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Chapter 16 Design of Pumping Stations

J. Kepenyes
Fish Culture Research Institute
Szarvas, Hungary
1. GROUPING OF PUMPING STATIONS
2. PUMP WELL
3. SETTING OF PUMPS
4. CHARACTERS OF PUMP SETTING
5. CAPACITY OF THE PUMP STATION
6. CALCULATION OF HEAD
7. PIPE SYSTEM IN THE PUMP HOUSE
8. VALVES
9. PUMPS
10. AUXILIARY FACILITIES

1. GROUPING OF PUMPING STATIONS

Pumping stations can be grouped as follows:
- pumping water from a water source such as a river;
- for lifting water (high quantity, low pressure) from a well;
- for pumping water into a supply system, elevated water tank or
water tower;
- to increase pressure.
Pumping stations for the first two functions are generally of 2-20 m lifting
capacity. Pumping stations for obtaining water from a water source have two
types depending on the source:
- pumping from surface water (river, canal, lake, reservoir, etc.);
- pumping from subsurface water (soil water, deep seated spring,
cavern water, spring water, marginal water, etc.) as shown on Figure
2.
For the water supply to fish ponds the first two types are the most commonly
used. The construction of these two types are largely the same. The general
arrangement of these two types are shown in Figures 1 and 3.
For the water supply to hatcheries, recirculation systems and central pumping

stations of fish farms, pumps to catch subsurface water are used as shown in
Figure 4.
A pressure intensifier device inserted into the water supply system
compensates for lack of pressure, which can be done by:
- discharge air chamber (Figure 7 b)
- revolution control of the pumps (Figure 7 a).

2. PUMP WELL
Obstacles to the operation of the pump should be removed, such as branches,
sand, pebbles, etc. The pump well for the inlet pipe should be furnished with a
grid of 20 mm mesh in case of smaller pumps, and with a grid of 20-50 mm
mesh in case of pumps with capacity higher than 1 000 l/sec. The inlet pipe of
smaller pumps can be furnished with an inlet rose head for protection.
The size of the pump well should be ten times the water discharge/min. A pump
well of bigger size may promote swirling of water.
The difference between the lowest possible water level in the pump well and the
inlet part of the suction pipe, can be calculated as follows:
(m)

where
v = is velocity of water in the suction pipe (m/s)
g = 9.81 m/sec2 gravitational acceleration.
Generally
h = 0.5 dt (m)
where
dt is the maximum diameter of the bell mouth entry but at least h = 0.3 m.
Figure 1. Pump houses

Figure 2. Pump wells

Figure 3. Pump houses

Figure 4. Deep tubewell

Pumps or suction pipes with a vertical shaft should not be arranged in series,
since swirling of water at the first bell mouth entry may disturb the function of
the others, An arrangement, where the water flows perpendicular to the centre
line of the bell mouth entry is more favourable. The centre line of the bell mouth
entry should be fairly close to the opposite wall of the inlet chamber (the optimal
distance is 0.75 dt). Examples for optimal arrangement of pump wells are shown

in Figures 5 and 6.
In cases of pumps with large delivery a guide cone should be inserted under the
bell mouth entry on the bottom of the pump well so as to control the water
stream. Thus the distance between the bell mouth entry and the bottom of the
pump well is 0.8 to 1.0 dt (which is 0.35 to 0.5 dt without the guide cone).

3. SETTING OF PUMPS
There are three ways of setting, considering the type of pump and the inlet
chamber.
(a) Pumps of vertical shaft sunk in the water of the pump well;
(b) pumps with vertical or horizontal shafts set in a dry chamber
located beside the pump well;
(c) pump of generally horizontal shaft located above the water level.
Within the arrangement mentioned in (a) three further cases are possible:
- Pump is under water and the driving motor is above the water level
In this case the electric motor is directly joined to the
vertical shaft of the pump and is located in a water-free,
dry place. The advantage of this solution is the relatively
small space-requirement (there is no suction pipe and
foot valve) and the easy start and operation (priming is
not needed because air can not penetrate into the
suction pipe). Its shortcomings are, especially in case of
a large level difference between the motor and the
pump, the difficulties in fitting the bearings in the
vertical shaft, loss in efficiency (due to the several guide
bearings), increased corrosion, and difficulty of
checking, maintenance and repair (the pump should be
drained first). This setting is illustrated in Figure 1. In
cases of small delivery sometimes flexible shaft-driven
pumps can be used.
- Driving motor and main pump are above the water and the first
stage under the water level
By applying a first stage submerged part, the pump gets
inflow water. No priming is necessary before starting.
The level of water delivery is controlled by the upper
part, thus the pump in fact, has a double stage made up
of a low-pressure (.submerged stage) and a higherpressure stage. This solution partly eliminates the
above-mentioned shortcomings, by having several
advantages (power take-off shaft with lower capacity,
main part of the pump is easy to maintain).
This solution is applied mostly to pumps of high
pressure.
- Pump and driving motor under the water level
To these belong the submerged and deep-well pumps.

Characteristic settings of these types of pumps are

shown in Figure 4, where a submerged pump is set in a
driven well, and in Figure 3, where a lifting submerged
pump of high delivery is illustrated.
Installing and setting expenses of a pump placed separately in a dry chamber
(cf. (b)) are high. Its mechanical construction, operation and maintenance,
however, are more economical. The advantage of this arrangement is that no
priming or foot valve is necessary. For automatic operation this is the most
suitable solution.
Figure 5. Arrangements of pump wells

Figure 6. Arrangements of pump wells

Figure 7 a. Revolution control of pumps

Figure 7 b. Discharge air chamber

Pumps working above the inlet level (cf. also (c) above) are of mostly horizontal
arrangement, with lower building and installation cost. Its disadvantage, beside
suction difficulties (e.g. leakage, air - or gas development - caused water break,
vacuum, cavitation), is that foot-valve and priming is necessary before starting and all the extra costs coming from these difficulties, and in automatic starting.
There are many pumps of this type working well with a suction head of 5-7 m,
nevertheless, suction head higher than 3-4 m should be avoided.

4. CHARACTERS OF PUMP SETTING

The pump stations can be:
- permanently set or
- mobile (Figure 8).
A permanently set pump station should be used if:
(a) the pumping delivery is extremely high;
(b) the annual utilization of the pump station is high (close to 600
hrs);
(c) high operational safety is needed.
A mobile pump station should be used if:
(a) the use of the pump is occasional only, and the utilization is less
than 200 hrs annually;
(b) the location of pumping is not permanent.
There is an in-between solution, a temporary set pump station, where the
structural parts (tubes, mountings) are built, and the driving motor and pump are
mobile.

5. CAPACITY OF THE PUMP STATION

The water delivering capacity, and thus the number of pumps, is defined by the
amount of water to be pumped and its actual fluctuation in time and quantity
(daily average, minimum or maximum).
The total capacity of a pump station should be established in such a way that
the minimum water discharge is ensured even if several pumps are broken
down.
The following Table gives data on the number of pump units and spares making
up the total installation.
Table 1
Pump units

Total
number

Delivery of spare pumps as a % of the

total number

necessary for maximum

delivery

for
reserve

50

33

25

33

29

25

22.5

10

20

Figure 8. Mobile pump

The reserve pump is the so-called operational reserve ready to work. In small
pump stations, where there is a proper staff, half of the spares are ready to work
and the other half in store.
If no significant fluctuation can be expected in consumption, there are generally
three pump units of the same delivery, two of them are operating and the third
one is the reserve.

6. CALCULATION OF HEAD
6.1 Entrance Loss:
6.2 Resistance of Suction Screen
6.3 Resistance of Foot Valve
6.4 Pressure Loss Coming from Pipe Friction (h3)
6.5 Valves Built in the Pipeline (Gate Valve, Check Valve, etc.)
6.6 Pressure Loss from Inversion (h7)
To determine the total head of a pump, the geodetic level difference between the
inlet-side and delivery-side water levels and the pressure affecting them (e.g. in
a discharge air chamber) should be known as well as the various hydraulic
losses during lifting.
(m)

where
H = total head (m)
hg = geodetic lifting level (m)
h0 = entrance loss (m)
h1 = resistance of the filter (m)
h2 = resistance of the foot valve (m)
h3 = loss by pipe friction (m)
h4 = loss from increase in cross section (m)
h5 = loss from reduction in cross section (m)
h6 = loss from valves (m)
h7 = loss from inversion (m)
Ps = external pressure on the inlet-side water (Pa)
Pd = external pressure on the delivery-side water (Pa)
r = density of water 1 000 kg/m3
g = 9.81 m/sec2 gravitational acceleration
If atmospheric pressure affects the water levels of both inlet and delivery sides
the last item is:

6.1 Entrance Loss:

(m)

where
v = velocity of water on entering the inlet of the pump (m/sec)
x 0 = value in case of not rounded inlet part: 0.8 - 1.0; in case of properly rounded
inlet 0.04, i.e. the entrance loss is practically equal to the value which is
necessary to accelerate the water.

6.2 Resistance of Suction Screen

(m)

where
x 1 = value depends on the suction screen; according to preliminary
calculation can be 2-3.
In case of a suction screen of proper size and shape with free surface this loss
can be markedly reduced.

6.3 Resistance of Foot Valve

(m)

which is equal to the specific valve-loading, and the loss-factor is gradually

decreasing along with the increasing velocity if the valve is automatic
if v = 1 2 3
4
then
x 2 = 6.9 1.7 0.77 0.43

6.4 Pressure Loss Coming from Pipe Friction (h3)

If

is higher than 2320, in case of turbulent water stream,

where
l = pipe friction constant
l = length of the pipe-line (m)
v = water velocity in the pipe (m/s)
d = inner diameter (m)
l = kinematic viscosity (m3/sec) as a function of water temperature.
It is 1.3 . 106 at 10C and 1 . 106 at 20C
Pipe friction constant according to the latest research data should be calculated
with consideration of Re and wall roughness of pipe. The International Congress
on Water Supply held in Paris in 1952 accepted the formula of Colebrook for
calculating the pipe-friction constant.
Which is

where
k= the absolute roughness of the pipe which can be selected from
Table 2.
Values of pressure loss by pipe friction are determined with approximate
equations, nomograms or tables. Figure 9 shows the resistance values in cases
of steel and polyethylene pipes, while in Table 3 different approximate equations
are collected.
Figure 9. Pipe flow diagrams

Table 2 Absolute values of pipe friction

Type of pipe

drawn glass-, brass-, lead-, copper-,

aluminium-, polyethylene pipes

Condition of the pipe

new, with smooth wall

k absolute
roughness
(mm)
0 (glazed)
- 0.0015

drawn steel pipe

new, with different smoothness

0.01-0.05

welded steel pipe

new

0.05-0.1

corroded

0.1 -0.2

heavily corroded

up to 3.0

galvanized steel pipe

new

0.02-0.12

asbestos cement pipe

new

0 - 0.1

concrete pipe, tube from concrete

new concrete, with smoothing,

prestressed

0 - 0.15

new, without smoothing

0.2-0.3 or

reinforced concrete mains with

smoothing after few years operating

0.2-0.3 or
above

In case of gradual (increasing) of cross-section (diffusor), the pressure loss is;

(m)

where the length of diffusor piece is at least six times the difference in
diameters
x 4 = 0.15 - 0.24
v = the velocity value of the smaller cross-section
If the increase in cross-section is very sudden, i.e. Bordas's loss:
(m)

where
x 4 = 1.2 - 1.3
v1 and v2 are the velocity values belonging to the larger and smaller
cross-sections, respectively.
In case of a reduction in cross-section (confusor) the pressure loss is:
(m)

where
x 5 = 0.02 - 0.05

v = the velocity measured at the narrowest section.

6.5 Valves Built in the Pipeline (Gate Valve, Check Valve, etc.)
(m)

the value of x 6, for a gate valve depends on A/A0 where A is the whole, and A0 is
the gate-valve reduced cross section of the pipe.
If A/A0 = 1.05 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.5 3.0 5.0 7.0 10.0
then
x6=

0.1 0.21 1.15 4.0 9.7 15.0 42.0 72.0 121.0

If a flap valve or regulating flap is used,x 6, values depending on the construction

o installation of the flap valve or regulating flap are 1.0-10.0, where the higher
values correspond to pipe diameter of 80-300 mm and the lower ones to the
diameter of 400 mm or more. As an average, a value of 2-3 can be
approximated, but the exact number can be give experimentally only.
For the x 6 value of a butterfly valve, denoting the angle between the plate of the
valve and the axis of the pipe
If CT = 0 10 20 30 40 45 50 60 65 70
then
x 6 = 0.1 0.52 1.54 3.91 10.8
18.7 32.6 118 256 750

6.6 Pressure Loss from Inversion (h7)

In case of a bend in the pipe
(m)

where
x 7 depends on the relation of pipe diameter and radius r of the pipe bend
midline, and on the central angle of the bent pipe, that is the degree of inversion.
Using a standard bend of 90 (r = d mm + 100 mm) x 7 = 0.2 if the angle of
bending is
s = 22
45 60 90
then
x 7 = 0.045 0.075 0.09 0.10

If there is a direction-break (r = 0), the pressure loss in the pipe-line 2

(m)

where
x 7 = 0.7 - 1
s = the vectoral difference between the velocity values before (v1)
and after (v2) the breaking point.
Practically speaking v1 = v2 = v, that is the cross-section of the pipe is constant,
thus there is no change in the velocity.
If a = 22 30 45
60 90
then
s = 0.37 v 0.5 v 0.75 v 1.41 v

With T-profile - the pressure loss corresponds to a 90 direction-break

with Y-profile - the pressure loss is of the 90 direction-break.
Values given for pressure loss are related to clean water. With sandy or muddy
water these values have to be increased according to the extent of pollution.
Table 3 Approximate calculation of pipe friction factor for different types of
pipes
l A . da . Reb
where
d = inner diameter of the pipe (m)
Type of pipe
Steel
New cast-iron

Fault

10%

0.094

10...13 %

0.053

- 0.2

- 0.08

0.0156 ha k = 0.4

- 0.2

- 0.21

Concrete

Limit of application

- 0.055 - 0.14
Re < 106 e

0.0180 ha k = 0.7
0.218 ha k = 1.5
0.29 ha k = 4.0
Asbestos-cement

0.22

104 < Re <10

k = 0.05

Due to the incidental cavitation, the total suction head (H) is very important, and
can be calculated with the following formula:
(m)

where
hsman = pressure measured in the suction piece of the pump with manometer
(m)
P0 = atmospheric pressure (Pa)
v = velocity in the suction pipe (m/sec)
The static pressure (head) of the delivered water significantly changes while

passing through the pump from the inlet to the outlet. The minimum
overpressure is around the entrance of the impeller. Steam bubbles arise here, if
the pressure of the delivered water decreases below the pressure value of
saturated steam with the same temperature (cf. Table 4). In the course of energy
conversion in the pump, the pressure increases again along the stream when
the water is passing through the pump and when it exceeds the pressure of the
steam the bubbles are crushed (cavitation) thus starting to destruct the impeller
mechanically. To prevent cavitation at the inlet of the pump the minimum inflow
pressure should be maintained.
Each pump has a minimum suction head value, at which it can still work. This
value is always smaller than the atmospheric pressure value expressed in
pressure head of the liquid to be delivered. This value is known in the AngloAmerican literature as the necessary "net positive suction head" - that is the
NPSH of a pump.
This value can be considered as a loss factor and must be always subtracted
from the theoretical suction head. Manufacturing companies always indicate
these values for different deliveries and revolutions, since along with the
increase of delivery these values increase as well. To apply properly these
values, the NPSHa value of the pump under the actual conditions should be
calculated with the following formula:
(m)

where
hs geod = geodetic suction head (m)
hs = head loss on the inlet side (m)
Pd = steam pressure of the liquid (Pa)
Checking of NPSH of a working system should be performed as follows:
(NPSH)a = Hs - Pd (m)

NPSHa NPSH is necessary for cavitation prevention and vibrationless

operation.
The actual value of (NPSH)a necessary depends on the characteristics of the
liquid, the total height of delivery, the rpm, the delivery and on the shape of the
impeller.

7. PIPE SYSTEM IN THE PUMP HOUSE

A suction screen with as small resistance as possible should be used on the
suction pipe. With suction pipes, especially if the pump is not of inflow system, it
is very important to reduce the losses to achieve the lowest possible suction
head and perfect sealing. Resistance of suction pipe can be reduced with an
ample cross-section and short-suction piece, and with the avoidance of sharp
curves and directional changes. Velocity on entrance should be 0.8-1.0 m/sec
and 1-2 m/sec in the suction pipe so as to decrease entrance loss. The suction
pipe should be connected to the inlet of the pump with the shortest possible

reducing piece so as to avoid the decrease of velocity below 0.8 m/sec, and to
prevent air segregation and corrosion. With the application of the shortest
possible vertically or slightly (1-2%) declining suction pipe, the formation of air
locks can be prevented.
If air segregation occurs at any part of the pipeline, it should be solved with deaeration of the actual part by properly connecting it to a deaerator. Reducing
pieces built in a horizontal suction pipe should be asymmetric to the upper,
horizontal mounting. Suction pipe after connecting should be checked with
hydrostatic tests to prevent leakage. Subsurface suction pipes and syphons
should always be made of welded steel.
In the case of delivery pipes in the pump house, a velocity of 2 m/sec is the
most economic. Connection to an external pipeline of bigger cross-section
should be done outside of the pump house. Velocity higher than 2 m/sec is
admissible for temporary fluctuations of water amount only, and for as short
time as possible.
In ease of marked fluctuation of the water amount, two delivery pipes should be
applied, which besides ensuring an even velocity, results in a safer operation. In
this case all the pumps should be attached to a common collecting main to both
ends of which delivery pipes are connected. With the help of a gate valve in the
middle of the collecting main, the two delivery pipes and the pump units can be
operated separately.
A suitable gate valve or other cut off device should be inserted in the delivery
pipe of each pump possibly close to the outlet of the pump or in case of an
inflow system before the inlet of the pump as well, in order to cut off the pump.
To prevent reflux of water in the delivery pipe, in case of a sudden stop of the
pump, especially if several pumps are operated on a common delivery pipe, a
flap valve or regulating flap should be inserted between the pump and the gate
valve on the delivery side.
Pipes in the pump house should be made of flange joint cast iron or welded
steel. Use of flanges meaning extra cost and source of operational faults should
be restricted to connections to pumps and pipe fitting.
To render dewatering of the common delivery pipe possible, a gate valve
regulated branch pipe should be inserted at the deepest part of the common
delivery pipe depending upon its size and the quantity of the water to be drained.

8. VALVES
To cut off the pipeline as well as to control the amount of water passing through
different valves such as gate valves, ring valves or flap/butterfly valves are
applied. They are manually operated. If the gate valve is bigger than 800 mm
and fast and frequent operation is expected, or automatic or distant-control is
needed, the device can be run by hydraulic or electric control.
In case of distant operation, a jam proof wedge gate valve should be applied or a
parallel slide valve, cup valve or flap valve. If the space is limited, a butterfly
valve or flap valve can be used with manual, electric or hydraulic operation. To
ensure smooth operation and safety shut off of pipelines with high pressure and
cross-section of 400 mm or more ring or cup valves can be inserted.

If the pump stops, efflux can be prevented with a flap valve, or regulating flap.
Automatic butterfly valves or a ring valve cause less pressure loss or resistance
than flap valve does.
With intake pipes of pools and wells, with a pressure of 0-2 m water column, a
catch mounted on the end of the tube should be applied, with automatic cut off.
To take unilateral pressure or to cut off intake pipes of wells, sluices moving
between the walls of the well or sliding sluice-valves are used. They are
operated with spindle-drive up to 3-4 m water pressure. At higher water
pressure, diameter rack-drive or sliding sluices, or sluice valves provide the best
solution. The sluices are generally controlled manually. Electric or hydraulic
drive is only occasionally used (e.g. at very quick cut off, or open, in case of
automatic operation).

9. PUMPS
9.1 Choice of the Proper Type of Pump
9.2 Control of Delivering Capacity

9.1 Choice of the Proper Type of Pump

For water delivery rotary pumps are used almost exclusively. For water
catchment, for primary lifting of a small amount of water at little heights (2-12
m), and for amounts higher than 200 l/sec, by providing the proper possibilities
as to inflow, the propeller pump is the most suitable in one or two-step
operation. The same type can be applied in case the delivery requirements are
higher than 500 l/sec at changing lifting heights, with adjustable blades.
Water level fluctuation can be as high as 8-11 m at plants for water catchment.
In such places, a pump with a steep characteristic is favourable, but if a pump of
proper type and capacity cannot be mounted, separate pumps should be
installed for the lower or higher lifting levels. At a lifting level higher than 30 m
up to approximately 150 l/sec capacity multi-stage pumps should be applied.
For higher lifting levels, up to 150 m, one stage pumps are optimal especially for
delivery of water amounts more than 150-200 l/sec. Pumps at such lifting levels
should be set under the water level, so as to prevent vacuum formation, and to
ensure the inflow prescribed by the manufacturer. To pump water of a driven
well, a submerged pump should be used.

9.2 Control of Delivering Capacity

Capacity of a pump station can be controlled with the simultaneous application
of pumps of different delivery capacity. For one delivery pipe a maximum of
three pumps, with intermittent running, with revolution control throttling, and
bypass can be used. The most simple is throttling in the delivery pipe (Q, H), and
thus the amount of water delivered can be reduced according to the throttling
curve. It should be kept in mind, however, that this type of control results in a
loss of efficiency, therefore it can only be temporarily applied. Control with
throttling is not feasible with pumps of propeller or wing blade, due to the
overloading of the motor. Control is made with adjustable blades with high
capacity pumps with wind blades.

Permanent pumps usually are driven by directly connected electric motors with
constant speed. Mobile pumps are generally driven by Otto or Diesel engines.

10. AUXILIARY FACILITIES

10.1 Priming
10.2 Cranes

10.1 Priming
For centrifugal pumps, where the suction level is under the pump, i.e. there is no
inflow, and a foot valve cannot be used because of the high delivering capacity
or other reasons, priming is necessary before starting. For priming, electric
motor driven watering vacuum pumps are the most suitable. With the pumps of
smaller stations, starter tanks, or extra-resistance forming, self-priming pumps
are applied.

10.2 Cranes
To make installation and mounting easier, above the machines in the pump
house of smaller stations a crane with suspended pulley block should be
mounted above the pumps. In pump stations of several pumps of high capacity
an overhead electric traveller should be installed.
Table 4
Temperature of water Steam pressure Density of water
t
C

T
K

Pd
bar

r
kg/dm3

273.15

0.006107

0.9998

274.15

0.006566

0.9999

275.15

0.007056

0.9999

276.15

0.007577

1.0000

277.15

0.008131

1.0000

278.15

0.008722

1.0000

279.15

0.009349

0.9999

280.15

0.010016

0.9999

281.15

0.010725

0.9998

282.15

0.011477

0.9997

10

283.15

0.012275

0.9996

11

284.15

0.013122

0.9995

12

285.15

0.014020

0.9994

13

286.15

0.014971

0.9993

14

287.15

0.015979

0.9992

15

288.15

0.017045

0.9990

16

289.15

0.018174

0.9988

17

290.15

0.019367

0.9987

18

291.15

0.02063

0.9985

19

292.15

0.02196

0.9984

20

293.15

0.02337

0.9982

21

294.15

0.02486

0.9979

22

295.15

0.02643

0.9977

23

296.15

0.02808

0.9975

24

297.15

0.02982

0.9972

25

298.15

0.03166

0.9970

26

299.15

0.03360

0.9967

27

300.15

0.03564

0.9964

28

301.15

0.03778

0.9961

29

302.15

0.04004

0.9958

30

303.15

0.04241

0.9956

31

304.15

0.04491

0.9952

32

305.15

0.04753

0.9949

33

306.15

0.05028

0.9946

34

307.15

0.05318

0.9942

35

308.15

0.05621

0.9939

36

309.15

0.05939

0.9935

37

310.15

0.06273

0.9932

38

311.15

0.06623

0.9929

39

312.15

0.06990

0.9926

40

313.15

0.07374

0.9922

41

314.15

0.07776

0.9918

42

315.15

0.08197

0.9914

43

316.15

0.08638

0.9910

44

317.15

0.09099

0.9906

45

318.15

0.09581

0.9902

46

319.15

0.10084

0.9898

47

320.15

0.10611

0.9893

48

321.15

0.11161

0.9889

49

322.15

0.11735

0.9885

50

323.15

0.12334

0.9880

51

324.15

0.12959

0.9877

52

325.15

0.13611

0.9872

53

326.15

0.14292

0.9867

54

327.15

0.15001

0.9862

55

328.15

0.15740

0.9857

56

329.15

0.16509

0.9852

57

330.15

0.17311

0.9847

58

331.15

0.18146

0.9843

59

332.15

0.19015

0.9837

60

333.15

0.1992

0.9832

61

334.15

0.2086

0.9826

62

335.15

0.2184

0.9821

63

336.15

0.2285

0.9816

64

337.15

0.2391

0.9811

65

338.15

0.2501

0.9805

66

339.15

0.2615

0.9800

67

340.15

0.2733

0.9794

68

341.15

0.2856

0.9788

69

342.15

0.2984

0.9783

70

343.15

0.3116

0.9777

71

344.15

0.3253

0.9771

72

345.15

0.3396

0.9766

73

346.15

0.3543

0.9760

74

347.15

0.3696

0.9754

75

348.15

0.3855

0.9748

76

349.15

0.4019

0.9743

77

350.15

0.4189

0.9737

78

351.15

0.4365

0.9730

79

352.15

0.4547

0.9725

80

353.15

0.4736

0.9718

81

354.15

0.4931

0.9713

82

355.15

0.5133

0.9706

83

356.15

0.5342

0.9699

84

357.15

0.5557

0.9694

85

358.15

0.5780

0.9687

86

359.15

0.6011

0.9681

87

360.15

0.6249

0.9674

88

361.15

0.6495

0.9667

89

362.15

0.6749

0.9660

90

363.15

0.7011

0.9653

91

364.15

0.7282

0.9647

92

365.15

0.7561

0.9640

93

366.15

0.7849

0.9633

94

367.15

0.8146

0.9626

95

368.15

0.8453

0.9619

96

369.15

0.8769

0.9612

97

370.15

0.9094

0.9604

98

371.15

0.9430

0.9598

99

372.15

0.9776

0.9590

100

373.15

1.0132

0.9583

102

375.15

1.0878

0.9568

104

377.15

1.1667

0.9555

106

379.15

1.2504

0.9540

108

381.15

1.3390

0.9526

110

383.15

1.4326

0.9510

112

385.15

1.5316

0.9496

114

387.15

1.6361

0.9480

116

389.15

1.7464

0.9464

118

391.15

1.8627

0.9448

120

393.15

1.9853

0.9431

122

395.15

2.1144

0.9415

124

397.15

2.2503

0.9398

126

399.15

2.3932

0.9382

128

401.15

2.5434

0.9365

130

403.15

2.7011

0.9348

132

405.15

2.8667

0.9332

134

407.15

3.041

0.9314

136

409.15

3.223

0.9296

138

411.15

3.414

0.9279

140

413.15

3.614

0.9261

145

418.15

4.155

0.9217

150

423.15

4.760

0.9169

155

428.15

5.433

0.9122

160

433.15

6.180

0.9074

165

438.15

7.008

0.9024

170

443.15

7.920

0.8973

175

448.15

8.925

0.8921

180

453.15

10.027

0.8869

185

458.15

11.234

0.8814

190

463.15

12.552

0.8760

195

468.15

13.989

0.8703

200

473.15

15.551

0.8647