This article is about the military alliance. For other uses, assisting in counter-piracy operations[7] and in 2011 ensee NATO (disambiguation).
forcing a no-y zone over Libya in accordance with U.N.
Security Council Resolution 1973. The less potent ArtiCoordinates:
505234.16N 42519.24E / cle 4, which merely invokes consultation among NATO
members, has been invoked four times: by Turkey in
50.8761556N 4.4220111E
2003 over the Iraq War, twice in 2012 by Turkey over the
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Syrian Civil War after the downing of an unarmed Turk/neto/; French: Organisation du trait de l'Atlantique ish F-4 reconnaissance jet and after a mortar was red at
Nord (OTAN)), also called the [North] Atlantic Al- Turkey from Syria[8] and in 2014 by Poland following the
liance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on Russian intervention in Crimea.[9]
the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April
1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective
defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. 1 History
NATOs headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, one of
the 28 member states across North America and Europe, 1.1 Beginnings
the newest of which, Albania and Croatia, joined in April
2009. An additional 22 countries participate in NATOs
Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries
involved in institutionalized dialogue programmes. The
combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the global total.[4] Members defense
spending is supposed to amount to 2% of GDP.[5]
NATO was little more than a political association until
the Korean War galvanized the organizations member
states, and an integrated military structure was built up
under the direction of two U.S. supreme commanders.
The course of the Cold War led to a rivalry with nations of the Warsaw Pact, which formed in 1955. Doubts
over the strength of the relationship between the European states and the United States ebbed and owed, along
with doubts over the credibility of the NATO defence
against a prospective Soviet invasiondoubts that led to
the development of the independent French nuclear deterrent and the withdrawal of the French from NATOs
military structure in 1966 for 30 years. After the fall of
the Berlin Wall in 1989, the organization was drawn into
the breakup of Yugoslavia, and conducted its rst military interventions in Bosnia from 1992 to 1995 and later
Yugoslavia in 1999. Politically, the organization sought
better relations with former Warsaw Pact countries, several of which joined the alliance in 1999 and 2004.
Article 5 of the North Atlantic treaty, requiring member states to come to the aid of any member state subject to an armed attack, was invoked for the rst and only
time after the 11 September 2001 attacks,[6] after which
troops were deployed to Afghanistan under the NATOled ISAF. The organization has operated a range of additional roles since then, including sending trainers to Iraq,
1 HISTORY
eral, Lord Ismay, stated in 1949 that the organizations goal was to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down.[12] Popular support
for the Treaty was not unanimous, and some Icelanders
participated in a pro-neutrality, anti-membership riot in
March 1949. The creation of NATO can be seen as
the primary institutional consequence of a school of
thought called Atlanticism which stressed the importance
of trans-Atlantic cooperation.[13]
ing to provide the forces necessary for NATOs LongTerm Defence Plan, called for an expansion to ninety-six
divisions. However this requirement was dropped the following year to roughly thirty-ve divisions with heavier
use to be made of nuclear weapons. At this time, NATO
could call on about fteen ready divisions in Central Europe, and another ten in Italy and Scandinavia.[18][19] Also
at Lisbon, the post of Secretary General of NATO as the
organizations chief civilian was created, and Lord Ismay
[20]
The members agreed that an armed attack against any was eventually appointed to the post.
one of them in Europe or North America would be considered an attack against them all. Consequently they
agreed that, if an armed attack occurred, each of them,
in exercise of the right of individual or collective selfdefence, would assist the member being attacked, taking
such action as it deemed necessary, including the use of
armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the
North Atlantic area. The treaty does not require members to respond with military action against an aggressor.
Although obliged to respond, they maintain the freedom
to choose the method by which they do so. This diers
from Article IV of the Treaty of Brussels, which clearly
states that the response will be military in nature. It is
nonetheless assumed that NATO members will aid the
attacked member militarily. The treaty was later claried
The German Bundeswehr provided the largest element of the alto include both the members territory and their vessels, lied land forces guarding the frontier in Central Europe.
forces or aircraft above the Tropic of Cancer, including
some Overseas departments of France.[14]
In September 1952, the rst major NATO maritime
The creation of NATO brought about some
standardization of allied military terminology, procedures, and technology, which in many cases meant
European countries adopting U.S. practices. The roughly
1300 Standardization Agreements (STANAG) codied
many of the common practices that NATO has achieved.
Hence, the 7.6251 NATO rie cartridge was introduced
in the 1950s as a standard rearm cartridge among many
NATO countries. Fabrique Nationale de Herstal's FAL,
which used 7.62 NATO cartridge, was adopted by 75
countries, including many outside of NATO.[15] Also,
aircraft marshalling signals were standardized, so that
any NATO aircraft could land at any NATO base. Other
standards such as the NATO phonetic alphabet have
made their way beyond NATO into civilian use.
1.2
Cold War
1.4
1.3
French withdrawal
UNITED KINGDOM
BELGIUM
Lille
English Channel
Cambrai-pinoy
CambraiNiergnies
Amiens
Saint-Quentin-Estres
GERMANY
Laon-Athies
Beauvais-Till
Station Marville
VouziersSchault
Caen
vreux-Fauville
tain-Rouvres
Metz
Chlons-enChampagne
ChambleyBussires
Chlons-Vatry
PARIS
Paris-Orly
Dreux-Louvilliers
LUX.
Saint-Simon-Clastres
Laon-Couvron
Nancy-Ochey
Grostenquin
Metz-Frescaty
PhalsbourgToulBourscheid
Rosires
Strasbourg
Luneville-Chenevires
Vitry-Brienne
pinal-Mirecourt
ChaumontSemoutiers
Rennes
Damblain
Orlans
Saint-Nazaire-Montoir
Dijon
Nantes
Besanon
dum unsatisfactory, de Gaulle began constructing an independent defence force for his country. He wanted to
give France, in the event of an East German incursion
into West Germany, the option of coming to a separate
peace with the Eastern bloc instead of being drawn into
a larger NATO-Warsaw Pact war.[30] In February 1959,
France withdrew its Mediterranean Fleet from NATO
command,[31] and later banned the stationing of foreign
nuclear weapons on French soil. This caused the United
States to transfer two hundred military aircraft out of
France and return control of the air force bases that had
operated in France since 1950 to the French by 1967.
Though France showed solidarity with the rest of NATO
during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, de Gaulle continued his pursuit of an independent defence by removing Frances Atlantic and Channel eets from NATO
command.[32] In 1966, all French armed forces were
removed from NATOs integrated military command,
and all non-French NATO troops were asked to leave
France. U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk was later
quoted as asking de Gaulle whether his order included
the bodies of American soldiers in Frances cemeteries?
extquotedbl[33] This withdrawal forced the relocation of
SHAPE from Rocquencourt, near Paris, to Casteau, north
of Mons, Belgium, by 16 October 1967.[34] France remained a member of the alliance, and committed to the
defence of Europe from possible Warsaw Pact attack with
its own forces stationed in the Federal Republic of Germany throughout the Cold War. A series of secret accords between US and French ocials, the LemnitzerAilleret Agreements, detailed how French forces would
dovetail back into NATOs command structure should
East-West hostilities break out.[35]
Chteauroux-Dols
SWITZERLAND
Poitiers
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Lyon
Limoges
ClermontFerrand
ITALY
Bordeaux
Bordeaux-Mrignac
Montpellier
Toulouse
Marseille
Vouziers
NATO Dispersed Operating Bases
Nancy-Ochey NATO Emergency Airfields
international boundary
limits of regions
limits of departments
national capital
capital of region
Mediterranean Sea
ANDORRA
SPAIN
(km)
(mi)
200
150
4
that its nuclear sharing arrangements did not breach the
treaty as US forces controlled the weapons until a decision was made to go to war, at which point the treaty
would no longer be controlling. Few states knew of the
NATO nuclear sharing arrangements at that time, and
they were not challenged. In May 1978, NATO countries ocially dened two complementary aims of the
Alliance, to maintain security and pursue dtente. This
was supposed to mean matching defences at the level rendered necessary by the Warsaw Pacts oensive capabilities without spurring a further arms race.[36]
1 HISTORY
gained a new member when, following a referendum, the
newly democratic Spain joined the alliance. At the peak
of the Cold War, 16 member nations maintained an approximate strength of 5,252,800 active military, including as many as 435,000 forward deployed U.S. forces,
under a command structure that reached a peak of 78
headquarters, organized into four echelons.[40]
During the Cold War, most of Europe was divided between two
alliances. Members of NATO are shown in blue, with members
of the Warsaw Pact in red.
On 12 December 1979, in light of a build-up of Warsaw Pact nuclear capabilities in Europe, ministers approved the deployment of US GLCM cruise missiles and
Pershing II theatre nuclear weapons in Europe. The
new warheads were also meant to strengthen the western negotiating position regarding nuclear disarmament.
This policy was called the Dual Track policy.[37] Similarly, in 198384, responding to the stationing of Warsaw
Pact SS-20 medium-range missiles in Europe, NATO deployed modern Pershing II missiles tasked to hit military
targets such as tank formations in the event of war.[38]
This action led to peace movement protests throughout
Western Europe, and support for the deployment wavered
as many doubted whether the push for deployment could
be sustained.
The membership of the organization at this time remained largely static. In 1974, as a consequence of
the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, Greece withdrew its
forces from NATOs military command structure but,
with Turkish cooperation, were readmitted in 1980.
The Falklands War between the United Kingdom and
Argentina did not result in NATO involvement because of
the limited scope of NATO.[39] On 30 May 1982, NATO
1.6
The 2006 Riga summit was held in Riga, Latvia, and highlighted the issue of energy security. It was the rst NATO
summit to be held in a country that had been part of the
The NATO ag being raised in a ceremony marking Croatia's Soviet Union. At the April 2008 summit in Bucharest,
joining of the alliance in 2009.
Romania, NATO agreed to the accession of Croatia and
Albania and both countries joined NATO in April 2009.
eration between NATO and its neighbors were set up, like Ukraine and Georgia were also told that they could eventhe Partnership for Peace, the Mediterranean Dialogue tually become members.[53] The issue of Georgian and
Ukrainian membership in NATO prompted harsh criticism from Russia, as did NATO plans for a missile defence system. Studies for this system began in 2002, with
negotiations centered on anti-ballistic missiles being stationed in Poland and the Czech Republic. Though NATO
leaders gave assurances that the system was not targeting Russia, both presidents Vladimir Putin and Dmitry
Medvedev criticized it as a threat.[54]
In 2009, US President Barack Obama proposed using the
ship based Aegis Combat System, though this plan still
includes stations being built in Turkey, Spain, Portugal,
Romania, and Poland.[55] NATO will also maintain the
status quo in its nuclear deterrent in Europe by upgrading the targeting capabilities of the tactical B61 nuclear
bombs stationed there and deploying them on the stealthier Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II.[56][57]
2
2.1
Military operations
Early operations
2.2
MILITARY OPERATIONS
until October 1996, Operation Sharp Guard added maritime enforcement of the arms embargo and economic
sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On
28 February 1994, NATO took its rst wartime action by
shooting down four Bosnian Serb aircraft violating the
no-y zone.[59]
On 10 and 11 April 1994, during the Bosnian War, the
United Nations Protection Force called in air strikes to
protect the Gorade safe area, resulting in the bombing of
a Bosnian Serb military command outpost near Gorade
by two US F-16 jets acting under NATO direction.[60]
This resulted in the taking of 150 U.N. personnel hostage
on 14 April.[61][62] On 16 April a British Sea Harrier was
shot down over Gorade by Serb forces.[63] A two-week
NATO bombing campaign, Operation Deliberate Force,
began in August 1995 against the Army of the Republika
Srpska, after the Srebrenica massacre.[64]
NATO air strikes that year helped bring the Yugoslav
wars to an end, resulting in the Dayton Agreement in
November 1995.[64] As part of this agreement, NATO
deployed a UN-mandated peacekeeping force, under
Operation Joint Endeavor, named IFOR. Almost 60,000
NATO troops were joined by forces from non-NATO nations in this peacekeeping mission. This transitioned into
the smaller SFOR, which started with 32,000 troops initially and ran from December 1996 until December 2004,
when operations where then passed onto European Union
Force Althea.[65] Following the lead of its member nations, NATO began to award a service medal, the NATO
Medal, for these operations.[66]
Main article: NATO intervention in Bosnia and HerzeMain articles: 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia and
govina
KFOR
The Bosnian War began in 1992, as a result of the
In an eort to stop Slobodan Miloevi's Serbian-led
2.4
Afghanistan War
the matter to NATO, which started a 78-day bombing campaign on 24 March 1999.[67] Operation Allied
Force targeted the military capabilities of what was then
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. During the crisis,
NATO also deployed one of its international reaction
forces, the ACE Mobile Force (Land), to Albania as the
Albania Force (AFOR), to deliver humanitarian aid to
refugees from Kosovo.[68]
Though the campaign was criticized for high civilian casualties, including bombing of the Chinese embassy in
Belgrade, Miloevi nally accepted the terms of an international peace plan on 3 June 1999, ending the Kosovo
War. On 11 June, Miloevi further accepted UN resolution 1244, under the mandate of which NATO then
helped establish the KFOR peacekeeping force. Nearly
one million refugees had ed Kosovo, and part of KFORs
mandate was to protect the humanitarian missions, in addition to deterring violence.[68][69] In AugustSeptember
2001, the alliance also mounted Operation Essential Harvest, a mission disarming ethnic Albanian militias in the
Republic of Macedonia.[70] As of 1 December 2013,
4,882 KFOR soldiers, representing 31 countries, continue to operate in the area.[71]
The US, the UK, and most other NATO countries opposed eorts to require the U.N. Security Council to approve NATO military strikes, such as the action against
Serbia in 1999, while France and some others claimed
that the alliance needed UN approval.[72] The US/UK
side claimed that this would undermine the authority of
the alliance, and they noted that Russia and China would
have exercised their Security Council vetoes to block the
strike on Yugoslavia, and could do the same in future
conicts where NATO intervention was required, thus
nullifying the entire potency and purpose of the organization. Recognizing the post-Cold War military environment, NATO adopted the Alliance Strategic Concept
during its Washington summit in April 1999 that emphasized conict prevention and crisis management.[73]
2.4
Afghanistan War
ISAF was initially charged with securing Kabul and surrounding areas from the Taliban, al Qaeda and factional
warlords, so as to allow for the establishment of the
Afghan Transitional Administration headed by Hamid
Karzai. In October 2003, the UN Security Council authorized the expansion of the ISAF mission throughout Afghanistan,[77] and ISAF subsequently expanded
the mission in four main stages over the whole of the
country.[78]
On 31 July 2006, the ISAF additionally took over military
operations in the south of Afghanistan from a US-led
anti-terrorism coalition.[79] Due to the intensity of the
ghting in the south, in 2011 France allowed a squadron
MILITARY OPERATIONS
2.6
3.2
Enlargement
3
3.1
Participating countries
Members
NATO has added 12 new members since the German reunication and the end of the Cold War.
10
STRUCTURES
4 Structures
lished in 1994 and is based on individual bilateral relations between each partner country and NATO: each
country may choose the extent of its participation.[119]
Members include all current and former members of
the Commonwealth of Independent States.[120] The EuroAtlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) was rst established on 29 May 1997, and is a forum for regular coordination, consultation and dialogue between all fty
participants.[121] The PfP programme is considered the
operational wing of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership.[119]
Other third countries also have been contacted for participation in some activities of the PfP framework such Anders Fogh Rasmussen took over as Secretary General of NATO
in August 2009 after serving as the Prime Minister of Denmark.
as Afghanistan.[122]
The European Union (EU) signed a comprehensive package of arrangements with NATO under the Berlin Plus
agreement on 16 December 2002. With this agreement
the EU was given the possibility to use NATO assets in
case it wanted to act independently in an international crisis, on the condition that NATO itself did not want to
actthe so-called extquotedblright of rst refusal.[123] It
provides a double framework for the EU countries that
are also linked with the PfP programme. Additionally,
NATO cooperates and discusses their activities with numerous other non-NATO members. The Mediterranean
Dialogue was established in 1994 to coordinate in a sim-
4.3
Military structures
11
4.1
NATO Council
Each countrys delegation includes a Military Representative, a senior ocer from each countrys armed forces,
supported by the International Military Sta. Together
the Military Representatives form the Military Committee, a body responsible for recommending to NATOs
political authorities those measures considered necessary
for the common defence of the NATO area. Its principal
12
REFERENCES
Rapid Deployable Corps, including Eurocorps, I. German/Dutch Corps, Multinational Corps Northeast, and
NATO Rapid Deployable Italian Corps among others, as
well as naval High Readiness Forces (HRFs), which all
report to Allied Command Operations.[144]
role is to provide direction and advice on military policy and strategy. It provides guidance on military matters
to the NATO Strategic Commanders, whose representatives attend its meetings, and is responsible for the overall
conduct of the military aairs of the Alliance under the
authority of the Council.[138] The Chairman of the NATO
Military Committee is Knud Bartels of Denmark, since
2012.[139]
Like the Council, from time to time the Military Committee also meets at a higher level, namely at the level
of Chiefs of Defence, the most senior military ocer
in each nations armed forces. Until 2008 the Military
Committee excluded France, due to that countrys 1966
decision to remove itself from NATOs integrated military structure, which it rejoined in 1995. Until France
rejoined NATO, it was not represented on the Defence
Planning Committee, and this led to conicts between it
and NATO members.[140] Such was the case in the lead up
to Operation Iraqi Freedom.[141] The operational work of
the Committee is supported by the International Military
Sta.
The NATO command structure evolved throughout the
Cold War and its aftermath. An integrated military structure for NATO was rst established in 1950 as it became clear that NATO would need to enhance its defenses
for the longer term against a potential Soviet attack. In
April 1951, Allied Command Europe and its headquarters (SHAPE) were established; later, four subordinate
headquarters were added in Northern and Central Europe, the Southern Region, and the Mediterranean.[142]
From 19972003 the Strategic Commanders were the
Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) and
the Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT)
but the current arrangement is to separate command responsibility between Allied Command Transformation
(ACT), responsible for transformation and training of
NATO forces, and Allied Command Operations (ACO),
responsible for NATO operations worldwide.[143] Starting in late 2003 NATO has restructured how it commands and deploys its troops by creating several NATO
5 See also
List of military alliances
SEATO
CENTO
Warsaw Pact
6 References
[1] The ocial Emblem of NATO. NATO. Retrieved 20
February 2008.
[2] The Ocial motto of NATO. NATO. 20 January 2011.
Retrieved 8 August 2013.
[3] English and French shall be the ocial languages for
the entire North Atlantic Treaty Organization., Final
Communiqu following the meeting of the North Atlantic
Council on 17 September 1949. extquotedbl(..) the English and French texts [of the Treaty] are equally authentic
(...) extquotedbl The North Atlantic Treaty, Article 14
[4] The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database.
data.sipri.org. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
Milex-
[5] Erlanger, Steven (26 March 2014). Europe Begins to Rethink Cuts to Military Spending. nytimes.com. Retrieved
3 April 2014. Last year, only a handful of NATO countries met the target, according to NATO gures, including
the United States, at 4.1 percent, and Britain, at 2.4 percent.
13
[9] Statement by the North Atlantic Council following meeting under article 4 of the Washington Treaty. NATO
Newsroom. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
[24] Historical Overview. Canadian Army Trophy. 5 October 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
[25] Fast facts about NATO. CBC News. 6 April 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
14
[52] Melvin, Don (29 March 2012). NATO: Member nations should share military systems. The Boston Globe.
Associated Press. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
[53] U.S. wins NATO backing for missile defense shield
CNN.com at the Wayback Machine (archived April 7,
2008)
[54] Englund, Will (23 March 2012). Medvedev calls missile
defense a threat to Russia. The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
[55] Part of NATO missile defense system goes live in
Turkey. CNN. 16 January 2012. Retrieved 16 January
2012.
[56] Norton-Taylor, Richard. Nato plans to upgrade nuclear
weapons 'expensive and unnecessary'. guardian.co.uk, 10
May 2012.
[57] Becker, Markus. US Nuclear Weapons Upgrades. Der
Spiegel, 16 May 2012.
[58] NATOs Operations 1949 - Present. NATO. 2009. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
[59] Zenko 2010, pp. 133134.
[60] Zenko 2010, p. 134.
[61] NATO Handbook: Evolution of the Conict, NATO,
archived from the original on November 7, 2001
[62] Rubin, Trudy (31 May 1995). U.N. Must Stand Up
To The Serbs. The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 5
September 2013.
[63] Bethlehem & Weller 1997, p. liiv.
[64] Zenko 2010, pp. 137138
[65] Clausson 2006, p. 9497.
[66] Tice, Jim (22 February 2009). Thousands more now eligible for NATO Medal. Army Times. Retrieved 11 April
2012.
[67] Thorpe, Nick (24 March 2004). UN Kosovo mission
walks a tightrope. BBC News. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
[68] Operation Shining Hope. Global Security. 5 July 2011.
Retrieved 11 April 2012.
REFERENCES
[72] NATO rearms power to take action without U.N. approval. CNN. 24 April 1999. Retrieved 4 September
2013.
15
[95] Burns, Robert (10 June 2011). Gates blasts NATO, ques- [114] Medvedev warns on Nato expansion. BBC News. 25
tions future of alliance, Washington Times. Retrieved
March 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
January 29, 2013
[115] Polityuk, Pavel (18 March 2014). PM tells Ukraini[96] Birnbaum, Michael (10 June 2011). Gates rebukes Euans: No NATO membership, armed groups to disarm.
ropean allies in farewell speech, Washington Post. ReReuters. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
trieved 10 June 2011.
[116] NATO Topics: Individual Partnership Action Plans.
[97] Amland, Bjoern H. (10 June 2011). Norway to quit
Nato.int. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
Libya operation by August, AP. Retrieved January 29,
2013
[117] Atlas, Terry; Lerman, David (1 May 2014). NATOs
Eastern Members Seek Bases to Deter Russian Threat.
[98] Danish planes running out of bombs, Times of Malta.
bloomberg.com. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
10 June 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011
[118] Cooperative Archer military exercise begins in Georgia.
[99] Danish Planes in Libya Running Out of Bombs: Report,
RIA Novosti. 9 July 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
Defense News. 9 June 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011
[100] Navy chief: Britain cannot keep up its role in Libya air [119] Partnership for Peace. Nato.int. Retrieved 3 March
2011.
war due to cuts, James Kirkup. The Telegraph. 13 June
2011. Retrieved January 29, 2013
[120] Nato and Belarus partnership, past tensions and future
possibilities. Foreign Policy and Security Research Cen[101] NATO: Ongoing resistance by pro-Gadha forces in
ter. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
Libya is surprising extquotedbl. The Washington Post.
UPI. 11 October 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
[102]
[103]
[104]
[105]
[106]
[107]
[108] Craig Whitlock (29 January 2012). NATO allies grapple [126] NATO PARTNERSHIPS: DOD Needs to Assess U.S.
Assistance in Response to Changes to the Partnership for
with shrinking defense budgets. Washington Post. RePeace Program. United States Government Accountability
trieved 29 March 2013.
Oce. September 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
[109] In NATO ocial statements, the country is always referred to as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedo- [127] Partners. NATO. 2 April 2012. Retrieved 12 October
2012.
nia, with a footnote stating that Turkey recognizes the
Republic of Macedonia under its constitutional name ex[128] NATO and Colombia open channel for future cooperatquotedbl; see Macedonia naming dispute
tion. Nato.int. 25 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
[110] Joy, Oliver (16 January 2014). Macedonian PM: Greece
is avoiding talks over name dispute. CNN. Retrieved 18 [129] NATO homepage. Retrieved 12 March 2006.
April 2014.
[130] NATO (16 December 2010). Work starts on new NATO
Headquarters. NATO. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
[111] Ramadanovic, Jusuf; Nedjeljko Rudovic (12 September 2008). Montenegro, BiH join Adriatic Charter.
[131] European Council. Michel Mossessian talks to Lucy
Southeast European Times. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
Lethbridge. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011.
[112] George J, Teigen JM (2008). NATO Enlargement and
Retrieved 12 September 2011.
Institution Building: Military Personnel Policy Challenges
in the Post-Soviet Context. European Security 17 (2): [132] NATO Headquarters. Nato.int. 10 August 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
346. doi:10.1080/09662830802642512.
[113] Cathcourt, Will (27 March 2014). Obama Tells Georgia [133] National delegations to NATO What is their role? exto Forget About NATO After Encouraging It to Join. The
tquotedbl. NATO. 18 June 2007. Archived from the origDaily Beast. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
inal on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
16
EXTERNAL LINKS
Bibliography
Collins, Brian J. (2011). NATO: A Guide to the Issues. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0-3133-5491-X.
Gartho, Raymond L. (1994). Dtente and confrontation: American-Soviet relations from Nixon to
Reagan. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0-81573041-1.
Gorbachev, Mikhail (1996). Memoirs. London:
Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-40668-0.
8 External links
Ocial
Ocial website
Basic NATO Documents
17
Collected news
NATO collected news and commentary at Al
Jazeera English
NATO collected news and commentary at Dawn
NATO collected news and commentary at The
Guardian
NATO collected news and commentary at The New
York Times
NATO collected news and commentary at The Wall
Street Journal
Historic lms
The short lm Big Picture: Why NATO? is available
for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
The short lm Big Picture: NATO Maneuvers is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
18
9.1
Text
NATO Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO?oldid=627824444 Contributors: The Epopt, WojPob, Brion VIBBER, Eloquence,
Mav, Berek, Tarquin, Koyaanis Qatsi, Manning Bartlett, VincentV, Matusz, SimonP, Ben-Zin, Axon, Zoe, Daniel C. Boyer, Tox, Arj, Hotlorp, Edward, Bogdan Stanciu, Michael Hardy, BrianHansen, Dante Alighieri, Odin, Dhum Dhum, AdamRaizen, Liftarn, Gabbe, Hoshie,
Stewacide, Mic, Tango, Sannse, Karl Stas, Delirium, Chadloder, Ahoerstemeier, Jeejee, Cyp, Arwel Parry, Snoyes, Erich, TUF-KAT, Den
fjttrade ankan, Kingturtle, Bogdangiusca, Netsnipe, Jiang, Kaihsu, Igor, GCarty, Hpa, John K, Samuel, Mxn, Ilyanep, Lommer, Edmilne,
Hashar, Smith03, Vanished user 5zariu3jisj0j4irj, Timwi, PaulinSaudi, David Newton, Kroum, WhisperToMe, Radiojon, DJ Clayworth,
Peregrine981, Tpbradbury, Astrotrain, Imc, Morwen, Tempshill, SEWilco, Omegatron, Nickshanks, Lord Emsworth, Mackensen, Bjarki
S, Cabalamat, Qertis, Wolfram, David.Monniaux, MD87, Lumos3, Denelson83, Donarreiskoer, Branddobbe, EdwinHJ, Robbot, ChrisO,
Fredrik, Jredmond, TMC1221, Jotomicron, Stephen Kennedy, Romanm, Naddy, Modulatum, Calmypal, Lowellian, Mayooranathan, Mirv,
Postdlf, Rfc1394, TMLutas, Texture, Gidonb, Timrollpickering, Saganaga, Hadal, Millosh, Jsonitsac, Wikibot, David Edgar, Jor, SoLando,
HaeB, Hcheney, Cordell, SpellBott, Dina, Alan Liefting, Ncox, DocWatson42, MaGioZal, Christopher Parham, Jacoplane, Marnanel, Urmas, Sinuhe, Eran, Seabhcan, Targo, Mccislcm, Fudoreaper, var Arnfjr Bjarmason, Tom harrison, Ferkelparade, MSGJ, TDC, Obli,
Henry Flower, Paploo, Cantus, Gareth Wyn, Xinoph, BigBen212, Kpalion, Get-back-world-respect, Solipsist, Dumbo1, VampWillow, Matt
Crypto, Darrien, Avala, Agnus, Bobblewik, Edcolins, Ragib, Golbez, Gugganij, 159753, Ruy Lopez, Bact, Telso, Gazibara, Sysin, Seba,
UgenBot, Antandrus, Beland, Phe, MistToys, Piotrus, Quarl, Vanished user 1234567890, AlexanderWinston, Rdsmith4, Oneiros, Secfan, Rlquall, Husnock, PFHLai, Pgreennch, Cynical, Grunners, Soman, Bonhumm, SamSim, Neutrality, Enzino, Ctac, Ukexpat, Now3d,
Chepry, Ericg, Jakro64, Lacrimosus, Thorwald, Ryuu, R, Freakofnurture, N328KF, Poccil, Indosauros, A-giau, RossPatterson, Naryathegreat, Rich Farmbrough, C12H22O11, Rama, Tristan Schmelcher, Tomtom, Wk muriithi, Aris Katsaris, Eric Shalov, Notinasnaid,
Xezbeth, Erolos, MarkS, Bender235, ESkog, Sunborn, Kbh3rd, Rascalb, Jensbn, MBisanz, El C, Kwamikagami, Hayabusa future, Kross,
Tom, Spearhead, Art LaPella, Dennis Brown, Spoon!, Andreww, Bobo192, TomStar81, Whosyourjudas, Longhair, Func, Walkiped, BrokenSegue, Dpaajones, Kjkolb, Darwinek, Slambo, Colonel Cow, PeterisP, Numerousfalx, Twobells, MPerel, Pearle, Jonathunder, Leifern,
Jumbuck, Storm Rider, Musiphil, Alansohn, Appzter, Blahma, FaustX, Trainik, Andrewpmk, Andrew Gray, Patrick Lucas, TintininLisbon,
JoaoRicardo, AzaToth, Lectonar, Redmage, Fat pig73, TJK1, Cdc, Idont Havaname, Alinor, Hadija, Rwendland, Snowolf, Zsero, Yossiea,
XB-70, Saga City, ProhibitOnions, Themillofkeytone, MadiZone, Danntm, Jrleighton, Garzo, Aka, Evil Monkey, RainbowOfLight, Sciurin, Kober, Mrowlinson, Vuo, Deathphoenix, Jguk, Sleigh, Alai, Redvers, Ringbang, Maestral, Nightstallion, Vadim Makarov, ZakuSage,
Tariqabjotu, LARS, Pcpcpc, Siafu, Hojimachong, Bobrayner, Joey7643, Joriki, Jon.baldwin, Woohookitty, Asav, Simon Shek, Dandv,
Josephf, Mazca, Hurricane Angel, JeremyA, Eleassar777, Tabletop, Pehlakas, GregorB, Maartenvdbent, Mb1000, Kralizec!,
,
Karam.Anthony.K, Rjecina, Palica, Teemu Leisti, SilhouetteSaloon, SqueakBox, Thewanderer, Graham87, Rpeblack, Kbdank71, FreplySpang, CFynn, Island, Miq, Dpr, Canderson7, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Mayumashu, Lars T., Dr.Gonzo, Koavf, Erebus555, JoshuacUK,
Bruce1ee, SpNeo, Vegaswikian, Funnyhat, Oblivious, Ligulem, Mikedelsol, CQJ, Sohmc, Lairor, Czalex, Zanturaeon, Brighterorange,
DoubleBlue, Dar-Ape, FlavrSavr, GregAsche, Yamamoto Ichiro, SNIyer12, FayssalF, FlaBot, Ian Pitchford, Kallemax, Ground Zero,
FleetfootMike, Mark83, RexNL, Gurch, TheDJ, Str1977, BabyNuke, Stevenfruitsmaak, Robbyslaughter, Preslethe, Hunterd, Alphachimp,
McDogm, Kedadi, Daycd, Zotel, Gurubrahma, Valentinian, Toi, Chobot, Jaraalbe, Alexbaker, Chwyatt, RSK, Cornellrockey, Imsoclever,
The Rambling Man, YurikBot, Wavelength, TheTrueSora, Vedranf, RobotE, Talrinys, Wester, Hairy Dude, Mukkakukaku, RussBot, Klael,
WAvegetarian, Thmars10, SpuriousQ, Gaius Cornelius, Akhristov, Neilbeach, Tungsten, Wimt, Draeco, NawlinWiki, Hawkeye7, Alset,
Wiki alf, DJ Bungi, Tne80, Johann Wolfgang, SigPig, Tapir, Rjensen, Krea, Ve3, Nick, Brian Crawford, RL0919, Rudykog, Mareternum,
Danlaycock, Denihilonihil, Yano, Tony1, Zwobot, Syrthiss, Inistad, Mysid, Sjjb, Bark, Bota47, Nescio, Jpeob, Nlu, Ms2ger, Mholland,
Toddself, Blacksand, Sandstein, 21655, Bayerischermann, Knotnic, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Closedmouth, JQF, Tsunaminoai,
Canley, De Administrando Imperio, Sean Whitton, Petri Krohn, Nothlit, Jor70, Mursel, VodkaJazz, Hayden120, Pdraic MacUidhir,
Beliar, Staxringold, David Biddulph, PaxEquilibrium, Bart l, Listowy, Kungfuadam, Otto ter Haar, Teryx, GrinBot, Asterion, Jon Ace,
Nick-D, Jade Knight, DVD R W, Hide&Reason, Mgroid, The Minister of War, Yvwv, SmackBot, Looper5920, Britannicus, Slarre,
Stjepan, PEHowland, David Kernow, Foxbat89, Chaplain, Prodego, KnowledgeOfSelf, Bjelleklang, Pgk, ParkerHiggins, AndyZ, Bomac,
WilyD, Siva.eas, Davewild, Patrickneil, Esaborio, Midway, Zyxw, Michael Dorosh, Delldot, Talain, Canthusus, Gjs238, Aivazovsky, Kelw,
TCashion, Cheezisyum21, Edgar181, HalfShadow, Jkp1187, Mjolnir1984, Kudzu1, Fazalmajid, Gilliam, Hmains, Desiphral, Muuletta,
Delux, Master Jay, Bluebot, Ottawakismet, Thom2002, Andrew Chung, AndrewRT, Achmelvic, Ksenon, Kaliz, Thumperward, Elagatis,
MalafayaBot, Fluri, SchftyThree, Hibernian, Bazonka, FTAAPJE, Dlohcierekims sock, DHN-bot, Colonies Chris, U, Yanksox, Joebloggsy, Chendy, Sgt Pinback, Zsinj, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Vasilken, Penrithguy, Digital1, OOODDD, SpidermanSuperman, MJCdetroit, Rohawn, Michkalas, TheKMan, Xiner, Adoubleplusgood, Addshore, Greenshed, Bolivian Unicyclist, Edivorce, Grover cleveland,
Nshaver, Gamche, Gragox, Flyguy649, DinosaursLoveExistence, Kathylee, Wiz9999, Soviet Dolphin, Cybercobra, Khukri, Mnw2000,
Headofvecna, Nakon, Jiddisch, Kevlar67, Bullytr, Dutch Rongo, RandomP, Mini-Geek, Soulpiercer7, BlueGoose, AlexJ, Natebjones,
Copysan, Krasnayaarmiya, Knuckles sonic8, Evlekis, Vina-iwbot, Alcuin, Pilotguy, Skinnyweed, Ohconfucius, Kristifor Kendjelac, The
undertow, SashatoBot, Jombo, Rklawton, NotMuchToSay, Takamaxa, JzG, Piratelooksat30some2001, John, MayerG, JackLumber, Timdownie, Scientizzle, Iliev, Tazmaniacs, Jan.Smolik, Kipala, LWF, DmitriyR, MilborneOne, Michael Slana, Xiandotm, Pronoun, Joelo,
Gnevin, PoorTom, Bluewind, Nobunaga24, CylonCAG, MarkSutton, Astuishin, Massy, Shangrilaista, Apcbg, Beetstra, Produce chiapet,
Plattler01, Dammit, AdultSwim, Sijo Ripa, AEMoreira042281, Andrwsc, MTSbot, Jose77, Wikimam, NeroN BG, Nicolasdz, Regulus
marzo4103, Crweezerccr, Keycard, TJ Spyke, Burto88, Levineps, Thedrewid314, Iridescent, NEMT, Michaelbusch, Laddiebuck, Tryde,
Judgesurreal777, Vanished user 90345uifj983j4toi234k, JoeBot, J Di, Igoldste, 1mac4u, Amakuru, Dionysos1, Octane, Beno1000, Yosy,
Marysunshine, Civil Engineer III, Goran.S2, Pathosbot, Tawkerbot2, Raerth, Pudeo, Joshuagross, MightyWarrior, J Milburn, GarlicBreath,
SuperTank17, Wolfdog, CmdrObot, FunPika, Aaronak, Jorcoga, Thai Phan, Picaroon, Ldingley, Umedard, Unavoidable, GHe, KnightLago, Stevo1000, Yarnalgo, SteVanDan, Sahrin, Orca1 9904, No1lakersfan, Oruj, Alpha.three, Hemlock Martinis, Nilfanion, Jeronimomomo2, Yaris678, Cydebot, Fnlayson, Ntsimp, Wiki01916, Future Perfect at Sunrise, HawkShark, Aszumila, Hoobiebacon, Zeppelin462,
Gogo Dodo, Travelbird, Crowish, Khatru2, ST47, Andyroo161, Quibik, Dragomilo, NukeMTV, DumbBOT, JCO312, Blackbird 4, Optimist on the run, Carl0006, Wzzgmn, Devilsfanatic30, Zer0faults, Beckeny, Ragster128, TAG.Odessa, B lav, Dark Samus, Satori Son, Kioloasder, Potterseesall, Dharma6662000, Rougher07, FrancoGG, CieloEstrellado, Fyedernoggersnodden, Epbr123, Barticus88, Biruitorul,
Erich Schmidt, Stewx, Brian Boru is awesome, Faigl.ladislav, Ucanlookitup, Memty Bot, SeNeKa, Sting, Newton2, RichJTD, RevolverOcelotX, Asaba, Anubiandragun, Tellyaddict, Philu, Milhead13, Grahamdubya, Sinn, Dfrg.msc, Hcobb, Zachary, Therequiembellishere, Natalie Erin, Escarbot, The Legendary Ranger, CamperStrike, Oreo Priest, Mrodowicz, AntiVandalBot, Luna Santin, Widefox, Pretender2j,
Ndlfutbol1, Voyaging, StringRay, Cnota, Gon4z, John Mathai, F-451, Azder, Couchinsurance, Glentamara, DWolf2k2, Chronisgr, Credema, MECU, Fearless Son, Canadian-Bacon, JAnDbot, Deective, Husond, LeedsKing, Kirjapan, Lan Di, Sulejman, Hello32020, Sword-
9.2
Images
19
hunter0690, Roleplayer, GurchBot, Yill577, Retroviseur, Savant13, Ryan4314, FishHeadAbcd, Kerotan, NedFlanders, Kilrothi, Yosh3000,
, Mustardy, Canjth, Pedro, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Professor marginalia, Cville Gamer, Mclay1, Kaodk, Puddhe, Buckshot06,
BanRay, Tobogganoggin, Nyttend, Foochar, The Anomebot2, ROOB323, Gremwood, Catgut, Animum, Almost Anonymous, Ehowell98,
Mkdw, Tins128, Macquarie, Alexsau1991, Spellmaster, Cdiasoh, Bobanny, DerHexer, JaGa, Markus451, Megalodon99, Khalid Mahmood,
Garik 11, TheRanger, Patstuart, Tuioy, B. Wolterding, JRWalko, Dirtybutclean, Mannerheim, SquidSK, NatureA16, Pvosta, Stephenchou0722, S3000, FisherQueen, Pauly04, MartinBot, WhyTanFox, Rettetast, Sm8900, Birdie, Mschel, Flrn, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, Nono64, Pekaje, Lilac Soul, Alaexis, Billy Pilgrim, Kipacharya, Ssolbergj, Limongi, J.delanoy, Cucumberson04, Michaell,
FNEEGAN, UBeR, Hans Dunkelberg, J intela, Kemiv, SemDem, Nigholith, Sirtrebuchet, Vanished user 342562, Alex2706, Dispenser,
999mal, Katalaveno, Smeira, Abhijitsathe, Kidmini, McSly, Ash sul, Snake bgd, Wiki1609, NewEnglandYankee, Wren-3, Assassin3577,
Cobi, Flatterworld, Christopher Kraus, FJPB, Shoessss, UltimatheChosen, Bennelliott, Cometstyles, Burzmali, Stymphal, Leladax, Osmodius, Kolja21, Dimka Kovalll, Lolitsgoatse, DMCer, Bonadea, KudzuVine, Pglukhov, Josephjosephjoseph, Targo144, Roma007, Andy
Marchbanks, Straw Cat, Alex:D, Punisher707, Paddy Brown, AntiLiberal2, Feliath, Yorek, Tkgd2007, EmperorFedor, Samian, CardinalDan, Idioma-bot, Spellcast, Betterthanbond, Scottwh, VolkovBot, That-Vela-Fella, CWii, Thedjatclubrock, ABF, Rtdixon86, Hersfold, Tesscass, Lbunker, Raggz, Wcrosbie, HJ32, Kyle the bot, DarthGator, Ilya1166, Alakee, Bsroiaadn, Giladt, Aesopos, Epson291,
TXiKiBoT, Dirka Dubs, Woodsstock, Dormskirk, Lvivske, Warrush, Mikey Cipriani, YankeeFan90, PDFbot, Sie777, Friendlyfoe, Tangoromeo, Maxim, Lazulite, Mingus19, Ncsapio, Mouse is back, Imbris, Lerdthenerd, Fp21, Supermustard, BoredArnold, Synthebot,
Sammyfoo93, HaniEngEgy, ShadowEdge, AjitPD, Eurocopter, Leftdown2, Sapphic, WatermelonPotion, The Devils Advocate, Davidlandoncole, Brianga, Hiforu, Chenzw, Kokokhatcha, Trikiwi, Debatesuperman, AlleborgoBot, Baki66, Stefan040780, Munci, HansHermans,
Amfx22000, Signsolid, EmxBot, Uncle Scrooge, Flint fredstone, Demmy, Traceguy, The Random Editor, Macogle, Kill-Zone12, SieBot,
Ttony21, Tiddly Tom, Sparrowman980, Rob.bastholm, Rave92, Dawn Bard, Caltas, JCIV, Calabraxthis, LeadSongDog, Kitty2008, Gabethenerd, Keilana, SP900, Digwuren, RucasHost, Toddst1, Riwnodennyk, Belinrahs, Oda Mari, Colfer2, Buttons, JSpung, DarkMario91,
Lohengrin1991, Smilesfozwood, Vmrgrsergr, Nuttycoconut, Statedc, Steven Zhang, Lightmouse, Numbersarebad108, Techman224, Hobartimus, Int21h, Demibee, BenoniBot, Vanished user kijsdion3i4jf, Eugen Simion 14, Gunmetal Angel, Macy, Kal-el-210, Reginmund,
Fatalforsaken, Bogo1983, Bert Schlossberg, Pbasic, PieceNik, Danieltiger45, Nn123645, Kissore, GioCM, Efe, C0nanPayne, Angelo De
La Paz, Counterfact, Ainlina, Jw2034, WikipedianMarlith, Dancingwombatsrule, Deavenger, Loren.wilton, MBK004, Elassint, ClueBot,
Jchatter, Jsdixie uk, Andriy155, RedGav, Binksternet, Clivemacd, PipepBot, Contralya, Foxj, Swedish fusilier, Cambrasa, Afrique, Tomas
e, Der Golem, Bangkokbetty, Mihalko, CounterVandalismBot, Viplux, Blanchardb, Neverquick, Toofunky, Sv1xv, 12allanon1, Supergodzilla2090, Dwrcan, Robert Skyhawk, Socrates2008, Tomeasy, Taifarious1, Gmred, Vilcabamba, Baseballbaker23, Leonard^Bloom,
Niteshift36, Rhatsa26X, Estirabot, Duncan1800, Ro0103, Dimitar2007, Datastat, MacedonianBoy, NuclearWarfare, L.tak, Dougie WII,
Jotterbot, Mo1981, Mlas, Blink123, CletusVanStompU, Thingg, Lindberg, Patkica, Aitias, MJMacNaughton, Yugoyugo, Satandud, Wynford, IJA, Zik2, Ftheclintons, DumZiBoT, Dan Umbrage, Omnesvulnerantun, XLinkBot, Cerian, BodhisattvaBot, Stickee, Wangsta5,
Nepenthes, Rreagan007, IAMTrust, SilvonenBot, Armymjm, Alexius08, Luisfege, WikiDao, Ancientworld, Linesdata, Raso mk, Good
Olfactory, Lemmey, Urlulu, Jaanusele, 99lava, Addbot, Ghyslyn, Zorroelconquistador, Sidewinder, Pkanel80, Fieldglasses, Krawndawg,
Mike Babic, Shattered Wikiglass, Jojhutton, Acoblogger, Tcncv, Enea95, Wouters.pat, Ecneislop, Ayapota, UltioUltionis, Dr. Spikez,
Nohomers48, 157.228.x.x, AkhtaBot, Vision en, Andrewaisgay, Bezzyhunter69, Laurinavicius, Huxux, Breakwings90, Fl061087, Sceneshock, Sfowler22, Manuman73, Douglas the Comeback Kid, Ekologkonsult, CroManIvo, Nedadim, Jbatistakis, LokiiT, Chamal N, Desyman44, Nelichka31, Dajenk, Dynamization, Lihaas, AnnaFrance, LinkFA-Bot, Abunakhli, Ks 7508, Liberalism is Marxism, Numbo3-bot,
Alanscottwalker, Rhinorow, Pietrow, Zorrobot, Stef-xo, Justice America, Legobot, Wcmead3,
, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ist58159, 2D,
Ptbotgourou, Legobot II, Rsquire3, Amirobot, Satt 2, Nirvana888, Washburnmav, KamikazeBot, Zagorulya, Ayrton Prost, IW.HG, Mister
Flash, KlickingKarl, Tempodivalse, Szajci, N1RK4UDSK714, Helatsson, AnomieBOT, Jfry3, Sinbad Barron, Wojteks, Msmaddymax,
FeelSunny, Reanin, 1exec1, Trippsusername, Rjanag, Galoubet, Lord Casus, Fanoftheworld, Adam Zbransk, Sz-iwbot, Hixteilchen, OllieFury, Pipeafcr, Ahtdoan, DynamoDegsy, ArthurBot, Arnoldkul, Enok, MauritsBot, Xqbot, Balkanian`s word, TomB123, , Kasugakun, Capricorn42, AnnieBrave, Davydoug, Maintransatlantic, Lim Ka Heck, Date delinker, Cr4zi, Tomwsulcer, BritishWatcher, DeutchEditor-In-Chief, Groovenstein, Clayto.robbins, Mdaman, Almabot, GrouchoBot, FlashinLeather, ProtectionTaggingBot, Damian Radu,
TashkentFox, RibotBOT, Greekre10, USS BlackDragon, Carrite, Nedim Ardoa, Ctolsen, Creez34, Buianh, Cogitare, GhalyBot, MerlLinkBot, Spinach Monster, Mg0314g, Vihelik, Farmerbrown22, Kpboucher, RightCowLeftCoast, SgtAvestrand1956, Depictionimage,
Streak195, GiW, Tobby72, Thayts, Colombianstar, Stanszyk, Zhub, Trust Is All You Need, Bambuway, Purpleturple, Mrt2349876, Bromley86, Citation bot 1, Aogouguo, HRoestBot, Vladmirsh, Supreme Deliciousness, Clubminsk, Uranai Baba, Mediatech492, Forward Unto
Dawn, EdoDodo, FoxBot, Jackknight28, TobeBot, Lotje, UrukHaiLoR, Prmwp, Underlying lk, Peacedance, Innotata, Tbhotch, RjwilmsiBot, Chipmunkdavis, Acsian88, Elium2, Nick897, Kaiserble, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, JCRules, Gfoley4, Mangostein, Mph703, Tbacker,
Sp33dyphil, Hoovering, Yattum, Illegitimate Barrister, Wikifreund, Thargor Orlando, H3llBot, DBG Heuser, TheEvanCat, Josh Gorand,
Ns.code, Brandmeister, KNF, Gsarwa, Golfcourseairhorn, Damirgrati, Morgengave, Tellsbadjokes, Careful! They're rued!, Elhugheszete, Harrison49, Spicemix, Truthincontext, Op nish them, Iloveandrea, Movses-bot, MiniCruzer, Crazyturbo76, Darkjedi10, Snotbot,
08OceanBeach SD, Petey Parrot, CopperSquare, Zmaher, Noitazilivic, Trilectric, Helpful Pixie Bot, Gob Lofa, BG19bot, Mouloud47,
Prcc27, Kaltenmeyer, PhnomPencil, Air Miss, Compfreak7, FutureTrillionaire, Artem Karimov, Axle Road, Zach Vega, Dainomite,
Paul63243, Soerfm, Jeancey, Jorge Koli, Abazz, Zedshort, CSJJ104, Caypartisbot, Oleg-ch, BattyBot, Triggerhippie4, Mrt3366, Eatmajor7th, Nick.mon, 23 editor, Plokijnu, BrightStarSky, Smalleditor, Dexbot, Rezonansowy, LightandDark2000, XXzoonamiXX, Sowlos,
Pinx, Killuminator, P2Peter, StayBehind, Dustin V. S., XLD, Zinoural, UnbiasedVictory, Royalenlightenment, AXJS88, SnoozeKing,
LadyGodiva99, Jonas Vinther, Jcfrommn, Monkbot, Attractel, AntiqueReader, Peterthlee and Anonymous: 1421
9.2
Images
File:Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen_in_Austin.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Anders_Fogh_
Rasmussen_in_Austin.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: NATO Secretary General Visit [Image 10 of 14] Original artist: Sta Sgt.
Eric Wilson, Texas Military Forces, DVIDSHUB
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Cooperative_Archer_2007.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Cooperative_Archer_2007.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from ka.wikipedia to Commons by Geagea using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Alsandro
at Georgian Wikipedia
File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_051024-F-5586B-016.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Defense.
gov_News_Photo_051024-F-5586B-016.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
20
This Image was released by the United States Air Force with the ID 051024-F-5586B-016 <a class='external text'
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Files_created_by_the_United_States_Air_Force_with_known_
IDs,<span>,&,</span>,lefrom=051024-F-5586B-016#mw-category-media'>(next)</a>.
This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.
9.2
Images
21
22
9.2
Images
23
24
File:North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_(orthographic_projection).svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/0/06/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg License: CC-BY-3.0 Contributors: This
vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Addicted04
File:Padlock-silver.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg License: ? Contributors: http:
//openclipart.org/people/Anonymous/padlock_aj_ashton_01.svg Original artist: This image le was created by AJ Ashton. Uploaded from
English WP by User:Eleassar. Converted by User:AzaToth to a silver color.
File:Palmaria_bengasi_1903_0612_b1.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Palmaria_bengasi_1903_
0612_b1.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bernd.Brincken
File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist:
?
File:Rodriguez_at_Italian_command_change_in_Herat.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/
Rodriguez_at_Italian_command_change_in_Herat.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: US Air Force, through ISAFmedia Original
artist: MSgt. Matthew Millson
File:Svecanost_podizanja_NATOve_zastave_Zagreb.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Svecanost_
podizanja_NATOve_zastave_Zagreb.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Roberta F.
File:Symbol_support_vote.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Truman_signing_North_Atlantic_Treaty.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/c/c1/Truman_signing_North_Atlantic_Treaty.jpg
License:
Public
domain
Contributors:
Photograph_of_President_Truman_signing_the_document_implementing_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_at_his_desk_in_the_Oval...__NARA_-_200163.jpg
<a
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_Truman_signing_the_document_
implementing_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_at_his_desk_in_the_Oval..._-_NARA_-_200163.jpg' class='image'><img alt='Photograph
of President Truman signing the document implementing the North Atlantic Treaty at his desk in the Oval... - NARA 200163.jpg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Photograph_of_President_Truman_signing_the_document_
implementing_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_at_his_desk_in_the_Oval..._-_NARA_-_200163.jpg/50px-Photograph_of_President_
Truman_signing_the_document_implementing_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_at_his_desk_in_the_Oval..._-_NARA_-_200163.jpg'
width='50' height='40' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Photograph_of_President_Truman_signing_
the_document_implementing_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_at_his_desk_in_the_Oval..._-_NARA_-_200163.jpg/75px-Photograph_
of_President_Truman_signing_the_document_implementing_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_at_his_desk_in_the_Oval..._-_NARA_-_
200163.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Photograph_of_President_Truman_signing_the_document_
implementing_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_at_his_desk_in_the_Oval..._-_NARA_-_200163.jpg/100px-Photograph_of_President_
Truman_signing_the_document_implementing_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_at_his_desk_in_the_Oval..._-_NARA_-_200163.jpg 2x'
data-le-width='3000' data-le-height='2414' /></a>
Original artist: Abbie Rowe, 1905-1967, Photographer (NARA record: 8451352)
File:West_German_Bundeswehr_1960.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/West_German_
Bundeswehr_1960.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://ahecwebdds.carlisle.army.mil/awweb/main.jsp?flag=browse&
smd=1&awdid=258 Original artist: Unknown
File:Wikidata-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Planemad
File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: ? Contributors:
This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC) Updated by
Time3000 17 April 2007 to use ocial Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by Simon.
File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk contribs), based
on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber
9.3
Content license