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Saraswati College Of Engineering

Computer Engg. Dept.

Saraswati College Of Engineering, Kharghar


Department of Computer Engineering
S.E.

Database Management
Systems(DBMS)
-:Lab Manual:-

SCOEs

Saraswati College Of Engineering, Kharghar


Computer Department

S.E.IV[DBMS]Page 1

Saraswati College Of Engineering

Computer Engg. Dept.

Saraswati College of Engineering


Department of Computer Engineering
Vision:
To imprint knowledge to our students in an ambience of knowledge, creativity and
innovations and nurture them to become ethically rich professional with bright future.

Mission:
We believe in bonding and belonging thereby our mission is to provide simulating
learning environment with a technological orientation to maximize individual
potential.

S.E.IV[DBMS]Page 2

Saraswati College Of Engineering

Computer Engg. Dept.

SARASWATI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING


COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Subject

:Database Management Systems (DBMS)

Class/Sem : SE/IV

Name of the Laboratory : Engg. Lab

Year : 2014-15

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Experiment
Name of the Experiment
No.
1.
Introduction of Oracle and Basic SQL statement
2.

To study and Perform practical by using restricting sorting conditions


and single row functions.

3.

To study and perform practical by multiple tables and group function.

4.

To study and perform practical by using sub queries and commands

5.

To study & perform practical by using DML statement and control


transaction.

6.

To study & perform practical by using DDL statement(creating and


managing tables constraints)

7.

To study & perform practical by using views& indexes concept.

8.

To study & perform practical by using set operations.

9.

To study & perform practical by using Group By Clause

H/W Requirement

P I and above, RAM 128MB, Printer, Cartridges

S/W Requirement

Oracle 9i-SQL plus

Subject-Incharge

S.E.IV[DBMS]Page 3

H.O.D.

Saraswati College Of Engineering

Computer Engg. Dept.

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
INRODUCTION OF ORACLE AND BASIC SQL STMT
Aim

To study and perform practical by using basic SQL stmts.

Resources

Oracle 9i-Sql plus


Consumables Printer Pages for printouts.

Required
Theory

SQL consist of 2 models


1. Introduction to Oracle 9i:SQL Basics
2. Oracle 9i:Advanced SQL
Oracle 9i features

Database performance

Ease of Management

Scalability

Availability

Internet content management

E-commerce integration

There are 2 products


1.Oracle 9i application server
2.Oracle 9i Database (stores all data)
SQL[Structured Query Language]:
1. It is a language for communicating with Oracle Server to access data.
2. It manipulates data and table definitions in the database.
1. Rules for SQL
1. SQL starts with a verb.Example:SELECT stmts.
2. Each verb is followed by number of clauses.
Example:FROM,WHERE,HAVING
3. A Space separates clauses. Example: DROP TABLE EMP;
4. A; is used to end the SQL stmts
2.Domain types in SQL Char (n)- A fixed length character length string with user specified length .
Varchar (n)- A variable character length string with user specified maximum
length n.
Int- An integer.
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Small integer- A small integer.


Numeric (p, d)-A Fixed point number with user defined precision.
Real, double precision- Floating point and double precision floating point
numbers with machine dependent precision.
Float (n)- A floating point number, with precision of at least n digits.
Date- A calendar date containing a (four digit) year, month and day of the
month.
Time- The time of day, in hours, minutes and seconds Eg. Time 09:30:00.
Number- Number is used to store numbers (fixed or floating point
3. SQL Statements:
1) DDL Commands:Data Definition Language statements
-It is a set of SQL commands used to create,modify and delete database
structure but not the data.
Examples:

CREATE :To create objects in the database

Syntax:
CREATE TABLE tablename (column_name data_ type constraints, );

ALTER:Alters the structures of the database.

Syntax:
ALTER TABLE <TABLENAME> ADD CONSTRAINT Pkey1 PRIMARY
KEY (ATTR);
ALTER TABLE <TABLENAME>DROP COLUMN <COLUMNNAME>;

DROP:Delete objects from database.

Syntax:
DROP TABLE <TABLE NAME>;

TRUNCATE:Remove all records from table,including spaces allocated


for the records are removed.

Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE <TABLE NAME>;

COMMENT: Add comments to the data dictionary

GRANT: Gives users access privileges to database.

REVOKE: Withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT cmd.

2) DML Commands:Data Manipulation Language statements

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-It is the area of SQL that allows changing data within the database.
Examples:

INSERT: Insert data into a table.

Syntax:
INSERT INTO tablename VALUES (value list);

UPDATE: Updates existing data within a table.

Syntax:
UPDATE tablename SET column_name =value [ WHERE condition]
Example: update emp set sal=20000 where empno=7369;

DELETE: Deletes all records from a table

Syntax:
DELETE FROM tablename WHERE condition
3) DQL Commands:Data Query Language
-It is the components of SQL stmts that allows getting data from database.
Examples:

SELECT: Retrieve data from database.

Syntax:
SELECT * FROM tablename

Conclusion

S.E.IV[DBMS]Page 6

Saraswati College Of Engineering

Computer Engg. Dept.

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
SORTING CONDITION
To study and Perform practical by using restricting sorting
Aim

Resources

Oracle 9i-Sql plus


Consumables - Printer Pages for printouts.

Required
Theory

conditions

Restricting and Sorting Data:


SQL allows duplicates in relations as well as in the results of SQL expressions we
want to force the elimination of duplicates, we insert the keyword distinct after
select, if we want duplicates removed

Comparison Conditions:

1. Between Condition:
The BETWEEN condition allows you to retrieve values within a range.
Syntax:
SELECT columns
FROM tables
WHERE column1 between value1 and value2;
Example:
SELECT *
FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_id between 5000 AND 5010;
2. IN Condition:
The arithmetic operator(=) compares a single value to another value. In case a
value needs to be compared to a list of values the IN predicate is used.The IN
predicate helps reduce the need to use multiple OR conditions.
Syntax:
SELECT columns
FROM tables
WHERE column1 IN(value1, value2,value 3);
Example:
SELECT FName,LName
S.E.IV[DBMS]Page 7

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Computer Engg. Dept.

FROM cust
WHERE FName IN(hansel,mamta,aruna);
3. Like Condition:
A LIKE condition specifies a test involving pattern matching.
We describe patterns by using two special characters:
Percent (%): The % character matches any substring.
Underscore ( ): The character matches any character.
Syntax:
SELECT columns
FROM tables
WHERE column1 LIKE %_;
Example:
List the customers whose name begin with the letters'
SELECT FName,LName
FROM cust
WHERE FName LIKE Ch%;
The % indicates that any number of character can follow the letter Ch.

Logical operator:

1. OR operator:
The OR condition allows you to create an SQL statement where records are
returned when any one of the conditions are met. It can be used in any valid SQL
statement - select, insert, update, or delete.
Syntax:
SELECT columns
FROM tables
WHERE column1 = 'value1' or column2 = 'value2'
The OR condition requires that any of the conditions be must be met for the record to
be included in the result set. In this case, column1 has to equal 'value1' OR column2
has to equal 'value2'.
Example:
SELECT *
FROM suppliers
WHERE city = 'New York'
or city = 'Newark';
This would return all suppliers that reside in either New York or Newark. Because the
* is used in the select, all fields from the suppliers table would appear in the result set.
2. AND Operator:
The AND operator displays a record if both the first condition and the second
condition is true.
Syntax:
SELECT columns
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FROM tables
WHERE column1 = 'value1' and column2 = 'value2'
Example:
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE EmpTown = 'London' AND EmpAge > 30
3. NOT Operator:
If you want to find rows that do not satisfy a condition, you can use the logical
operator, NOT. NOT results in the reverse of a condition. That is, if a condition is
satisfied, then the row is not returned.
Example:
If you want to find out the names of the students who do not play football, the
query would be like:
SELECT first_name, last_name, games
FROM student_details
WHERE NOT games = 'Football' ;
ORDER BY clause:Sorting of data in table
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set by a specified column.
The ORDER BY keyword sort the records in ascending order by default.
If you want to sort the records in a descending order, you can use the DESC keyword
Syntax:
SELECT "column_name"
FROM "table_name"
[WHERE "condition"]
ORDER BY "column_name" [ASC, DESC];
Example:
SELECT supplier_city
FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name = 'IBM'
ORDER BY supplier_city DESC;
Conclusion

S.E.IV[DBMS]Page 9

Saraswati College Of Engineering

Computer Engg. Dept.

EXPERIMENT NO. 3
MULTIPLE TABLES ANDGROUPFUNCTION
To study and perform practical by multiple tables and group
Aim

Resources

Oracle 9i-Sql plus


Consumables - Printer Pages for printouts.

Required
Theory

function

Aggregating Data using Group Function:

Group Function:
It operates on set of rows to give one result per group.
Types of Group Function:
1.Avg : return average value of n
Syntax:
Avg ([distinct/all]n)
2. Min: return minimum value of exp
Syntax:
MIN((distinct/all )expr)
3.Count : Returns the no of rows where expr is not null
Syntax:
Count ([distinct/all)expr]
Count (*) Returns the no rows in the table, including duplicates and those
with nulls.
4. Max : Return max value of expr
Syntax:
Max ([distinct/all]expr)
5. Sum : Returns sum of values of n
Syntax:
Sum ([distinct/all]n)

Conclusion

S.E.IV[DBMS]Page 10

Saraswati College Of Engineering

Computer Engg. Dept.

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
SUBQUERIES AND COMMANDS
To study and Perform practical by using subqueries and commands.
Aim

Resources

Consumables - Printer Pages for printouts.

Required
Theory

Oracle 9i-Sql plus

Subqueries:

A subquery is a type of SQL query, where a query is embedded within another query.
Syntax:
SELECT select_list
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator (SELECT select_list
FROM table_name
)
In the syntax, observe a second SELECT statement written in the WHERE clause, on
the right hand side of the WHERE condition. This SELECT statement is enclosed in
parentheses. This sub query is called the inner query and is executed once to return a
value that is used by the main (outer) query. Sub queries can be different in different
places in a SELECT statement, such as the WHERE clause, HAVING clause, FROM
clause, SELECT column list etc.
The query to retrieve the details of employees who belong to the same department as
Alexander Khoo is :
SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID = (SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE FIRST_NAME='Alexander' AND
LAST_NAME='Khoo')

Types of Subquery:
1. Single Row Subquery.
2. Multiple Row Subquery

1.Single Row Subquery:


A single-row subquery is one where the subquery returns only one value. In such a
subquery you must use a single-row operator such as:
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Operator

Computer Engg. Dept.

Description

Equal To

<>

Not Equal To

>

Greater Than

>=

Greater Than Equal To

<

Less Than

<=

Less Than Equal To

Example:
Retreive the details of employees who get the same salary as the employee whose ID
is 101.
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE SALARY=(SELECT SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID=101);

2.Multiple Row Subquery:


A multiple row subquery is one where the subquery may return more than one value.
The table below describes the multiple-row operators that can be used when writing
multiple-row subqueries:
Operator
IN
ANY
ALL

Meaning
Equal to any value returned by the subquery
Compare value to each value returned by the subquery
Compare value to every value returned by the subquery

Example:
Retrieve the department ID, department name and location ID of departments that are
located in the same location ID as a location in the UK.
SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID, DEPARTMENT_NAME, LOCATION_ID
FROM DEPARTMENTS
WHERE LOCATION_ID IN (SELECT LOCATION_ID FROM LOCATIONS
COUNTRY_ID='UK'))

Conclusion

S.E.IV[DBMS]Page 12

WHERE

Saraswati College Of Engineering

Computer Engg. Dept.

EXPERIMENT NO. 5
CONTROL TRANSACTION STATEMENT
To study and Perform practical by using DML statement and
Aim

Resources

Oracle 9i-Sql plus


Consumables - Printer Pages for printouts.

Required
Theory

control transaction.

Transaction Control Statements

A transaction is a sequence of one or more SQL statements that Oracle Database


treats as a unit: either all of the statements are performed, or none of them are.
The basic transaction control statements are:

SAVEPOINT, which marks a savepoint in a transactiona point to which


you can later roll back. Savepoints are optional, and a transaction can have
multiple savepoints.
COMMIT, which ends the current transaction, makes its changes permanent,
erases its savepoints, and releases its locks.
ROLLBACK, which rolls back (undoes) either the entire current transaction or
only the changes made after the specified savepoint.

1. Committing Transactions
Committing a transaction makes its changes permanent, erases its savepoints, and
releases its locks.
Before you commit a transaction:

Your changes are visible to you, but not to other users of the database
instance.
Your changes are not finalyou can undo them with a ROLLBACK
statement.

After you commit a transaction:

Your changes are visible to other users, and to their statements that run after
you commit your transaction.
Your changes are finalyou cannot undo them with a ROLLBACK
statement.

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Example: Committing a Transaction


Before transaction:
SELECT * FROM REGIONS
ORDER BY REGION_ID;
Result:
REGION_ID REGION_NAME
---------- ------------------------1 Europe
2 Americas
3 Asia
4 Middle East and Africa
Transaction (add row to table):
INSERT INTO regions (region_id, region_name) VALUES (5, 'Africa');
Result:
1 row created.

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Check that row was added:


SELECT * FROM REGIONS
ORDER BY REGION_ID;
Result:
REGION_ID REGION_NAME
---------- ------------------------1 Europe
2 Americas
3 Asia
4 Middle East and Africa
5 Africa

Commit transaction:
COMMIT;
Result:
Commit complete.
2. Rolling Back Transactions
Rolling back a transaction undoes its changes. You can roll back the entire current
transaction, or you can roll it back only to a specified savepoint
To roll back the current transaction only to a specified savepoint, you must use the
ROLLBACK statement with the TOSAVEPOINT clause.
Rolling back the entire current transaction:
Ends the transaction
Reverses all of its changes
Erases all of its savepoints
Releases any transaction locks
Example:Rolling Back an Entire Transaction
Before transaction:
SELECT * FROM REGIONS
ORDER BY REGION_ID;
Result:
REGION_ID REGION_NAME
---------- ------------------------1 Europe
2 Americas
3 Asia
4 Middle East and Africa
5 Africa

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Transaction (change table):


UPDATE REGIONS
SET REGION_NAME = 'Middle East'
WHERE REGION_NAME = 'Middle East and Africa';
Result:
1 row updated.
Check change:
SELECT * FROM REGIONS
ORDER BY REGION_ID;
Result:
REGION_ID REGION_NAME
---------- ------------------------1 Europe
2 Americas
3 Asia
4 Middle East
5 Africa
Roll back transaction:
ROLLBACK;
Result:
Rollback complete.
Check rollback:
SELECT * FROM REGIONS
ORDER BY REGION_ID;
Result:
REGION_ID REGION_NAME
---------- ------------------------1 Europe
2 Americas
3 Asia
4 Middle East and Africa
5 Africa
Conclusion

S.E.IV[DBMS]Page 16

Computer Engg. Dept.

Saraswati College Of Engineering

Computer Engg. Dept.

EXPERIMENT NO. 6
TABLE CONSTRAINTS

Aim

To study & perform practical by using DDL statement(creating and


managing tables constraints)

Resources

Oracle 9i-Sql plus


Consumables - Printer Pages for printouts.

Required
Theory

Constraints:

Constraints enforce rules at the table level.


Constraints can be defined in two ways
1) The constraints can be specified immediately after the column definition. This
is called column-level definition.
2) The constraints can be specified after all the columns are defined. This is called
table-level definition

Types of Constraints:

1.Primary Key:
Primary key is one or more columns is a table used to uniquely
identity each row in the table. Primary key values must not be null and must be
unique across the column. A multicolumn primary key is called composite
primary key.
Syntax: primary key as a column constraint
Create table tablename
(columnname datatype (size) primary key,.)
Primary key as a table constraint
Create table tablename
(columnname datatype (size), columnname datatype( size)
Primary key (columnname,columnname));
2.Foreign Key Concept :
Foreign key represents relationship between tables. A
foreign key is column whose values are derived from the primary key of the same
of some other table . the existence of foreign key implies that the table with
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foreign key is related to the primary key table from which the foreign key is
derived .A foreign key must have corresponding primary key value in the
primarykey table to have meaning.
Foreign key as a column constraint
Syntax :
Create table table name
(columnname datatype (size) references another table name);
Foreign key as a table constraint:
Syntax :
Create table name
(columnname datatype (size).
primary key (columnname);
foreign key (columnname)references table name);
3.Check Integrity Constraints:
Use the check constraints when you need to
enforce integrity rules that can be evaluated based on a logical expression
following are a few examples of appropriate check constraints.
A check constraints name column of the client_master so that the name is
entered in upper case.
A check constraint on the client_no column of the client _master so that
no client_no value starts with c
Syntax:
Create table tablename
(columnname datatype(size) CONSTRAINT constraintname)
Check (expression));
4. Unique Key:
This constraint ensures that a column or a group of columns in each row have a
distinct value. A column(s) can have a null value but the values cannot be
duplicated.
Syntax to define a Unique key at column level:
[CONSTRAINT constraint_name] UNIQUE
Syntax to define a Unique key at table level:

S.E.IV[DBMS]Page 18

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[CONSTRAINT constraint_name] UNIQUE(column_name)


For Example: To create an employee table with Unique key, the query would be
like,
Unique Key at column level:
CREATE TABLE employee
( id number(5) PRIMARY KEY,
name char(20),
dept char(10),
age number(2),
salary number(10),
location char(10) UNIQUE
);
or
CREATE TABLE employee
( id number(5) PRIMARY KEY,
name char(20),
dept char(10),
age number(2),
salary number(10),
location char(10) CONSTRAINT loc_un UNIQUE
);
Unique Key at table level:
CREATE TABLE employee
( id number(5) PRIMARY KEY,
name char(20),
dept char(10),
age number(2),
salary number(10),
location char(10),
CONSTRAINT loc_un UNIQUE(location)
);
5. Not Null Constraint :
This constraint ensures all rows in the table contain a definite value for the column
which is specified as not null. Which means a null value is not allowed.

Syntax to define a Not Null constraint:

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[CONSTRAINT constraint name] NOT NULL


For Example: To create a employee table with Null value, the query would be
like
CREATE TABLE employee
( id number(5),
name char(20) CONSTRAINT nm_nn NOT NULL,
dept char(10),
age number(2),
salary number(10),
location char(10)
);
Conclusion

S.E.IV[DBMS]Page 20

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Computer Engg. Dept.

EXPERIMENT NO. 7
VIEWS AND INDEXES
Aim:To study & perform practical by using views index concept
Resources

Consumables - Printer Pages for printouts.

Required
Theory

Oracle 9i-Sql plus

Indexes-

An index is an ordered list of content of a column or group of columns in a table.


An index created on the single column of the table is called simple index. When
multipletable columns are included in the index it is called composite index.

Creating an Index for a table:-

Syntax (Simple)
CREATE INDEX index_name
ON tablename(column name);
Composite Index:CREATE INDEX index_name
ON tablename(columnname,columnname);
Dropping Indexes:An index can be dropped by using DROP INDEX
SYNTAX:DROP INDEX indexfilename;

Views:-

Logical data is how we want to see the current data in our database. Physical data
is how this data is actually placed in our database.
Views are masks placed upon tables. This allows the programmer to develop a
method via which we can display predetermined data to users according to our
desire.
Views may be created for the following reasons:
1. The DBA stores the views as a definition only. Hence there is no duplication of
data.
2. Simplifies Queries.

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3. Can be Queried as a base table itself.


4. Provides data security.
5.Avoids data redundancy.
Creation of Views:Syntax:CREATE VIEW viewname AS
SELECT columnname,columnname
FROM tablename
WHERE columnname=expression_list;
Renaming the columns of a view:Syntax:CREATE VIEW viewname AS
SELECT newcolumnname.
FROM tablename
WHERE columnname=expression_list;
Selecting a data set from a viewSyntax:SELECT columnname, columnname
FROM viewname
WHERE search condition;
Destroying a viewSyntax:DROP VIEW viewname;
Conclusion

S.E.IV[DBMS]Page 22

Computer Engg. Dept.

Saraswati College Of Engineering

Computer Engg. Dept.

EXPERIMENT NO. 8
SET OPERATIONS

Aim

To study & perform practical by using set operations.

Resources

Oracle 9i-Sql plus


Consumables - Printer Pages for printouts.

Required
Theory

Set Operations:
Set Operations are used to combine multiple result sets into one single result set.
Basically there are 3 set operators available in SQL Server.
1) Union: This is to combine two or more result sets into single with or without
duplicate.
2) Except: Takes the data from one result set where there is no matching in
another.
3) Intersect: Takes the data from both the result sets which are in common.
One thing we need to make sure is when you are using set Operations the No. of
columns should be same with the data type. There is no restriction on the column
names.
1.Union Clause:

The user can put together multiple Queries and combine their output using the
unionclause . The union clause merges the output of two or more queries into a
single set ofrows and column.
The final output of union clause will be
Output: = Records only in Query one + records only in Query two + A single set
ofrecords with is common in the both Queries.
Syntax:
SELECT columnname, columname
FROM tablename 1
UNION
SELECT columnname, columnname
From tablename2;
2.Intersect Clause:
The use can put together multiple Queries and their output using the
interest clause.
The final output of the interest clause will be :
Output =A single set of records which are common in both Queries

Syntax:
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SELECT columnname, columnname


FROM tablename 1
INTERSECT
SELECT columnname, columnname
FROM tablename 2;
3.Minus Clause:The user can put together multiple Queries and combine their output= records
only in Query one.
Syntax:
SELECT columnname, columnname
FROM tablename ;
MINUS
SELECT columnname, columnname
FROM tablename ;
Conclusion

S.E.IV[DBMS]Page 24

Saraswati College Of Engineering

Computer Engg. Dept.

EXPERIMENT NO. 9
GROUP BY Clause

Aim

To study & perform practical by using Group By Clause.

Resources

Oracle 9i-Sql plus


Consumables - Printer Pages for printouts.

Required
Theory

GROUP BY Clause:

The GROUP BY clause can be used in a SELECT statement to collect data across
multiple records and group the results by one or more columns.
The syntax for the GROUP BY clause is:
SELECT column1, column2, ... column_n, aggregate_function (expression)
FROM tables
WHERE predicates
GROUP BY column1, column2, ... column_n;
aggregate function can be a function such as SUM, COUNT, MIN, or MAX.
Example:
We could also use the SUM function to return the name of the department and the
total sales (in the associated department).
SELECT department, SUM(sales) as "Total sales"
FROM order_details
GROUP BY department;
Because you have listed one column in your SELECT statement that is not
encapsulated in the SUM function, you must use a GROUP BY clause. The
department field must, therefore, be listed in the GROUP BY section.

Having Clause:

The HAVING clause is used in combination with the GROUP BY clause. It can
be used in a SELECT statement to filter the records that a GROUP BY returns.
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ... column_n, aggregate_function (expression)
FROM tables
WHERE predicates
GROUP BY column1, column2, ... column_n
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HAVING condition1 ... condition_n;


aggregate_function can be a function such as SUM, COUNT, MIN, or MAX.
Example:
We could also use the SUM function to return the name of the department and the
total sales (in the associated department). The HAVING clause will filter the
results so that only departments with sales greater than $1000 will be returned.
SELECT department, SUM(sales) as "Total sales"
FROM order_details
GROUP BY department
HAVING SUM(sales) > 1000;

Conclusion

S.E.IV[DBMS]Page 26

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