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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my deep and sincere gratitude to my guide, Smt. Jayasree Ramanujan,


Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, for the kind co-operation and guidance for
the completion of my seminar.
I also extend my gratitude to P. G. Coordinator Dr. Laju Kottalil, Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, and Prof. Mercy Joseph Poweth, Head of Department,
Civil Engineering and all staff members for the valuable support they offered to me.
I thankfully acknowledge my parents, my friends and all others who have helped
me directly or indirectly for the successful completion of this seminar.
Last but not the least I thank The Almighty, for giving me the strength and power
to conduct this seminar.

NAJEEB.M

ABSTRACT
Portland-limestone cements (PLC) have been used in practice for a considerable
period of time in several countries. In 2008, the CSA A3000 cements committee approved
the addition of a new class of cement with up to 15% interground limestone.
The main advantage of producing Portland-limestone cement is its contribution
to sustainable development. By introducing limestone into cement, the total volume of
cement would increase, or in other words, the amount of clinker required to produce a
certain amount of cement would decrease. This would result in a substantial amount of
energy saving in the production of cement as the consumption of natural raw materials
and the fuel needed for production of clinker would be reduced. Moreover, it would
contribute to sustainable development due to the reduction in greenhouse gas
emissions, mostly CO2 and NOx, involved in the pyro processing of clinker. On this
basis, the future world production of Portland-limestone cement is expected to increase.
Nevertheless, it should be noted that all the aforementioned benefits can only be achieved
provided that Portland-limestone cement has similar performance characteristics to
Portland cement, and has no adverse effects on the properties of concrete.
The properties of Portland-limestone cements have been the subject of numerous
studies. Researchers have studied the effect of using Portland-limestone cement with
various limestone contents on fresh properties, mechanical properties, and durability of
concrete.
This seminar paper covers a brief introduction to Portland Limestone Cement, its
properties, equivalent strength, equivalent durability and Shrinkage properties

CONTENTS
SL No

TITLE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

ii

LIST OF TABLES

iv

LIST OF FIGURES

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Initiatives

1.2 Portland-Limestone Cements

1.2.1

History

1.2.2

Current Situation

1.2.3

Production of Portland Limestone Cement

PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND LIMESTONE CEMENT


2.1 Effects of PLC on Concrete

PAGE
No.

EQUIVALENT DURABILITY PERFORMANCE OF

8
9
10

PORTLAND LIMESTONE CEMENT

3.1 Alkali-Silica Reaction

11

3.2 Sulphate Resistance

13

3.3 Freezing-and-Thawing and Scaling Resistance

15

3.4 Carbonation

17

EQUIVALENT STRENGTH OF PORTLAND

19

LIMESTONE CEMENT

4.1 Materials, Testing, and Results

20

4.2Mechanisms Involved in Equivalent Strength

22

EARLY-AGE SHRINKAGE BEHAVIOR OF

25

PORTLAND LIMESTONE CEMENT

5.1 Shrinkage Studies

25

5.2 Chemical Shrinkage

26

5.3 Shrinkage and Cracking

27

CONCLUSION

30

REFERENCES

31
3

LIST OF TABLES
Sl No.

NAME OF TABLES

PAGE No.

Table 1

Typical Properties of PLC

Table 2

Results of freezing-and-thawing tests

16

(ASTM C666/C666M, Procedure A)


Table 3

Typical PC and targets for PLC

20

Table 4

Characteristics of produced cements

20

Table 5

Mixture design used for concrete testing

22

Table 6

Concrete Test Results

22

Table 7

Estimation of reacted cement for the three different systems

24

LIST OF FIGURES
Sl No

NAME OF FIGURES

PAGE NO

Fig 1

CEN Data on types of cement produced in Europe

Fig 2

Example fineness trends PLC vs. clinker and limestone

component fractions
Fig 3

Concrete prisms stored for 2 years over water at 38C (100F) 12

Fig 4

Mortar bars immersed for 14 days in NaOH solution at 80C 13

Fig 5

Mortar bars immersed for 28 days in NaOH solution at 80C 13

Fig 6

Control mixtures and mixtures with fly ash

14

Fig 7

Control mixtures and mixtures with slag cement

15

Fig 8

Scaling mass loss per ASTM C672/C672M

18

Fig 9

Depth of carbonation of concrete prisms after 2 years

18

Fig 10

ASTM C109 mortar cube strength results

21

Fig 11

Illustration of the simple hydration model used

23

Fig 12

Chemical shrinkage plots of OPC, PLC, and PLC-Slag

27

mortars at w/b of: (a) 0.39 and (b) 0.34


Fig 13

Autogenous shrinkage measurements for OPC, PLC, and

28

PLC-Slag systems with w/b of: (a) 0.39; and (b) 0.34
Fig 14

Stress development in the dual-ring tests of mortar

29

specimens with w/b values of 0.34


Fig 15

Age of cracking in the single ring tests

29

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