ANALYSIS

Result from measurement taken show various reading achieve although the
measurement is done with constancy which give a reading that is too high, sometimes
a reading that is too low.The differences result is caused by error when measurement
is done. The error can bereduced by repeated readings being taken and calculating the
mean (or average) value.When we write down the result of
a measurement we only write it to the number of
figuresthe accuracy will allow, these being termed the significant figures. If we write
12.0 g for themass of some object then there are three significant figures. However, if
we quoted thenumber as 12, there are only two significant figures and the mass is less
accurately known.

ERROR ANALYSIS
Common sources of error with measurements are:
1.
Instrument construction errorsThese result from such causes as tolerances on the
dimensions of components
andthe values of electrical components used in instruments and are inherent in theman
ufacture of an instrument and the accuracy to which the manufacturer hascalibrated it.
The specification supplied by the manufacturer for an instrument willgive the
accuracy that might be expected under specified operating conditions.2.
Non-linearity
errorsIn the design of many instruments a linear relationship between two quantities is
often assumed, e.g. a spring balance assumes a linear relationship between forceand e
xtension. This may be an approximation or may be restricted to a narrowrange of valu
es. Thus an instrument may have errors due to a component nothaving a perfectly line
ar relationship. Thus in the specification supplied by amanufacturer for, say, a
temperature sensor you might find a statement of a non-linearity error.3.
Operating errorsThese can occur for a variety of reasons and include errors due to:I.
Errors in reading the position of a pointer on a scale. If the scale and thepointer are no
t in the same plane then the reading obtained depends onthe angle at which
the pointer is viewed against the scale (Figure 1.1).These are called parallax errors. To
reduce the chance of such errors occurring,some instruments incorporate a
mirror alongside the scale. Positioning the eyeso that the pointer and its image
are in line guarantees that the pointer
isbeing viewed at the right angle. Digital instruments, where the reading isdisplayed
as a series of numbers, avoid this problem of parallax.II.
Errors may also occur due to the limited resolution of an instrument andthe ability to
read a scale. Such errors are termed reading errors. When thepointer of an instrument
falls between two scale markings there is some degree

CONCLUSION
By observing the measuring of these experiments, we took a data to obtain derived
quantitiesfrom base quantities. Base quantities means it cannot be defined by other quantities,
insteadderived quantities obtained by combined with other base quantities. We had done
twoexperiments and took a note from it such as measure the dimension of the wooden
block,weight the mass of the wooden block and measure the dimeter of 20 cents.
Then, all the recorded we wrote on table. From the results we found the similarity
between the basequantities centimeter and meter. Where, it showed us the calculation
of relative density weresame. But, during these experiments we had made some
errors, such as error of calculation andmake mistook to measure it. So, the lessons that
we got from these experiments were weshould more be carefully and focus during did
the experiment, so that there have no mistakewhen write a data

What do you understand with consistency, accuracy, and sensitivity? Relate them
withthe instrument used in this experiment.The measuring instruments used in the
experiment are meter ruler, vernier caliper andmicrometer screw gauge. Each of this
instruments have their own consistency, accuracyand sensitivity which are used based
on purpose for measurement needed. Meter ruler,the measurement is accurate up to
0.1 cm, vernier callipers measure length accuratelyup to 0.01 cm and micrometer
measure up to an accuracy of 0.01 mm or 0.001 cm.
CONCLUSION
Three measuring instruments, meter ruler, vernier caliper and micrometer screw
gauge areused for measurement. Each instruments give different consistency,
accuracy, and sensitivity.Common sources of error with measurements also important
to be known, avoiding errorreading. Repeating measurement is done to get
average/mean for more accuratemeasurement
.