter word does not end in # sound, but has the # sound in the middle letter, then that letter is not pronounced fully, but cut short. wa - kama = at - Kamla wer - rupya pet - kusi ae ~ aadmi In a 4-letter word, if the second letter has a sound, then that letter is not pronounced filly. aaa - sharbat ami - tasveer areat - Akbar 2a ~ kathal ‘rat - darwaza 37 ~ bachpan Ifthe first leter has & or § sound and if the next letter is ®, then that %/ ‘¥becomes & sound, cast - pela = eT - Kehna wea - Rehman fara - Behari et - behn is similar to American “r” as in very. 72 larayee. 7 is aspirated (i.e. +h (ch]). 72 - Chandigarh, srg ~ Aligarh 41 is a hissing sound, lke the English ‘sh’ shut, It is pronounced with the tip of the tongue. e.g. Shankar, Sharmila (xi ' occurs only in borrowed Sanskrit words. Itis pronounced like « but with more pressure. e.g. Shanmukha, Santosh, ‘Some letters which have a dot below indicate that the words in which ‘they occur, have been borrowed from Arabic, Persian, Turkish or English. Bq Fs gam ft ila we kh we - khatam wae khaber a-gh ge - mughal 77 ‘Hz amme- Azad wefieere - zamindar = gham 35 - ghazal wf were final = Ba fll In common speech, people ignore these niceties and pronounce them just like, %, 4, %,% 3 3. ‘The dot placed above a letter (like #) indicates one of the nasal sounds 2,3, 1,9, % ~depending upon the next consonant. This dot is called Anuswar. 4) Ifthenext consonant is, ¥,, ¥, then the preceding dot denotes ‘%sound . YaT to be pronounced as ERT, HH as HET, YF as Et fi) Ifthe next consonant is, ¥, 4, ®, then the preceding dot denotes sound. a - Sop, aH - TH, Ifthe next consonant is,,,z, then the preceding dot denotes sound, Saray, sfa1-o7mET, iv) Ifthe next consonant is, 9%, %, then the preceding dot denotes % sound. ¥@ - Sant, #-Nanda, a - andha, ¥ Ifthe next consonant is, %, 3, %, then the preceding dot denotes sound, at - Champa, #a¥- Mumbai, sit - gambhir, #a- kambal, wt - Sambandh. xy 10. vv) If the next consonant is x, the preceding dot denotes 5 sound. iam - aaa, He ATR, vii) If the next consonant is %, 7, €, %, the preceding dot denotes % sound. ##-t-sanlagna, %ai-munshi, %a-Kansa, Ware-sansar However, for convenience, » sound also is heard-samlagna, Kamsa, Samsar. viii) If the next consonant is, the preceding dot is pronounced as % ‘dare - samvad, #a@{- samvat. ix) Ifthe dot is on the last letter, pronounce with the nasal sound of nn, 78 ~ mahi(n), Et ~ kahi (0. The half moon-like symbol (chandra bindhu) placed above a vowel indicates the nasal sound of the vowel. It is called Anunasik. wet -kaha(n) Br-hafn)s ae -ba(nps Note : The dot above stands for (represents) E30, 7, 7. (e.g BHHT4H). The half moon above indicates that the vowel is nasalized. In other words, the Anuswara (dot) follows a vowel. The Anunasik (half moon) is a modification of the pronunciation of the vowel itself. ‘The sign ‘:’ is call Visarga. It has the sound of ha (¥)—2: -ataha, ‘sara: -faataha, (xiv) CONCLUSION Nowadays, for the convenience of DTP and printing press, the half-moon symbol is fast becoming obsolete. Ithas only pronunciation value now. 4 = swan, €#-laugh. Even here people are not very particular. Thus, atta, $2, @, etc., are spoken and written as ai, 32, Bi. In other words, the ‘Anuswar (dot) has dethroned Anunasic (half moon) in both speech and writing Hindi isa descendant of Sanskrit. In Sanskrit, every letter is spoken clearly asit is. $o, in Hindi too, words are spoken exactly as they are written keeping in mind the niceties shown above. Even these delicate distinctions {get automatically absorbed in our speech in course of time. Hence, Hindi did not require a Daniel Jones-type scholar to produce a separate pronouncing touch wI- go ‘Ht- sir, mind {louse 3it- one who ‘ait barley cary G> thou et - was (masculine) eff - was (feminine) %-give @-give, two it wash A, AT-no, not at-nine U-get Wt drink |-smell t-sow At - also. a-or ®- these aay ‘I- bring A - take a - those at sew ‘@-by, than W- sleep, so ‘Wt hundred Bt only Ris Bare ‘sta = now SIT - today aM - fire 37H - mango ¥q - sugarcane ‘WG - sugar-cane FA - wool 75mT - loan WH one af - and ‘Ha - letter et - walk ‘Wet - water, burn BM - cheat ‘1 - method agT- little Et - not he - throw 3 - roast wat - fame WZ - quarrel ‘Fe - put up with arf ye - here ‘TR - there WEI - announcement

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