Q.1. a) At t-0, a temperature sensor was suddenly changed from 25C to 100C.

The
sensor outpurs voltage given by the expression V=(0.06 V/C)[T-20C]. The
following table gives the voltages measured and the times. Determine the average
time constant of the sensor.
[8]
t(seconds
)
V(volts)

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.3

1.8

2.8

3.4

3.9

4.2

b) Is driving an automobile best described as a servomechanism or a

process-control system?
Why? [2]
Q.2. a) A sensor with a nominal resistance of 60 is used in a bridge with R1
= R2 = 120 ,
V = 12.0 V, and R3 = 150- potentiometer shown in fig.1. It is necessary to
resolve 0.1- changes of the sensor resistance.
i) At what value of R3 will the bridge null?
ii) What voltage resolution must the null detector possess?
[6]
b) A differential amplifier has R2 = 560 K and R1 = 3.9 K. When Va = Vb =
2.8 V the output is 69 mV. Find the CMR and CMRR.
[4]
Q.3. A) A sensor provides temperature data as 430 V/C. Develop a

comparator circuit that goes high when the temperature reaches 620C.
[3]
b) A 10-bit ADC has a 12.0-V reference.

i. Find the output for inputs of 4.3 V and 8.2 V.

ii. What range of inputs could have caused the output to become A5H?
[5]
c) An RTD has (25 C) = 0.006/C. If R= 108 at 25C, find the resistance
at 35C.
[2]
Q.4. a) Calculate the intensity of a 12-watt source whose radius is 0.04 m at

(a) the source in W/m2 and mW/cm2 and (b) 1.3 meters away if the
divergence is 1.8.
[4]

b) What are different types of Control Valve? Explain in detail

[6]

Q.5. Simplify the following and implement the original and simplified equations with gates and
ladder logic.
[10]
Q.6. a) A PI controller has Kp=4.5 and KI=7 s-1. Find the controller output for an error
given by ep=3 sin(t). What is the phase shift between error and controller output?
[4]
b) A proportional pneumatic controller has equal area bellows. If 3 to 15 psi signals
are used on input and output, find the ratio of pivot distances that provides a 23%
PB.
[3]
c) A force transducer has a transfer function of 2.2mV/N. Design an alarm using a
comparator that triggers at 1050 N.
[3]

Q.1. Ans:

b) Ans:

Driving a car is a servomechanism because the purpose is to control the

motion of the vehicle
rather than to regulate a specific value. Therefore the objective is to cause
the vehicle to follow a
prescribed path. Of course keeping the speed constant during a trip could be
considered process
control since the speed is being regulated.
Q.2. A)

(i) For a null condition: R1 R4 = R2 R3, therefore,

R3 = R1 R4/R2 = (120)(60)/(120) = 60
(ii) The detector resolution needed to resolve a resistance change of 0.1 is
found from the following equation when R4 has changed to 60.1 (or 59.9
).

For R4= 60.1, V= -4.41mV and For R4=59.9, V=-4.44mV

b) The amplifier gain is determined by Ad = R2/R1 = 560/3.9 = 144

The common-mode gain is determined by Acm = Vo/Vin = 69 mV/2.8 =
0.025
CMRR is the ratio between the differential gain (Ad) and the common-mode
gain (Acm); thus,
CMRR = Ad/Acm = 144/0.025 = 5760
CMR is given in dB. The equation is:
20 log 10 (CMRR) = 20 log 10 (5760) = 75.2 dB
Q.3. a) If a transfer function is 430 uV/C then a temperature of 620 C will
result in an output
voltage of,
V = (430 x 10-6 V/C)(620 C)
V = 0.2666 volts or 0.267 to three significant figures.
We can construct a divider from a + 5 volt supply to obtain this required
alarm voltage for
the comparator. One possible circuit then is shown below. Adjust R1 until Va
= 0.267 V.

b) Given a 10-bit ADC with a 12.0 volt reference.

(a) For an input of 4.3 volts we find the output as,
N10 = Vin/ Vref* 2n=4.3/12*(210)=366.933=366=16EH
For an input of 8.2 volts the output is;
N10 = (2n )*Vin/Vref=8.2/12*210=699.733=699=2BBH
(b) For A5H we first find that A5H = 16510 Then,
Vin=Vref( Input in decimal)/2 n=12*165/210=1.934V

But the output will stay A5H until the input changes by the voltage of one
LSB,

AV = Vref/2n =12/210=0.012V, so the range is 1.934 V to (1.934 + 0.012) =

1.946 V.
c) The equation to be used is: R(T) = R(T0)[1 + 0(T-T0)]
Where
R(T) is the approximation of resistance at temperature T
R(T0) is the resistance at temperature T0
0 is the fractional change in resistance per degree of temperature at T0
Therefore: R(35C) = 108[1 + 0.006(35 - 25)] = 114.48
Q.4. a)

b)

Quick Opening: This type of valve is used predominantly for full On /full OFF
control applications. The valve characteristic of fig. 7.47 shows that a
relatively small motion of the valve stem results in maximum possible flow
rate through the valve. Such a valve, for example, may allow 90% of
maximum flow rate with only a 30% travel of the stem.

Linear: This type of valve, as shown in fig. 7.47, has a flow rate that varies
linearly with the stem position. It represents the ideal situation where the
S drop. The relationship is expressed as
valve alone determines theQpressure

Qmax Smax
where Q=flow rate(m /s); S=Stem position(m)
Qmax=maximum flow rate(m3/s)
Smax=maximum stem position(m)
3

Equal Percentage: A very important type of valve employed in flow control

has a characteristic such that a given percentage change in stem position
produces an equivalent change in flow-that is, an equal percentage.

Q.5.

Generally, this type of valve does not shut off the flow completely in its
limit of stem travel.
Thus, Qmin represents the minimum flow when the stem is at one limit
of its travel. At the other extreme, the valve allows a flow Qmax as its
maximum, open-valve flow rate. For this type, we define rangeability,R,
as the ratio
R=Qmax/Qmin

Q.6. a)

b)

c)