Individual Study Plan: Unit 2 Waves

and Light
Subject:
Student
:

Physics

Teacher:
Unit

N.Lad
Unit 2

Study Task outline:

Waves ISP
This ISP covers the Waves and Light part of Physics Unit 2: Physics at Work. While much of
the topic contains mathematical concepts which you will be asked quantitatively (using
numbers) you may be asked to explain these ideas qualitatively (using words). This ISP will
help you build the skills required to answer both styles of questions and aid you to build
your knowledge for your assessments. It is of imperative importance that you can answer
both quantitative and qualitative Physics questions; without this skill you will struggle to do
any better than a D grade. To achieve a grade A-C you will need to be able to bring
together different areas of Physics you have learnt (e.g. electrical energy anf the
photoelectric effect). You must also be able to use an equation in a qualitative manner,
explaining the implications of changing a variable in the equation. The specification points
in this ISP are all of the specification points within the Waves module (see your
specification or the Revision checklist in your revision guide).

The A* grade is awarded if the candidate meets two requirements:

Grade A for the overall Advanced GCE
90% of the total available uniform marks for the A2 units
This means that you can get a B grade in AS Physics and still achieve an A*in A2 Physics
A* students should be able to:
apply principles and concepts in familiar and new contexts involving only a few steps in the
argument
describe significant trends and patterns shown by data presented in tabular or graphical
form and interpret phenomena with few errors and present arguments and evaluations
clearly
explain and interpret phenomena with few errors and present arguments and evaluations
clearly
carry out structured calculations with few errors and demonstrate good understanding of
the underlying relationships between physical quantities.
Exam questions where you are asked to describe experiments are often worth 6 marks,
which can help you reach the next grade up of an exam paper.
In these questions you need to:
Clearly state the equipment required, explain and justify the equipment you have chosen,
the measurement you make, and calculations you will do and also how you will make the
experiment reliable to satisfy the criteria for full marks.
Past papers and other examboard information is available on the following website:
http://www.edexcel.com/quals/gce/gce08/physics/Pages/default.aspx
Task Task detail
Resources
Completed/comme
needed
nts
1
Spec points covered: 63,64,65,66,67,
Edexcel AS
Q
E
M
69,70,71,72
Physics
WWW
You should read through the notes from
textbook
lessons and p146-155. The areas to focus
on are:
Waves Booklet

1. Being able to explain why we believe light

behaves like a particle and a wave
2. Explaining the importance of the
photoelectric effect
3. Define and use radiation flux as power per
unit area
Complete Explaining Everything 1
Complete questions for Task 1 from
your Waves ISP booklet and mark using
mark scheme
A*/A link the photoelectric effect to
electrical energy

and mark
scheme

Specification points covered : 68

You should read through the notes from
lessons and p156-163. The areas to focus
on are:
1. Explaining atomic line spectra in
terms of transitions between discrete
energy levels
Complete Explaining Everything 2
Complete questions for Task 2 from
your Waves ISP booklet and mark using
mark scheme
A/A* - link the photoelectric effect to
atomic line spectra
Specification points covered : 28, 30,
32, 31, 32, 35
You should read through the notes from
lessons and p76-91. The areas to focus on
are:
1. Stating the types of waves
2. Describing the key features of a wave
3. Describe standing and progressive
waves
Complete Explaining Everything 2
Complete questions for Task 2 from
your Waves ISP booklet and mark using
mark scheme
A*/A research how electron behave as
standing waves
Spec points covered : 33,34, 36, 37, 38,
41,42, 43, 44, 45
You should read through the notes from
lessons and 92-99. The areas to focus on
are:
1. Describing the process of
superposition
2. Describing the formation of stationary
waves and comparing them to
progressive wave
3. Describing reflection , refraction and

Edexcel AS
Physics
textbook

Explaining
everything 1

Waves Booklet
and mark
scheme
Explaining
everything 2

Edexcel AS
Physics
textbook
Waves Booklet
and mark
scheme
Explaining
everything 3

Edexcel AS
Physics
textbook
Waves Booklet
and mark
scheme
Explaining
everything 4

EBI

MRI

Q
E
WWW

EBI

MRI

Q
E
WWW

EBI

MRI

Q
E
WWW

EBI

MRI

how to find the refractive index

4. Describing diffraction
Complete Explaining Everything 4
Complete questions for Task 4 from
your Waves ISP booklet and mark using
mark scheme
A*/A research de Broglie diffraction
5
pointsofcovered
: 29,explain
39, emission
EdexcelofAS
Q
E how the
M
Explain Specification
why the wave model
light cannot
photoelectrons,
but
46,of47,
48,
49 Describe the experiment performed
Physics to proveWWW
particle 40,
model
light
does.
the particle model of
You
should
read
through
the
notes
from
textbook
light, and include a labelled diagram.
lessons and p100-113. The areas to focus
on are:
Waves Booklet
1. Describing the process of polarisation
and mark
EBI
2. Describing the EM spectrum
scheme
3. Describe the process of the Doppler
shift, and pulse echo techniques such
Explaining
as ultrasound
everything 5
MRI
Complete Explaining Everything 5
Complete questions for Task 5 from
your Waves ISP booklet and mark using
mark scheme
A*/A link the EM spectrum to the
photoelectric effect
Q - Questions completed
E - Explaining everything completed
M - Questions marked
WWW want went well
EBI even better if
MRI My response is (student response)
Explaining Everything 1

The Photoelectric effect

Keywords to include are:

Photon Wave Energy Work function Threshold frequency Photoelectron Emission
Interactions Kinetic energy
Include any equations related to the photoelectric effect, and any graphs to help
you determine constants/variable involved n the photoelectric effect equations.

Using a diagram, show how absorption or emission of photons can be shown using an
energy level diagram. Explain how we can calculate the wavelength or frequency of the
Draw V vs I (or I vs V) graphs for a diode, a filament lamp and a resistor. Explain the shape of
photon. Include any equations.
the graphs.
Terms/Words to include:
Resistance

temperature current

potential differenceconstant

Explaining everything 2
Energy Levels

Keywords to include are:

Electron Volts (eV)

Absorption

Emission

one direction

Explaining Everything 3
In the space below complete the following tasks:
Draw a wave labelling the key features (wavelength, frequency, amplitude)
Include the wave equation and how to calculate the period
Compare and contrast longitudinal waves and transverse waves
Compare and contrast standing and progressive waves

Explain the evidence that supports the theory that light acts as a wave.

Explaining Everything 4: Light as a Wave

Keywords to include are:

Interference constructive destructive path difference

fdfds

Explaining everything 5
Describe how light can become polarised:

superposition

Describe an experiment that you could use to test how the much sugar solution
rotates the plane of polarisation of light:

Describe the Doppler Effect:

Describe pulse echo techniques:

List of data, formulae and relationships

Data
Acceleration of free fall
Boltzmann constant
Coulombs law constant

g = 9.81 m s

k = 1.38 10

(close to Earths surface)

23

JK

k = 1/4 o
9

= 8.99 10 N m C
C

31

kg

e = 1.60 10

Electron mass

me = 9.11 10

Electronvolt

1 eV = 1.60 10

Gravitational constant
Gravitational field strength

G = 6.67 10
g = 9.81 N kg

11

19

J
2

N m kg

(close to Earths surface)

Permittivity of free space

o = 8.85 1012 F m1

Planck constant

h = 6.63 10

Proton mass

mp = 1.67 10

Speed of light in a vacuum

2.

19-

Electron charge

34

Js

27

kg

c = 3.00 10 m s

Stefan Boltzmann constant

5.67 108 W m2 K4

Unified atomic mass unit

u = 1.66 10

27

Mechanics
Kinematic equations of motion

v = u + at
s = ut + at
2

v = u + 2as
Forces

F = ma
g = F/m
W = mg

Work and energy

W = Fs
Ek = mv

Egrav = mgh

kg

Materials
Stokes law

F = 6rv

Hookes law

F = kx

Density

= m/V

Pressure

p = F/A

Youngs modulus

E = / where
Stress = F/A
Strain = x/x

Elastic strain energy

Eel = Fx

Appendix 8 Formulae

3.

Waves
Wave speed
Refractive index

v = f
12

= sin i/sin r = v1/v2

Electricity
Potential difference

V = W/Q

Resistance

R = V/I

Electrical power, energy and

efficiency

P = VI
2
P=I R
2

P = V /R
W = VIt
% efficiency = [useful energy (or power)
output/total energy (or power) input] 100%
Resistivity

R = l/A

Current

I = Q/t
I = nqvA

Quantum physics
Photon model

E = hf

Einsteins photoelectric
equation

hf = + mv

max

Waves ISP Booklet

Task 1
1.

(a)

The maximum wavelength of electromagnetic radiation which can release photoelectrons from the
7
surface of caesium is 6.5 10 m.
(i)

State the part of the electromagnetic spectrum to which this radiation belongs.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Show that caesium has a work function of about 3 10

19

J.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

The caesium cathode of a photocell is illuminated by radiation of frequency f. The circuit shown is
used to measure the stopping potential Vs for a range of frequencies.
M o n o c h ro m a tic
ra d ia tio n
P h o to c e ll
A node

C a th o d e
A

(i)

Explain what is meant by the term stopping potential.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

The experiment is repeated, using different photocells, to measure the stopping potentials of
calcium and beryllium. The graph shows how the stopping potentials Vs for all three metals
vary with frequency f.
C a e s iu m

Vs

C a lc iu m

B e ry lliu m

Use the relationship

hf = eVs +
to explain why all three graphs are parallel.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

2.

(a)

Magnesium has a work function of 5.89 10

19

J. Explain the meaning of this statement.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Ultraviolet radiation from an extremely faint source is incident normally on a magnesium plate.
2
The intensity of the radiation is 0.035 W m . A single magnesium atom occupies an area of about
20 2
8 10 m on the surface of the plate.
(i)

Show that, if the radiation is regarded as a wave motion, it should take at least 200 s for a
19
magnesium atom to absorb 5.89 10 J of energy.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

In practice, it is found that photoemission from the plate begins as soon as the radiation
source is switched on. Explain how the photon model of electromagnetic radiation accounts
for this. You may be awarded a mark for the clarity of your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 9 marks)

3.

A leaf of a plant tilts towards the Sun to receive solar radiation of intensity 1.1 kW m
at 50 to the surface of the leaf.

, which is incident

L eaf
s ta lk

In c id e n t
s o la r
ra d ia tio n
50

L eaf

(a)

The leaf is almost circular with an average radius of 29 mm. Show that the power of the radiation
perpendicular to the leaf is approximately 2 W.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

Calculate an approximate value for the amount of solar energy received by the leaf during 2.5
hours of sunlight.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Energy = ..........................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

4.

The photoelectric effect supports a particle theory of light but not a wave theory of light. Below are two
features of the photoelectric effect. For each feature explain why it supports the particle theory and not
the wave theory.
(a)

Feature 1: The emission of photoelectrons from a metal surface can take place instantaneously.
Explanation ..................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Feature 2: Incident light with a frequency below a certain threshold frequency cannot release
electrons from a metal surface.
Explanation ..................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

5.

The table gives information about two beams of monochromatic light.

Intensity /
2
Wm

Colour

Beam A

6.0

red

Beam B

0.2

blue

Each beam is shone in turn onto a barium plate. Beam B causes photoemission but beam A does not. A
student says that this is because the blue beam is more energetic than the red beam.
(a)

In one sense the students statement is correct. In another sense the statement is incorrect. Explain
how it is:
correct
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
incorrect
.....................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

Barium has a work function of 3.98 10

(i)

19

J.

Explain the meaning of the term work function.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Calculate the photoelectric threshold frequency for the barium plate.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Threshold frequency = ......................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Task 2
6.

The diagram shows some of the energy levels of a tungsten atom.

0
1 .8
3 .0

Io n is a tio n

1 1 .4

6 9 .6
E n e rg y / k e V
(a)

An excited electron falls from the 1.8 keV level to the 69.6 keV level. Show that the wavelength
of the emitted radiation is approximately 0.02 nm.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

(b)

To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does this radiation belong?

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(Total 5 marks)

7.

Astronomers can identify different gases present in the outer parts of stars by analysing the line spectra of
the starlight.
Explain the meaning of line spectra.

(2)

Explain how line spectra provide evidence for the existence of energy levels in atoms.

(3)
(Total 5 marks)

8.

The following is a simplified energy level diagram for atomic hydrogen.

0 e V
0 .8 5 0 e V
1 .5 1 e V
3 .4 0 e V

1 3 .6 e V

G ro u n d s ta te

State the ionisation energy of atomic hydrogen.

..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

Account for the labelling of the energy levels with negative numbers.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(3)

Calculate the wavelength of the photon emitted when an electron moves from the
1.51 eV energy level to the 3.40 eV energy level.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Wavelength = ........................................
(3)

Describe how you would produce a line spectrum of atomic hydrogen in a laboratory.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(2)

Sketch what you would expect to see.

(1)
(Total 9 marks)

9.

Below is a simplified energy level diagram for atomic hydrogen.

__________________ 0 eV
first excited state __________________ 3.4 eV

ground state __________________ 13.6 eV

(a)

A free electron with 12 eV of kinetic energy collides with an atom of hydrogen. As a result the
atom is raised to its first excited state. Calculate the kinetic energy of the free electron, in eV, after
the collision.

Kinetic energy = ...................... eV

(2)

(b)

Calculate the wavelength of the photon emitted when the atom returns to its ground state.

Wavelength =................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

10.

The diagram shows the lowest three energy levels of atomic hydrogen.
E n e rg y / e V
1 .5

3 .4

1 3 .6

(a)Excited hydrogen atoms can emit light of wavelength 656

nm. By means of a suitable calculation, determine which
transition between energy levels is responsible for this
emission.

.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................
Transition: from level ............ to level .............
(4)

(b)

The spectrum of light from the Sun contains a dark line at a wavelength of 656 nm. With reference
to the energy level diagram, explain how this line is produced. You may be awarded a mark for the
clarity of your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

(c)

In the spectrum of light received from another galaxy, the same line appears at a wavelength of 695
nm.
How can we deduce from this that the galaxy is receding from the Earth?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Task 3
11.

A source of light emits a train of waves lasting 0.04 s. The light has a wavelength of 600 nm and the
8
1
speed of light is 3 10 m s . How many complete waves are sent out?
7
A
2.0 10
7
B
4.5 10
10
C
2.0 10
13
D
4.5 10

12.

Electromagnetic waves are produced by oscillating charges. Sound waves are produced by oscillating
tuning forks. How are these waves similar?
A
they are both longitudinal waves.
B
they are both transverse waves.
C
they both have the same frequency as their respective sources.
D
they both require a medium to travel through.

(Total 1 mark)

(Total 1 mark)

13.

It has been suggested that tigers use infrasound low frequency sounds inaudible to humans to keep
rivals away from their territory and to attract mates.
Sound is a longitudinal wave. Describe how sound travels through the air.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)

State what is meant by frequency.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)

The frequency range of the sound produced by the tigers extends down to 18 Hz. Calculate the
1
wavelength in air for sounds of this frequency. Speed of sound in air = 330 m s .
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Wavelength = ....................................

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

14.

The photograph shows a laboratory machine for illustrating a sinusoidal transverse wave.
Beside the machine is a rule. (You may make marks on the photograph if you wish.)

Find a value for the wavelength of the waves.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Wavelength = .......................................
(2)

Find a value for the amplitude of the waves.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Amplitude = ..........................................(2)
The machine is operated so that every rod along the wave moves up and down through a complete cycle
every 2 s. Calculate the frequency of the waves.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Frequency = ............................................
(1)

What is meant by a transverse wave?

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

Discuss whether this machine would be helpful in illustrating how a sound wave travels.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

15.

A loudspeaker emits a sound wave of wavelength 0.66 m. The diagram shows how displacement varies
with distance from the loudspeaker at one instant of time.
d is p la c e m e n t

d is ta n c e fro m
so u rc e

(a)

Which letter indicates the wavelength of the sound wave?

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Sound travels at 330 m s in air. Calculate the period of the wave.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

16.

Period = ..........................(3)(Total 4 marks)

Two points on a progressive wave differ in phase by 4 radian. The distance between them is 0.50 m.
The frequency of the oscillations is 10 Hz. The maximum speed of the wave is
1
A
2.50 m s
1
B
5.00 m s
1
C
12.5 m s
1
D
40.0 m s
(Total 1 mark)

17.

Which of the following statements about standing waves is true?

A
particles between adjacent nodes all have the same amplitude.
B
particles undergo no disturbance at an antinode.
C
particles immediately either side of a node are moving in opposite directions.
D
particles between adjacent nodes are out of phase with each other.
(Total 1 mark)

18.

The diagram shows a wave on a rope. The wave is travelling from left to right.

M
L
At the instant shown, point L is at a maximum displacement and point M has zero displacement. Which
row in the table correctly describes the motion of points L and M during the next half cycle of the wave?
Point L

Point M

Rises

falls

Rises

falls then rises

rises then falls

rises

rises then falls

falls then rises

(Total 1 mark)

19.

The following apparatus is set up. When the frequency of the vibrator is 60 Hz, the standing wave shown
in the diagram is produced.

1 .5 m
v ib ra tio n
g e n e ra to r

lo a d

(a)

What is the wavelength of this standing wave?

Wavelength = ...................
(1)

(b)

The frequency of the vibrator is altered until the standing wave has two more nodes.
Calculate the new frequency.

Frequency = ................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)

Task 4
20.

(a)

The diagram shows three possible stationary waves on a string of length 1.20 m stretched between
fixed points X and Y.

A
X

B
X

0 .2

0 .4

0 .6

0 .8

1 .0

1 .2

D is ta n c e /m

(i)

Wave A has a frequency of 110 Hz.

Complete the table below to show the wavelengths and frequencies of the three waves.
Wave
A

Wavelength / m

Frequency / Hz
110

B
C
(3)

(ii)

Each of the waves has nodes at X and Y. Explain why these points must be nodes.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

(1)

(b)

There is a similarity between the behaviour of the string in part (a) and that of the electron in a
hydrogen atom. Electron states can be represented by stationary waves which have to fit inside the
atom. Stationary waves with greater numbers of nodes represent electrons in higher energy levels.
Explain why this is the case.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

21.

(a)

Explain what is meant by the term transverse wave. You may wish to illustrate your answer with
the help of a simple diagram.

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................(3)
(b)

State two differences between a stationary wave and a progressive wave.

Difference 1 .................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
Difference 2 .................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................(2)

(c)

Spiders are almost completely dependent on vibrations transmitted through their webs for receiving
information about the location of their prey. The threads of the web are under tension. When the
threads are disturbed by trapped prey, progressive transverse waves are transmitted along the
sections of thread and stationary waves are formed.
Early in the morning droplets of moisture are seen evenly spaced along the thread when prey has
been trapped.

D ro p le t
o f w a te r

T h re a d

1 c m o n d ia g ra m re p re s e n ts
0 .2 5 c m o f th re a d

(i)

Explain why droplets form only at these points.

............................................................................................................................ (1)

(ii)

The speed of a progressive transverse wave sent by trapped prey along a thread is 9.8 cm s .
Use the diagram to help you determine the frequency of the stationary wave.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Frequency = ................................................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

22.

State two conditions necessary for total internal reflection to occur at an interface between air and water.
Condition 1 ............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Condition 2 ............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)

23.

(a)

Light changes direction when it passes from air to water.

(i)

Name the process of light changing direction in this way.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Explain why this process takes place.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

The diagram represents some fish under water and a butterfly above the water.

(i)

Draw a ray to show the path of light travelling from the butterfly to the eye of fish B.
(2)

(ii)

Explain what is meant by critical angle.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Explain how rays from fish A could reach the eye of fish B along two different paths. Add
rays to the diagram to illustrate your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)(Total 10 marks)

24.

(a)

Explain what is meant by superposition of waves.

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

The electron micrograph shows a small area of the surface of a copper sample.

A
X
B

Electrons move over the surface and behave like waves. When a wave reaches an edge or an atom,
it reflects, and a standing wave is formed.
(i)

Explain how a standing wave is formed by the reflection of a wave.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... (3)

(ii)

A standing wave is visible on the micrograph between atoms A and B. There are nodes at X
and Y. The dark lines between X and Y show antinodes. The distance between points X and
9
Y on the micrograph is 4.2 10 m. Use this information to calculate the wavelength of the
electron waves.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Wavelength = .................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Explain the meaning of the terms amplitude and antinode.

Amplitude
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

Antinode
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

25.

A ray of light travelling in air, strikes the middle of one face of an equilateral glass prism as shown.

State what happens to the following properties as the light goes from the air into the glass.
Frequency ..............................................................................................................................
Wavelength ............................................................................................................................
Speed .....................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)

Task 5
26.

(a)

Ultrasound images of the body are a useful diagnostic tool for doctors. A single transducer can be
used both to send and receive pulses of ultrasound.
The diagram shows a lateral cross-section through part of the abdomen. The diagram is not to
scale.
A b d o m in a l
w a ll

In te rn a l
o rg a n

T ra n sd u ce r

B
2 cm

(i)

C
5 cm

D
10 cm

Calculate the time interval between sending out a single pulse and receiving its echo from
interface B. The speed of ultrasound in the abdominal wall is
1
1500 m s .

Time interval = .......................

(3)

(ii)

The time between pulses being emitted by the transducer is 200 s. At what frequency are
the pulses emitted?

Frequency = ................
(2)

(iii) The time interval before the echo returns from interface D is 250 s. Suggest why this time
interval will make reflections from D difficult to interpret and what could be done to
overcome this problem.
...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(iv)

State one reason why ultrasound rather than X-rays is now used to scan expectant mothers.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Ultrasound is also used to measure blood flow in the body. It uses the Doppler shift of the reflected
pulse to measure the speed of blood through the arteries of the body.
Describe the principle of this method and how it can be used to determine the speed of blood.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 13 marks)

27.

(a)

Explain with the aid of diagrams why transverse waves can be polarised but longitudinal ones
cannot be polarised.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

Describe with the aid of a diagram how you could demonstrate that light can be polarised.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)(Total 6 marks)

28.

When the Moon is full, bright moonlight makes it difficult for astronomers to study the stars. Moonlight
is scattered by atoms in the atmosphere causing it to become plane polarised.
Draw labelled diagrams to show how the polarised light differs from unpolarised light.

Polarised light

Unpolarised light
(2)

Explain how an astronomers telescope could be adapted to overcome the problem of the bright
moonlight.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

29.

The Raman effect can be used to identify the chemical composition of solid materials in a non-destructive
manner, e.g. to identify fake diamonds. When laser light is shone on a material some of the light is
scattered. The scattered light will be plane polarised and some of it will have been frequency shifted (that
is, it will have undergone a change in frequency). This happens when the light interacts with the vibrating
atoms in the materials. Analysis of these Raman frequency shifts reveals the chemical composition of the
material.
What is meant by plane polarised light?
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

Some of the light will have been frequency shifted by the moving atoms. Name the phenomenon which
caused the frequency shifting and briefly explain how it arises.
...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(4)

The Raman frequency shifts are often measured in wavenumbers. Wavenumber is defined as
1
wavelength .
When laser light of wavelength 1064 nm is shone onto diamond, the scattered light has a Raman
1
14
wavenumber shift of +1300 cm . Show that the frequency of this scattered light is about 3 10 Hz.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(5)

A student correctly remarks that if the frequency of the laser light has changed then its energy must have
changed.
State which model of light is being used by this student, and explain what must have happened to the
vibrating atoms in the diamond during this interaction.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 14 marks)

30.

Explain what is meant by the term polarisation when referring to light.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

Sugar is produced from plants such as sugar cane. The stems are crushed and the juice extracted. The
concentration of sugar in the juice is used to value the crop.
The concentration can be determined using polarised light.
Explain how to measure the angle of rotation of polarised light when it passes through a sugar solution.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(4)

A student has carried out this experiment and obtains three results. He has plotted them on the graph
below. He takes three more results and tabulates them.
Angle of rotation/degrees

Concentration of solution/
kg per litre

17

0.25

33

0.50

50

0.75

Add these results to the graph.

(3)

60
A n g le / d e g re e
50

40

30

20

10

0
0

0 .2

0 .4

0 .6

0 .8

1 .0

C o n c e n tra tio n o f s o lu tio n / k g p e r litre

Use your graph to determine the concentration of an unknown sample which gives a rotation of 38.
Concentration: .................................................................................................... kg per litre
(1)(Total 10 marks)

31.

A photographer uses a polarising filter over the camera lens. She notices that the intensity of the light
received from the blue sky changes as she rotates the filter.
What does this suggest about light from the sky?
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)

Explain the change in intensity as the filter is rotated.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

The use of a polarising filter makes a blue sky appear darker, but the clouds remain bright.
Suggest why there is little change in the intensity of the light from the clouds.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)

Astronomers notice the same effect with the radio waves emitted by some galaxies.
What does this suggest about these radio waves?
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)

State why radio waves should behave in the same way as light.
...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

32.

A food packaging factory is moving soup through a 0.075 m diameter pipe when an obstruction occurs in
the pipe. An ultrasound probe, connected to an oscilloscope, is moved along the pipe to find the
obstruction (figure 1). The oscilloscope trace is shown below
(figure 2).
Figure 1

Figure 2
A

U ltra s o u n d p ro b e
d ir e c tio n o f
m o tio n
Soup
O b s tru c tio n

1 .0 c m
P ip e

Oscilloscope time base = 20 106 s cm1.

On figure 2, pulse A is the outgoing signal from the probe and pulse B is the reflected signal from the
other side of the pipe
Calculate the speed of the ultrasound in the liquid in the pipe.
...............................................................................................................................................
Speed = .............................................................
(2)

State one way in which the oscilloscope trace will change when the ultrasound probe is above the
obstruction.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)

After the obstruction has been cleared, a Doppler ultrasound probe is used to measure the speed of the
soup in the pipe. Describe the principle of this method.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................
(3)

What must be measured to determine the speed of the soup?

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)

Someone says that this would be easier if the soup contained lumps like vegetables. Comment on this
suggestion.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

1.

(a)

(b)

Part of spectrum
Light / Visible / red (1)
Calculation of work function
Use of = hc/ (1)
19
3.06 10 [2 sig fig minimum] (1)
34
8
1
7
(6.63 10 J s)(3.00 10 m s )/(6.5 10 m)
19
= 3.06 10 J
(i)
Meaning of stopping potential
Minimum potential difference between C and A / across the
photocell (1)
Which reduces current to zero OR stops electrons reaching A /
crossing the gap / crossing photocell (1)
(ii) Why the graphs are parallel
Correct rearrangement giving Vs = hf/e /e (1)
Gradient is h/e which is constant / same for each metal (1)
[Second mark can be awarded without the first if no
rearrangement is given, or if rearranged formula is wrong but
does represent a linear graph with gradient h/e]

2
[7]

2.

(a)

(b)

Meaning of statement
19
(5.89 10 J / work function) is the energy needed to remove an
electron [allow electrons] from the (magnesium) surface/plate
Consequent mark
Minimum energy stated or indicated in some way [e.g. at least /or more] (1)
(i)

Calculation of time
Use of P = IA (1)
Use of E = Pt (1)
[use of E = IAt scores both marks]
Correct answer [210 (s), 2 sig fig minimum, no u.e.] (1)
[Reverse argument for calculation leading to either intensity,
energy or area gets maximum 2 marks]
Example calculation:

19

(ii)

20

t = (5.89 10 J)/(0.035 W m 8 10 m )
How wave-particle duality explains immediate photoemission
QOWC (1)
Photon energy is hf / depends on frequency / depends on wavelength (1)
One/Each photon ejects one/an electron (1)
The (photo)electron is ejected at once/immediately (1)
[not just photoemission is immediate]

4
[9]

3.

(a)

(b)

Solar Power
2
Use of P = Ir [no component needed for this mark] (1)
Use of cos 40 or sin 50 (with I or A) (1)
2.2 [2 sf minimum. No ue] (1)
3
2
3
2
e.g. P=1.1 10 W m cos 40 (29 10 m)
= 2.2 W
Energy
Use of E = Pt (1)
4
4
1.8 10 J/2.0 10 J (1)
e.g. E = 2.2W (2.5 3600 s)
4
= 2.0 10 J

[5]

4.

Photoelectric effect
(a) Explanation:
Particle theory: one photon (interacts with) one electron (1)
Wave theory allows energy to build up, i.e. time delay (1)
2
(b) Explanation:
Particle theory: f too low then not enough energy (is released by
photon to knock out an electron) (1)
Wave theory: Any frequency beam will produce enough energy (to release an electron, i.e. should
emit whatever the frequency) (1)
2

5.

(a)

[4]

(b)

Why statement correct

Blue photon has more energy than red photon (1)
Why statement incorrect
Blue beam carries less energy per unit area per second / Blue beam
carries less energy per second / Blue beam carries less energy per
unit area / Blue beam has lower intensity and intensity = energy per unit
area per second
Additional explanation
[Under correct] Blue has a higher frequency (OR shorter wavelength) /
[Under incorrect] Blue beam has fewer photons (1)
[Allow reverse statements about Red throughout part a]
(i)
Meaning of work function
Energy to remove an electron from the surface (OR
metal OR substance) (1)
[Dont accept from the atom. Dont accept electrons.]
Minimum energy / Least energy / Energy to just
/ without giving the electron any kinetic energy (1)
(ii) Calculation of threshold frequency
Use of = hf0 (1)

14

Correct answer [6.00 10 Hz] (1)

e.g.
19
34
14
(3.98 10 J)/(6.63 10 J s) = 6.00 10 Hz

2
[7]

6.

(a)

(b)

Wavelength
eV to J (1)
Use of E = hf (1)
Use of c = f (1)
11
1.8 10
[2 sf minimum. No ue] (1)
e.g. f =
3
19
1
34
(1.8 keV ( 69.6 keV)) (10 1.6 10 J keV ) / 6.6 10 J s
19
= 1.64 10 Hz
8
1
19

= 3.00 10 m s /1.64 10 Hz
11
= 1.8 10 m
Type
X rays [Accept gamma rays] (1)

1
[5]

7.

Explanation of line spectra:

Specific frequencies or wavelengths (1)
Detail, e.g. absorption/emission (1)
OR within narrow band of wavelengths
Explanation how line spectra provide evidence for existence or energy levels in atoms:
Photons (1)
Associated with particular energies (1)
Electron transitions (1)
Discrete levels (to provide line spectra) (1)

3
[5]

8.

Ionisation energy of atomic hydrogen:

18
13.6 eV OR 2.18 10 J [ sign, X]

(1)
1

Why energy levels are labelled with negative numbers:

Work/energy is needed to raise the electrons/atoms to an energy of 0 eV, so
must start negative
OR
Work/energy is given out when the electrons/atoms move to the ground
state, so energy now less than 0, i.e. negative
OR
the ground state is the most stable/lowest energy level of the
electrons/atoms and must be less than 0, i.e. negative

(1)(1)
(1)(1)
(1)(1)
2

st

[1 mark essential: e highest/maximum/surface/ionised/free has

energy = 0eV
nd
2 mark: raising levels means energy in OR falling levels means energy out negative levels]
Wavelength of photon:
E = 1.89 (eV)
(1)
19
Convert E to joules, i.e. (1.6 10 )
OR
6.63 10 34 3 10 8
19
= 1.89 ( 1.6 10 ) [Their E]
(1)
7

= 6.6 10 (m) [6.5 6.7]

(1)
3

Production of line spectrum of atomic hydrogen in a laboratory:

Source hydrogen discharge tube/hydrogen lamp/low p hydrogen with
high V across
(view through) diffraction grating/prism/spectrometer/spectroscope

(1)
(1)
2

Sketch:

A few vertical lines on a blank background OR sharp bands

Dark on light/light on dark NOT equally spaced

(1)
1

Absorption spectrum:
White light through gas in container (1)
Diffraction grating/prism/spectrometer (1)
Must be dark lines on bright background (1)
[9]

9.

(a)

(b)

Calculation of energy required by atom (1)

Answer [1.8 (eV)] (1)
Example of answer:
Energy gained by atom = 13.6 eV 3.4 eV = 10.2 eV
KE of electron after collision = 12 eV 10.2 eV = 1.8 eV
Use of E = hf and c = f (1)
Conversion of eV to Joules (1)
7
Answer = [1.22 10 m] (1)
Example of answer
E = hf and c = f E = hc/
34
8
2
19
= (6.63 10 J s 3 10 m s ) (10.2 eV 1.6 10 C)
7
= 1.21 10 m

3
[5]

10.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Which transition
Use of ()E = hc/ OR ()E = hf and f = c/ (1)
19
Use of 1.6 10 (1)
Correct answer [1.9 eV] (1)
C to B / 1.5 to 3.4 (1)
[Accept reverse calculations to find wavelengths]
e.g.
34
8
1
(6.63 10 J s)(3.00 10 m s )/
9
19
1
(656 10 m)(1.6 10 J eV )
= 1.9 eV
Explanation of absorption line
QOWC (1)
Light of this wavelength is absorbed by hydrogen (1)
In the outer part of the Sun (OR Suns atmosphere) (1)
Absorbed radiation is reemitted in all directions (1)
Transition from B to C (OR 3.4 to 1.5) (1)
Why galaxy receding
Wavelength increased (OR stretched) / red shift /
frequency decreased

Max 4
1
[9]

11.

12.

13.

Description of sound
Particles/molecules/atoms oscillate/vibrate (1)
(Oscillations) parallel to/in direction of wave propagation / wave
travel / wave movement [Accept sound for wave] (1)
Rarefactions and compressions formed [Accept areas of high and low pressure] (1)
Meaning of frequency
Number of oscillations/cycles/waves per second / per unit time (1)

[1]
[1]

3
1

Calculation of wavelength
Recall v = f (1)
Correct answer [18 m] (1)
Example of calculation
v = f
1
= 330 m s 18 Hz
= 18.3 m

[6]

14.

15.

Value of wavelength
= 13.9 cm 0.5 cm (using interpolated sine curve) (1)
= 13.4 cm [accept 13.2 to 13.6 cm] (1)
[12.3 to 12.5 cm for distance using rods (1) ]
Value of amplitude
Peak to peak = 4.5 cm [Accept 4.3 cm to 4.7 cm] (1)
Amplitude = peak to peak
nd
= 2.25 cm [Accept 2.15 cm to 2.35 cm] [Allow ecf for 2 mark if (1)
first part shown]
Calculation of frequency
f = 1/T
= 1 2 s = 0.5 Hz (1)
Explanation of why waves are transverse
Oscillation/vibration/displacement/disturbance at right angle (1)
to direction of propagation/travel of wave (1)
[Oscillation not in direction of wave (1)]
Description of use of machine to illustrate sound wave
Sound is longitudinal/not transverse (1)
with oscillation along the direction of propagation / compressions and rarefactions (1)
so model not helpful (1)
(a)
(b)

D
Wavelength
Use of v = f (1)
Use of f = 1/T (1)
Answer T = [0.002 s] (1)
[give full credit for candidates who do this in 1 stage T = /v]
Example of answer
v = f
f = 330 / 0.66
T = 1/f = 0.66 / 330
T = 0.002 s

1
2

3
[10]
1

3
[4]

16.

17.

18.

19.

(a)

[1.0 m] (1)

(b)

Ratio of (5 or 6 / 3 ) 60 (1)
Answer [f = 100 Hz] (1)

[1]
[1]
[1]

[3]

20.

(a)

(i)

Table

f
2.4 (110)
1.2 220
0.8 330
All wavelengths correct (2)
[One or two wavelengths correct gets 1]
Both frequencies correct (1)

(b)

[Accept extra zero following wavelength figure, e.g. 2.40.

Accept units written into table, e.g. 2.4 m, 220 Hz]
(ii) Why nodes
String cannot move / no displacement / zero amplitude /
no oscillation / phase change of on reflection / two waves
cancel out / two waves are exactly out of phase (1)
(OR have phase difference of OR half a cycle) /
destructive interference
Why waves with more nodes represent higher energies
More nodes means shorter wavelength (1)
Momentum will be larger (1)
[OR Allow 1 mark for More nodes means higher frequency and E = hf]

2
[6]

21.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Transverse wave
(Line along which) particles/em field vectors oscillate/vibrate (1)
Perpendicular to (1)
Direction of travel or of propagation or of energy flow or velocity (1)
Differences
Any two:
Standing waves
Progressive waves
1. store energy
1. transfer energy (1)
2. only AN points have max
2. all have the max ampl/displ (1)
ampl/displ
3. constant (relative) phase
3. variable (relative) phase
relationship
relationship (1)
(i)
Droplets
Formed at nodes / no net displacement at these points (1)
(ii) Speed
Use of = f (1)
Evidence that wavelength is twice nodenode distance (1)
Wavelength = 1.2 (cm) (1)
1
Frequency = 8.0 [8.2 / 8.16] Hz or s only (1)

Max 2
1

4
[10]

22.

Direction of travel of light is water air (1)

Angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle (1)

2
[2]

23.

(a)

(i)
(ii)

(b)

(i)
(ii)

(iii)

Name process
Refraction (1)
Explanation of refraction taking place
change in speed / density / wavelength (1)
Draw ray from butterfly to fish
refraction shown (1)
refraction correct (1)
Explain what is meant by critical angle
Identify the angle as that in the denser medium (1)
Indicate that this is max angle for refraction OR total internal
reflection occurs beyond this (1)
[angles may be described in terms of relevant media]
Explain two paths for rays from fish A to fish B
direct path because no change of medium/refractive index/density (1)
(total internal) reflection along other path /
angle of incidence > critical angle (1)
direct ray correctly drawn with arrow (1)
total internal reflection path correctly drawn with arrow (1)
[lack of ruler not penalised directly] [arrow penalised once only]

1
1
2

4
[10]

24.

(a)

(b)

Meaning of superposition
When vibrations/disturbances/waves from 2 or more sources coincide
at same position (1)
resultant displacement = sum of displacements due to individual waves (1)
(i)
Explanation of formation of standing wave
description of combination of incident and reflected waves/
waves in opposite directions (1)
described as superposition or interference (1)
where in phase, constructive interference / antinodes
OR where antiphase, destructive interference / nodes
OR causes points of constructive and destructive interference
OR causes nodes and antinodes (1)
(ii) Calculate wavelength
Identify 2 wavelengths (1)
9
Correct answer [2.1 10 m] (1)
Example of calculation:
(NANANANAN) X to Y is 2
9
= 4.2 10 m 2
9
= 2.1 10 m
(iii) Explain terms
amplitude maximum displacement (from mean position)
(can use diagram with labelled displacement axis) (1)
antinode position of maximum amplitude
OR position where waves (always) in phase (1)

2
[9]

25.

Frequency unaltered (1)

Wavelength decreases (1)
Speed decreases (1)

3
[3]

26.

(a)

(b)

(i)

Use of speed = distance over time (1)

Distance = 4 cm (1)
5
Answer = [2.7 10 s] (1)
Example of answer
1
t = 4 cm 1500 m s
5
t = 2.7 10 s
(ii) Use of f = 1/T (1)
Answer = [5000 Hz] (1)
(iii) Time for pulse to return greater than pulse interval (1)
All reflections need to reach transducer before next pulse sent. (1)
Will result in an inaccurate image. (1) (Max 2)
Need to decrease the frequency of the ultrasound. (1) (Max 3)
(iv) X-rays damage cells/tissue/foetus/baby but ultrasound does
not (need reference to both X-rays and ultrasound) (1)
The answer must be clear, use an appropriate style and be organised
in a logical sequence (QWC)
Doppler shift is the change in frequency of a wave when the source or the
receiver is moving (1)
Requirement for a continuous set of waves (1)
Two transducers required (one to transmit and one to receive) (1)
Change in frequency is directly related to the speed of the blood (1)

3
2

Max 3
1

4
[13]

27.

(a)

(b)

Transverse waves oscillate in any direction perpendicular to wave direction (1)

Longitudinal waves oscillate in one direction only OR parallel to wave
direction. (1)
Polarisation reduces wave intensity by limiting oscillations and wave
direction to only one plane OR limiting oscillations to one direction only. (1)
(accept vibrations and answers in terms of an example such as a rope
passing through slits)
Light source, 2 pieces of polaroid and detector e.g. eye, screen, LED OR

laser, 1 polaroid and detector (1)

Rotate one polaroid (1)
Intensity of light varies (1)

3
[6]

28.

Unpolarised and plane polarised light:

Correct diagrams showing vibrations in one plane only and in all planes (1)

Vibrations/oscillations labelled on diagrams (1)

Telescope adaptation:
Fit polarising filter / lens [must be lens not lenses] (1)
At 90 to polarisation direction to block the moonlight / rotate until
cuts out moonlight (1)
29.

[4]
Meaning of plane polarised
Oscillations/vibrations/field variations (1)
Parallel to one direction, in one plane [allow line with arrow at both ends] (1)
2
Doppler effect
Doppler (1)
If source/observer have (relative) movement [reflections off vibrating/moving atoms] (1)
Waves would be bunched/compressed/stretched or formula quoted [accept diagram] (1)
Thus frequency / wavelength changes [accept red /blue shift] (1)
4
14
Frequency about 3 10 Hz
Evidence of use of 1/wavelength = wavenumber (1)
4
laser wavenumber = 9400 or wavelength change =7.6910 (1)
6
New wavenumber = 10700 [or 8100] or conversion of wavelength change to m [7.69 10 ] (1)
New wavelength = 935 nm [or 1240 nm] Use of frequency = c / wavelength [in any calculation] (1)
14
14
14
f = 3.2 10 Hz [note answer of 2.8 10 = 3 , 3.4 10 = 4](1)
5
Model of light
Particle/photon/quantum model (1)
Photon energy must have changed / quote E = hf (1)
Energy of atoms must have changed [credit vibrating less/more/faster/slower] (1)
3
[14]

30.

Polarisation
The (wave) oscillations (1)
occur only in one plane (1)
[OR shown with a suitable diagram]
How to measure angle of rotation
Any four points from:
Polaroid filter at one/both ends
with no sugar solution, crossed Polaroids (top and bottom of
tube) block out light
sugar solution introduced between Polaroids
one Polaroid rotated to give new dark view
difference in angle between two positions read from scale (1) (1) (1) (1)
Graph
Points plotted correctly [1 for each incorrect; minimum mark 0] (1) (1)
Good best fit line to enable concentration at 38 to be found (1)
Concentration
1
0.57 ( 0.01) kg l

Max 4

3
1
[10]

31.

Light from sky:

Light is polarised (1)
Change in intensity:
Filter allows through polarised light in one direction only (1)
When polarised light from the sky is aligned with filter, light is let through (1)

When polarised light is at right angles with polarising filter, less light passes (1)
Turn filter so that polarised light from blue sky is
not allowed through, so sky is darker (1)

Max 2

Clouds:
Light from clouds must be unpolarised (1)
Radio waves:
Radio waves can be polarised OR transverse (1)
Why radio waves should behave in same way as light:
Both are electromagnetic waves/transverse (1)
[Transverse only, credited for 1 answer]

1
1

1
[6]

32.

Speed of ultrasound
Use of = s/t (1)
= 150 103 (m) 132 106 (s)
= 1140 m s1 (1)
2
Change of trace
Extra pulse(s)
OR
Reflected pulse moves closer
1
Principle of Doppler probe
3 points from:
Arrange probe so that soup is approaching OR Soup reflects ultrasound /with changed
frequency/wavelength OR change in frequency/wavelength depends on speed OR Probe detects
frequency of reflected ultrasound OR Use of diagrams showing waves
3
Determination of speed
1
point from:
Frequency/wavelength change /Angle between ultrasound direction and direction of flow of soup
1
Comment
Lumps give larger reflections/ Lumps travel slower
1

[8]