AERODYNAMIC DESIGN (AS5210)

REPORT 3: WING AND EMPENNAGE DESIGN

STOVL, STEALTH, STRATEGIC FIGHTER
AIRCRAFT

By group 3,
Nagabhushan Bhat
N.Hemanth Kumar
Nerella Sai Krishna
Nileema Nagar
Pawan Prajapati

3.1 Introduction:
Design is a cyclic process. Weight estimation is a primary step towards designing an
Aircraft. Iteration is used to estimate the approximate weight of an aircraft to be
designed. In previous reports weight estimation namely first and second weight
estimations are performed.
In this report, a set of wing and empennage parameters and their configurations are
estimated.
3.2 Wing Design:
3.2.1 Number of Wings
From the knowledge on similar aircrafts, we decided to opt for Monoplane.
3.2.2 Wing Vertical Location
These are the following options for the vertical position of the wing. They are
a) High Wing
b) Mid Wing
c) Low Wing
d) Parasol Wing
From the knowledge of military fighter aircrafts, and also based on our design
requirements, we decided to go with Mid Wing configuration. This configuration
facilitates the installation of engine and warload on the wing and also provide a better
maneuvarability.
3.2.3 Airfoil Selection:
The airfoil section of the wing of an aircraft is the primary component in generation of
required lift.
Basically, the airfoils optimum function is in cruise, as an aircraft spends most of its
time in this flight phase. At a cruising flight, lift (L) is equal to weight and drag (D) is
equal to thrust (T). The two governing equations for cruising are:
L =W= *rho*v^2*S*CL
D=T = *rho*v^2*S*CD
CL = (W/S)/ (1/2*rho*v^2)
Where
W/S is wing loading,
Rho is density of cruise altitude
V is the velocity at cruise altitude
As mentioned in previous reports, the cruise altitude is 15,000 m.

Wing Loading calculation:

Table 3.1: wing loading for selected aircraft:

Aircraft

Max TOW(N)

Wing Area (m^2) Wing loading(Wl) (N/m^2)

Yak-141

1,91,100

31.7

6028.391

Boeing x-32

1,68,560

54.8

3075.912

f-35

3,11,640

42.7

7298.361

fa-2

1,16,620

18.68

6243.041

gr -7 (STOL)

1,37,798

22.6

6097.248

Wing Loading according to our requirement will be the average for the above wing
loading
Wl1 + Wl2 + Wl3 + Wl4 + Wl5
=
5
Wing loading for our airplane (W/s) =5748.591N
We know that =
Where L=Lift of the airplane
W=Weight of the airplane
1
= 2 =
2
(/)
= 1 2
Eq (3.1)
( )
2

Where

= (2 )

= (/3 )
= (/)
The designated parameters are:
= 0.19364/^3 ,
= 498.52 /
/ = 5748.591/^2
Substituting these values in the Eq (3.1)
We get = . /

Data of Airfoils Collected:

A supercritical airfoil [13] has to be selected for a supercruising aircraft so as to
decrease the shock effects on the airfoil which primarily delays the onset of wave drag.
A supercritical airfoil allows to form weaker shocks in a transonic speed range than the
convententional airfoils. Supercritical airfoils are characterized by their flattened upper
surface, highly cambered (curved) aft section, and greater leading edge radius
compared with traditional airfoil shapes.
Table 3.2: Selected supercritical airfoil data:

Supercritical airfoil

Cl/Cd(max)

Cl at 0

Cd at 0

Cm at 0

Stall
Characteristics
(type of stall and
angle)

whitcomb-il [5]

76.9

0.45

0.05

-0.135

smooth, 14

waspsm-il [6]

115

0.3

0.005

-0.062

smooth, 15

fx69h098-il [7]

98.4

0.15

0.005

-0.02

smooth, 13

lg10sc-il [8]

92.8

0.15

0.005

smooth, 15

v23010-il [9]

97.6

0.15

0.008

-0.01

smooth, 14.5

s3-il [10]

91.3

0.15

0.005

-0.005

smooth, 12

From the data collected, the airfoil waspsm-il has the closest that is required.
It (airfoil) also have a lower ,
Plots of the airfoil selected [5]:
Airfoil profile:

3.2.4 Estimation of wing parameters and configuration:

Only the yak-141, lockheed martin F-35, Boeing X-32 can be taken into consideration
for wing design because of their supersonic ability.fa-2, gr-7 are subsonic aircraft. So
their wing design cannot be taken for a supersonic aircraft design.
Yak 141 has a swept wing configuration.
Boeing X-32 has a trapezoidal wing configuration with a high swept angle.
F-35 uses a trapezoidal wing.
A larger and less highly loaded trapezoidal wing has been found to provide good allround speed, load carrying and manoeuvring characteristics for modern combat

fighters. It is a short (low aspect ratio) tapered wing having little or no overall sweep,
such that the leading edge sweeps back and the trailing edge sweeps forward. The
trapezoidal design allows for a thin wing with low drag at high speeds, while maintaining
high strength and stiffness.
Hence it is optimal to take a trapezoidal wing configuration.
Table 3.3 wing paramaeters data of F-35, X-32
Parameters
F-35

X-32

Aspect ratio

2.663

2.34

Sweep

34.13

55

Dihedral angle

-14

Taper ratio

0.286

0.3

The mean values of the parameters can be taken as the rewuired values of parameters
of the aircraft design.
Hence,
Aspect ratio = 2.5
Sweep angle = 45
Dihedral angle = -7
Taper ratio = 0.29
3.3 Tail Parameters:
The wing parameters are not available precisely for the set of aircrafts taken as
reference.
But it is clear that the Yak 141 has two swept back vertical and horizontal
surfaces.Boeing X-32 and F-35 have two trapezoidal vertical and horizontal
surfaces.The two surfaces are seperated by the gap provided for the exhaust of nozzle.
By plotting the exact topview [11] of F-35 and finding the parameters,

The total horizontal tail area =12 m^2.

The total vertical tail area = 8 m^2.
The vertical tail taper ratio = 0.6
The horizontal tail taper ratio = 0.48
The root chord of horizontal tail = 9m
The root chord of vertical tail = 8m.
The aircrafts parameters would almost be the same as above but with minor changes
with the upcoming analysis.
References:
1. Raymer, D.P Aircraft Design: A conceptual Approach: AIAA
2. Mohammed H. Sadraey, Aircraft Design: A Systems Engineering Approach
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-32
4. http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f/JSFOBrien.pdf
5. http://airfoiltools.com/airfoil/details?airfoil=whitcomb-il
6. http://airfoiltools.com/airfoil/details?airfoil=waspsm-il
7. http://airfoiltools.com/airfoil/details?airfoil= fx69h098-il
8. http://airfoiltools.com/airfoil/details?airfoil= lg10sc-il

9. http://airfoiltools.com/airfoil/details?airfoil= v23010-il
10. http://airfoiltools.com/airfoil/details?airfoil=s3-il
11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II
12. http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f/JSFHosder.pdf
13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_airfoil
14. http://www.wikipedia.org/