Detailings of
Reinforced Concrete to
Code of Practice for
Structural Use of Concrete
2004
Housing Department
May 2008
(Version 2.3)
Acknowledgement
Contents
Page
1.0
Introduction
1
2.0
Some highlighted aspects in Basis of Design
3
3.0
Beams
10
4.0
Slabs
49
5.0
Columns
68
6.0
Column Beam Joints
93
7.0
Walls
102
8.0
Corbels
116
9.0
Cantilever Structures
124
10.0 Transfer Structures
132
11.0 Footings
137
12.0 Pile Caps
145
13.0 General R.C. Detailings
156
14.0 Design against Robustness
163
15.0 Shrinkage and Creep
168
16.0 Summary of Aspects having significant Impacts on Current Practices 184
References
194
Appendices
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Appendix F
Appendix G
Appendix H
Appendix I
Appendix J
Version 2.3
1.0
Introduction
1.1
May 2008
A revised concrete code titled Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete
2004 was formally promulgated by the Buildings Department of Hong Kong
in late 2004 which serves to supersede the former concrete code titled The
Structural Use of Concrete 1987. The revised Code, referred to as the Code
hereafter in this Manual will become mandatory by 15 December 2006, after
expiry of the grace period in which both the revised and old codes can be used.
1.2
(e)
Version 2.3
May 2008
types of members are included in the respective sections for the types, though
Section 13 in the Manual includes certain aspects in detailings which are
common to all types of members. Design examples, charts are included, with
derivations of approaches and formulae as necessary. Aspects on analysis are
only discussed selectively in this Manual. In addition, as the Department has
decided to adopt Section 9.9 of the Code which is in relation to provisions for
ductility for columns and beams contributing in the lateral load resisting
system in accordance with Cl. 9.1 of the Code, conflicts of this section with
others in the Code are resolved with the more stringent ones highlighted as
requirements in our structural design.
As computer methods have been extensively used nowadays in analysis and
design, the contents as related to the current popular analysis and design
approaches by computer methods are also discussed. The background theory
of the plate bending structure involving twisting moments, shear stresses, and
design approach by the Wood Armer Equations which are extensively used by
computer methods are also included in the Appendices in this Manual for
design of slabs, flexible pile caps and footings.
To make distinctions between the equations quoted from the Code and the
equations derived in this Manual, the former will be prefixed by (Ceqn) and
the latter by (Eqn).
Unless otherwise stated, the general provisions and dimensioning of steel bars
are based on high yield bars with f y = 460 N/mm2.
1.4
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2.0
2.1
May 2008
The ultimate and serviceability limit states used in the Code carry the usual
meaning as in BS8110. However, the new Code has incorporated an extra
serviceability requirement in checking human comfort by limiting acceleration
due to wind load on high-rise buildings (in Clause 7.3.2). No method of
analysis has been recommended in the Code though such accelerations can be
estimated by the wind tunnel laboratory if wind tunnel tests are conducted.
Nevertheless, worked examples are enclosed in Appendix B, based on
approximation of the motion of the building as a simple harmonic motion and
empirical approach in accordance with the Australian Wind Code AS/NZS
1170.2:2002 on which the Hong Kong Wind Code has based in deriving
dynamic effects of wind loads. The relevant part of the Australian Code is
Appendix G of the Australian Code.
2.2
Design Loads
The Code has made reference to the Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed
Loads for Buildings for determination of characteristic gravity loads for
design. However, this Load Code has not yet been formally promulgated and
the Amendment No. 1 has deleted such reference. At the meantime, the design
loads should be therefore taken from HKB(C)R Clause 17. Nevertheless, the
designer may need to check for the updated loads by fire engine for design of
new buildings, as required by FSD.
The Code has placed emphasize on design loads for robustness which are
similar to the requirements in BS8110 Part 2. The requirements include design
of the structure against a notional horizontal load equal to 1.5% of the
characteristic dead weight at each floor level and vehicular impact loads
(Clause 2.3.1.4). The small notional horizontal load can generally be covered
by wind loads required for design. Identification of key elements and design
for ultimate loads of 34 kPa, together with examination of disproportionate
collapse in accordance with Cl. 2.2.2.3 can be exempted if the buildings are
provided with ties determined by Cl. 6.4.1. The usual reinforcement provisions
as required by the Code for other purposes can generally cover the required
ties provisions.
3
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May 2008
Wind loads for design should be taken from Code of Practice on Wind Effects
in Hong Kong 2004.
It should also be noted that there are differences between Table 2.1 of the
Code that of BS8110 Part 1 in some of the partial load factors f. The
beneficial partial load factor for earth and water load is 1. However, lower
values should be used if the earth and water loads are known to be
over-estimated.
Materials Concrete
Table 3.2 has tabulated a set of Youngs Moduli of concrete up to grade 100.
The values are generally smaller than that in BS8110 by more than 10% and
also slightly different from the former 1987 Code. The stress strain curve of
concrete as given in Figure 3.8 of the Code, whose initial tangent is
determined by these Youngs Moduli values is therefore different from Figure
2.1 of BS8110 Part 1. Furthermore, in order to achieve smooth (tangential)
connection between the parabolic portion and straight portion of the stress
strain curve, the Code, by its Amendment No. 1, has shifted the 0 value to
f cu
1.34( f cu / m )
instead of staying at 2.4 10 4
Ec
m
BS8110. The stress strain curves for grade 35 by the Code and BS8110 are
plotted as an illustration in Figure 2.1.
Comparison of stress strain profile between the Code and
BS8110 for Grade 35
The Code
BS8110
18
16
14
Stress (MPa)
2.3
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Distance ratio from neutral axis
0.8
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May 2008
From Figure 2.1 it can be seen that stress strain curve by BS8110 envelops that
of the Code, indicating that design based on the Code will be slightly less
economical. Design formulae for beams and columns based on these stress
strain curves by BS8110, strictly speaking, become inapplicable. A full
derivation of design formulae and charts for beams, columns and walls are
given in Sections 3, 5 and 7, together with Appendices C, F and G of this
Manual.
Table 4.2 of the Code tabulated nominal covers to reinforcements under
different exposure conditions. However, reference should also be made to the
Code of Practice for Fire Resisting Construction 1996.
To cater for the rigorous concrete stress strain relation as indicated in Figure
2.1 for design purpose, a simplified stress approach by assuming a
rectangular stress block of length 0.9 times the neutral axis depth has been
widely adopted, as similar to BS8110. However, the Amendment No. 1 of the
Code has restricted the 0.9 factor to concrete grades not exceeding 45. For 45
< fcu 70 and 70 < fcu, the factors are further reduced to 0.8 and 0.72
respectively as shown in Figure 2.2
0.0035 for fcu 60
0.0035 0.0006(fcu 60)1/2 for fcu > 60
0.67fcu/m
strain
stress
Figure 2.2 Simplified stress block for ultimate reinforced concrete design
2.4
Version 2.3
May 2008
comparatively larger than the elastic one prior to failure. Such ability is
desirable in structures as it gives adequate warning to the user for repair or
escape before failure. The underlying principles in r.c. detailings for ductility
requirements are highlighted as follows :
(i)
confinement by transverse
re-bars enhances concrete
strength and ductility of the
concrete core within the
transverse re-bars
Anchorage of link in concrete : (a) better than (b); (b) better than (c)
Version 2.3
(iii)
(iv)
May 2008
bar in tension
Figure 2.6 Bars bending inwards to avoid radial forces on thin concrete cover
(vi)
Version 2.3
May 2008
neutral axis and thus greater concrete strain and easier concrete failure
which is brittle;
c
Often the ductility requirements specified in the Code are applied to locations
where plastic hinges may be formed. The locations can be accurately
determined by a push over analysis by which a lateral load with step by step
increments is added to the structure. Among the structural members met at a
joint, the location at which plastic hinge is first formed will be identified as the
critical section of plastic hinge formation. Nevertheless, the determination can
be approximated by judgment without going through such an analysis. In a
column beam frame with relatively strong columns and weak beams, the
critical sections of plastic hinge formation should be in the beams at their
interfaces with the columns. In case of a column connected into a thick pile
cap, footing or transfer plate, the critical section with plastic hinge formation
will be in the columns at their interfaces with the cap, footing or transfer plate
as illustrated in Figure 2.8.
Version 2.3
May 2008
2.6
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Version 2.3
3.0
Beams
3.1
May 2008
1.4GK+1.6QK
1.4GK+1.6QK
1.4GK+1.6QK
1.4GK+1.6QK
1.4GK+1.6QK
1.4GK+1.6QK
1.0GK
1.4GK+1.6QK
1.0GK
1.4GK+1.6QK
1.0GK
1.0GK
1.0GK
1.4GK+1.6QK
1.4GK+1.6QK
1.0GK
1.0GK
Version 2.3
May 2008
3.3
(ii)
beff,1
b1
b1
bw
b2
b2
beff,1=0.2b1+0.1lpi
beff,2=0.2b2+0.1lpi
beff, =bw+beff,1+beff,2
Version 2.3
May 2008
Effective width (beff) = width of beam (bw) + (0.2 times of half the
centre to centre width to the next beam (0.2bi) + 0.1 times the span of
zero moment (0.1lpi), with the sum of the latter not exceeding 0.2 times
the span of zero moment and lpi taken as 0.7 times the effective span of
the beam). An example for illustration as indicated in Figure 3.4 is as
indicated :
Worked Example 3.1
400
2000
400
2000
400
2000
400
Version 2.3
May 2008
350 kNm at
support
200 kNm at
support face
0.2800
Bending Moment
Diagram
800
13
0.8
= 230 kNm.
8
Version 2.3
250 kNm
May 2008
FEd,sup = 200 kN
230 kNm
800
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May 2008
Support condition
Rectangular Beam
Flanged Beam
bw/b < 0.3
One or two-way
spanning solid
slab
Cantilever
5.5
Simply supported
20
16
20
Continuous
26
21
26
End span
23
18.5
23(2)
Note :
1.
The values given have been chosen to be generally conservative and calculation may
frequently show shallower sections are possible;
2.
The value of 23 is appropriate for two-way spanning slab if it is continuous over one long side;
3.
For two-way spanning slabs the check should be carried out on the basis of the shorter span.
47000
300 mm. So the
fs
70000 b 70000 1
=
= 152 mm when using high yield
460
fy
15
Version 2.3
Description
May 2008
Internal
External
3.4.1 Design in accordance with the Rigorous Stress Strain curve of Concrete
The stress strain block of concrete as indicated in Figure 3.8 of the Code is
different from Figure 2.1 of BS8110. Furthermore, in order to achieve smooth
connection between the parabolic and the straight line portions, the Concrete
Code Handbook has recommended to shift the 0 to the right to a value of
1.34 f cu
, which has been adopted in Amendment No. 1. With the values of
m Ec
Youngs Moduli of concrete, E c , as indicated in Table 3.2 of the Code, the
stress strain block of concrete for various grades can be determined. The stress
strain curve of grade 35 is drawn as shown in Figure 3.7.
Stress Strain Profile for Grade 35
18
16
Stress (MPa)
14
12
10
8
6
0.3769 where
0 = 0.001319
4
2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Version 2.3
May 2008
can be worked out as per the strain distribution profile of concrete and steel as
indicated in Figure 3.8.
ult = 0.0035
d
x
neutral axis
Stress Diagram
Strain Diagram
x
for singly reinforced beam is
d
the positive root of the following quadratic equation where ult = 0.0035 for
x 2 0.67 f
cu
+
m
d
1 0
1
3 ult
x M
2 = 0
d bd
(Eqn 3-1)
With neutral axis depth ratio determined, the steel ratio can be determined by
Ast
1 0.67 f cu
=
bd 0.87 f y m
1 0
1
3 ult
(Eqn 3-2)
x
is limited to 0.5 for singly reinforcing sections for grades up to 45
d
under moment redistribution not greater than 10% (Clause 6.1.2.4 of the Code),
M
by (Eqn 3-1),
will be limited to K ' values as in
bd 2 f cu
As
However, for grades exceeding 45 and below 70 where neutral axis depth ratio
is limited to 0.4 for singly reinforced sections under moment redistribution not
17
Version 2.3
greater than 10% (Clause 6.1.2.4 of the Code), again by (Eqn 3-1)
May 2008
M
bd 2 f cu
will be limited to
K ' = 0.125 for grade 50;
K ' = 0.123 for grade 60;
K ' = 0.121 for grade 70.
which are instead above 0.120 under the simplified stress block as Amendment
No. 1 has reduce the x / d factor to 0.8. Re discussion is in Appendix C.
It should be noted that the x / d ratio will be further limited if moment
redistribution exceeds 10% by (Ceqn 6.4) and (Ceqn 6.5) of the Code (with
revision by Amendment No. 1) as
x
( b 0.4) for f cu 45 ; and
d
x
( b 0.5) for 45 < f cu 70
d
where b us the ratio of the moment after and before moment redistribution.
When
M
bd 2 f cu
K ' bd 2 f cu
reinforcement ratio is
2
K ' f cu
Asc bd f cu
(Eqn 3-3)
=
bd
d'
0.87 f y 1
d
And the same amount of reinforcement will be added to the tensile
reinforcement :
M
2
K ' f cu
bd f cu
Ast
1 0.67 f cu 1 0
1
+
(Eqn 3-4)
=
bd 0.87 f y m 3 ult
d'
0.87 f y 1
d
where is the limit of neutral axis depth ratio which is 0.5 for f cu 45 , 0.4
for 45 < f cu 70 and 0.33 for 70 < f cu 100 where moment redistribution
does not exceed 10%.
It follows that more compressive reinforcements will be required for grade 50
than 45 due to the limitation of neutral axis depth ratio, as illustrated by the
following Chart 3-1 in which compression reinforcement decreases from grade
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Version 2.3
May 2008
M
, but increases at grade 45 due to the change of the
bd 2
limit of neutral axis depth ratio from 0.5 to 0.4 with moment redistribution not
exceeding 10%. The same phenomenon applies to tensile steel also. With
moment redistribution exceeding 10%, the same trend will also take place.
Reinforcement Ratios for Doubly Reinforced Beams d'/d = 0.1
Grade 30 Ast/bd
Grade 30 Asc/bd
Grade 35 Ast/bd
Grade 35 Asc/bd
Grade 40 Ast/bd
Grade 40 Asc/bd
Grade 45 Ast/bd
Grade 45 Asc/bd
Grade 50 Ast/bd
Grade 50 Asc/bd
14
12
M/bd
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
z
which is
d
the depth of the centroid of the compressive force of concrete to the effective
depth of the beam section of not exceeding 0.95. Thus for calculated values of
z
x
0.95 or
0.111 in accordance with the simplified stress block
d
d
A
M
approach, st =
bd 0.87 f y (0.95d )bd
Design Charts for grades 30 to 50 comprising tensile steel and compression
steel ratios
Ast
A
and sc are enclosed at the end of Appendix C.
bd
bd
Version 2.3
May 2008
rectangular stress block as given by Figure 6.1 of the Code is adopted. The
design formula becomes :
M
K ' where K ' = 0.156
f cu bd 2
for grades 45 and below and K ' = 0.120 for 45 < f cu 70; K ' = 0.094 for
70 < f cu 100.
z
K
= 0.5 + 0.25
0.95 ;
d
0 .9
x z 1
K 1
= 0.5 0.25
= 1
;
d d 0.45
0.9 0.45
Ast =
M
0.87 f y z
M
> K',
f cu bd 2
z
K'
= 0.5 + 0.25
0 .9
d
x
z 1
= 1
d d 0.45
Asc =
(K K ') f cu bd 2
0.87 f y (d d ')
Ast =
K ' f cu bd 2
+ Asc
0.87 f y z
(Eqn 3-5)
(Eqn 3-6)
20
Version 2.3
May 2008
0
= 0.3769
ult
286 10 6
= 0.104 < 0.152 , so singly reinforced
=
f cu bd 2 35 400 444 2
x
Solving the neutral axis depth ratio by (Eqn 3-1)
d
2
0.67 f cu
1 1 0
1
+
0 = 60.38 ;
m 2 3 ult 12 ult
0.67 f cu 1 0
286 10 6
M
1
= 13.669 ;
= 3.627
2 =
m 3 ult
400 444 2
bd
M1
2
x 13.699 + 13.699 4 ( 60.38) ( 3.627 )
=
= 0.307 0.5
d
2 ( 60.38)
Ast
1 0.67 f cu
=
bd 0.87 f y m
1 0 x
1
=
1
13.699 0.307 = 0.0105
3 ult d 0.87 460
Use 2T32 + 1T25
0
= 0.3769
ult
486 10 6
= 0.179 > 0.152 , so doubly reinforced
f cu bd 2 35 400 440 2
d ' 50
d ' = 40 + 10 = 50
=
= 0.114 (assume T20 bars)
d 440
M
f cu
2
Asc bd f cu
(0.179 0.152) 35 = 0.267 %
By (Eqn 3-3)
=
=
0.87 460 (1 0.114)
bd
d'
0.87 f y 1
d
Asc = 0.00267 400 440 = 469 mm2
Use 2T20
M2
21
Version 2.3
By (Eqn 3-4)
Ast
1 0.67 f cu
=
bd 0.87 f y m
May 2008
M
f cu
2
bd f
1 0
cu
1
+
d'
3 ult
0.87 f y 1
d
Ast
1
=
13.699 0.5 + 0.00267 = 1.978 %
bd 0.87 460
Ast = 0.01978 400 440 = 3481 mm2
Use 3T40
z
K
286 10 6
= 0.867
= 0.5 + 0.25
= 0.5 + 0.25
d
0.9
35 400 444 2 0.9
Ast
M
286 10 6
=
=
= 0.01045
bd bd 2 0.87 f y ( z / d ) 400 444 2 0.87 460 0.867
Ast = 1856 mm2
486 10 6
M
= 0.179 > 0.156 , so doubly reinforcing
=
f cu bd 2 35 400 440 2
z
= 1 0.5 0.9 0.5 = 0.775
section required,
d
(K K ') f cu bd 2 (0.179 0.156) 35 400 440 2
Asc =
=
= 399 mm2 >
0.87 f y (d d ')
0.87 460 (440 50 )
0.2% in accordance with Table 9.1 of the Code, Use 2T16
K ' f cu bd 2
0.156 35 400 440 2
Ast =
+ Asc =
+ 399 = 3498 mm2
0.87 f y z
0.87 460 0.775 440
Use 3T40
(ii) K =
(Note : If the beam is contributing in lateral load resisting system and the
section is within critical zone, compressive reinforcements has to be at
least half of that of tension reinforcements Asc = 3498 / 2 = 1749 mm2 by
Cl. 9.9.1.1(a) in the Code (D). So use 2T25 + 1T32.)
Results of comparison of results from Worked Examples 3.4 and 3.5 (with the
omission of the requirement in Cl. 9.9.1.1(a) that compressive reinforcements
be at least half of that of tension reinforcements) are summarized in Table 3.3,
indicating differences between the Rigorous Stress and Simplified Stress
Approach :
22
Version 2.3
Singly
Reinforced
Ast (mm2)
Asc (mm2)
Doubly
Reinforced
Ast (mm2)
May 2008
Total
(mm2)
3950
Based on Rigorous
1865
469
3481
Stress Approach
Based on Simplified
1856
399
3498
3897
stress Approach
Table 3.3 Summary of Results for comparison of Rigorous stress and
simplified stress Approaches.
Results by the two approaches are very close. The approach based on the
simplified stress block are slightly more economical.
3.4.5 Worked Example 3.6 for Rectangular Beam with Moment Redistribution >
10%
If the Worked Example 3.4 (ii) has undergone a moment redistribution of 20%
> 10%, i.e. b = 0.8 , by (Ceqn 6.4) of the Code, the neutral axis depth is
limited to
x
x
( b 0.4) 0.8 0.4 = 0.4 ,
d
d
So the K =
Asc =
z
= 1 0.4 0.9 0.5 = 0.82 .
d
M
K
value become 0.5 + 0.25
= 0.82 K = 0.132
2
0 .9
bd f cu
K ' f cu bd 2
0.132 35 400 440 2
+ Asc =
+ 764 = 3242 mm2
0.87 f y z
0.87 460 0.82 440
3.5.1 Slab structure adjacent to the beam, if in flexural compression, can be used to
act as part of compression zone of the beam, thus effectively widen the
structural width of the beam. The use of flanged beam will be particularly
useful in eliminating the use of compressive reinforcements, as in addition to
23
Version 2.3
May 2008
reducing tensile steel due to increase of lever arm. The principle of sectional
design of flanged beam follows that rectangular beam with an additional
flange width of beff bw as illustrated in Figure 3.9.
0.67 f cu
beff
hf
0 .9 x
bw
Figure 3.9 Analysis of a T or L beam section
Design formulae based on the simplified stress block are derived in Appendix
C which are summarized as follows :
(i)
hf
x
K
= 1 1
d
0.225 d
where K =
M
f cu beff d 2
(Eqn 3-7)
x hf
>
d d
and
beff
hf 1 hf
1 1
bw
d 2 d
0.67 f cu x x
+
1
m d 2 d
x
be solved by the quadratic equation :
d
2
0.67 f cu 2 x 0.67 f cu x M M f
+
=0
m
m
2 d
d
bw d 2
where
Mf
bw d 2
1 h f
0.67 f cu h f beff
1
1
m
2 d
d bw
24
(Eqn 3-8)
(Eqn 3-9)
Version 2.3
And
(iii)
0.67 f cu
Ast
=
bw d m 0.87 f y
beff
hf
x
1 +
d
d
bw
May 2008
(Eqn 3-10)
M
Asc
0.67 f cu
1
=
2
bw d 0.87 f y (1 d ' / d ) bw d
m
0.67 f cu
Ast
=
bw d m 0.87 f y
beff
hf
1
d
bw
1 hf
1
1
+ 1
2
2 d
(Eqn 3-11)
beff
A
hf
1 + + sc
d
bw
bw d
(Eqn 3-12)
x hf
d
d
Consider the previous example done for a rectangular beam 500 (h)
400 (w), f cu = 35 MPa, under a moment 486 kNm, with a flanged
beff = 1200
h f = 150
x hf
x
K 1
= 0.5 0.25
= 0.159 ;
d
0.9 0.45
h f 150
x
z
x
0.9 = 0.143 <
=
= 0.341 .
= 1 0.45 = 0.928 ; Thus
440
d
d
d
d
6
Ast
M
486 10
=
=
= 0.00563
2
2
beff d beff d 0.87 f y ( z / d ) 1200 440 0.87 460 0.928
By (Eqn 3-5),
bw
400
=
= 0.33 < 0.4 in accordance with
beff 1200
Version 2.3
May 2008
section, it can be seen that there is saving in tensile steel (2974 mm2 vs
3498 mm2) and the compression reinforcements are eliminated.
(ii)
x hf
>
, and
d d
hf
d
150
= 0.169 ;
890
beff
bw
2000
= 3.333
600
x hf
By (Eqn 3-7)
h
x
K
150
= 0.176 > f =
0.9 = 2 0.5 0.25
= 0.169
d
0
.
9
d
890
1
1
=
2 d M f = 2675.65 kNm
m
d b w
bw d 2
x
by (Eqn 3-8) with = 0.9 .
Solve
d
2
x M M f
x
0.1809 f cu 0.402 f cu +
=0
d
bw d 2
d
x (4000 2675.65) 10 6
x
0.1809 35 0.402 35 +
= 0;
d
600 890 2
d
x
= 0.2198 ;
d
By (Eqn 3-10)
hf
Ast
1 0.67 f cu beff
=
1 + 0.9 0.2198 = 0.02309
bw d 0.87 f y m bw
d
2
Ast = 12330 mm , Use 10-T40 in 2 layers
2
(iii)
Version 2.3
hf
d
150
= 0.169 ;
890
beff
bw
1250
= 2.083 ;
600
May 2008
= 0.9
x hf
First check if
By (Eqn 3-7)
h f 150
x
0.115
0 .9 = 1 1
= 0.302 >
=
= 0.169
d
0.225
d 890
So 0.9 neutral axis depth extends below flange.
Mf
1 h f
0.67 f cu h f beff
1
1
=
2 d M f = 1242.26 kNm
m
d bw
bw d 2
x
by (Eqn 3-8) with = 0.9
Solve
d
2
x M M f
x
0.1809 f cu 0.402 f cu +
=0
d
bw d 2
d
x (4000 1242.26) 10 6
x
0.1809 f cu 0.402 35 +
=0
d
600 890 2
d
x
= 0.547 > 0.5 . Double reinforcement required. d ' = 50 + 20 = 70
d
By (Eqn 3-11)
M
hf 1 hf
Asc
0.67 f cu beff
1
1
+ 1
=
1 1
2
m bw
bw d 0.87 f y (1 d ' / d ) bw d
2
d 2 d
= 0.001427 = 0.143 %
Asc = 763 mm2 > 0.4% on flange as per Table 9.1 of the Code which is
2
Use 6T20
By (Eqn 3-12)
Ast
0.67 f cu
=
bw d m 0.87 f y
beff
A
hf
1 + + sc = 0.02614
d
bw
bw d
Version 2.3
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
May 2008
9.9.1 of the Code (D); except for beams subject to pure tension which
requires 0.45% as in Table 9.1 of the Code;
Maximum tension steel percentage : 2.5% (Cl. 9.9.1.1(a)) for beams
contributing in lateral load resisting system(D); and 4% for others (Cl.
9.2.1.3 of the Code);
Minimum compressive steel percentage : When compressive steel is
required for ultimate design, Table 9.1 of the Code should be followed
by providing 0.2% for rectangular beam and different percentages for
others. In addition, at any section of a beam within a critical zone (e.g.
a potential plastic hinge zone as discussed in Section 2.4) the
compression reinforcement one-half of the tension reinforcement in
the same region (Cl. 9.9.1.1(a) of the Code) (D);
For flanged beam, Figure 3.10 is used to illustrate the minimum
percentages of tension and compression steel required in various parts
of flanged beams (Table 9.1 of the Code), but not less than 0.3% in
accordance with Cl. 9.9.1.1(a) of the Code (D);
Longitudinal bars in flange
Ast 0.0026bw h (T-beam)
Ast 0.002bw h (L-beam)
Asc 0.004beff h f
beff
hf
bw
Asc 0.002bw h
Version 2.3
(vi)
(vii)
f y ) where
f y
4 f bu
May 2008
f bu =
f cu
anchorage and 0.63 for compression anchorage for high yield bars in
accordance with Table 8.3 of the Code. Lap lengths can be taken as
identical to anchorage lengths (D);
Full strength welded splices may be used in any location according to
Cl. 9.9.1.1(d) of the Code;
For beams contributing in lateral load resisting system, no portion of
the splice (laps and mechanical couplers) shall be located within the
beam/column joint region or within one effective depth of the member
from the critical section of a potential plastic hinge (discussed in
Section 2.4) in a beam where stress reversals in lapped bars could
occur (Cl. 9.9.1.1(d) of the Code). However, effects due to wind load
need not be considered as creating stress reversal (D);
potential
plastic hinge
section
no lap /
mechanical
coupler zone
s
48 f yt
(Eqn 3-13)
Version 2.3
May 2008
(a)
Potential split faces by the bar force
transmitting lapping force by shear
friction
(b)
Figure 3.12 splitting of concrete by shear friction in lapping of bars
Consider the example (a) illustrated in Figure 3.12, transverse
reinforcement required will simply be
Atr f y
=
if high yield
s
48 f yt 48
= 0.833 . The
s
48
30
tr
Version 2.3
tr
no. of bars. So
adequate as
May 2008
tr
(ix)
bar diameter
d = 40
bar diameter
d = 40
Sum of reinforcement
sizes = 40 8 = 320
< 0.4 900 = 360.
So O.K.
(xii)
2 f y As ,req
3 As , prov
Version 2.3
May 2008
(xiii) No tension bars should be more than 150 mm from a vertical leg which
is also illustrated in Figure 3.14 (Cl. 9.2.2 of the Code);
Links bent through
angle 135o for
anchorage in concrete
Spacing of tension
bar 150 from a
vertical leg
compression zone
135o
150
150
150
150
restrained longitudinal
compression bars be
anchored by links of
included angle 135o
bar in compression 150
from a restrained bar
150
150
Calculated
mid-span steel
area As 2
Calculated
mid-span steel
area As1
32
Version 2.3
May 2008
section designed
for 0.15 Mmax
maximum bending
moment Mmax
Bending moment diagram
Simple support by
beam or wall
Figure 3.16 Simple support be designed for 15% of the maximum span
moment
(xvi)
at least 50% of
reinforcements
inside the web
at most 50% of
reinforcements
outside the web
is the lesser of the beam breadth (in mm) under consideration and 500
mm. f y is in N/mm2. In addition, it is required that sb 250 mm and
side bars be distributed over two-thirds of the beams overall depth
measured from its tension face. Figure 3.18 illustrate a numerical
example (Cl. 9.2.1.2 of the Code);
33
Version 2.3
May 2008
1500
1000
T16
tension side
= 14.74
Use T16.
The side bars be distributed over
2
1500 = 1000 from bottom
3
which is the tension side.
600
Not
permitted
0.5D
or 8
500mm or h
0.75 D
Version 2.3
(xix)
May 2008
centre line of
support
c
3 if 20;
4 if > 20
bar of
diameter
Bar of diameter
Section beyond
which the bar is no
longer required
12 and d at least;
if the bar is inside tension
zone, 1.0 bond length
35
Version 2.3
May 2008
300
Slab beam
Plan
1400
200
Section
For anchorage on support, lap length should be 34 16 = 544 mm. The factor
34 is taken from Table 8.4 of the Code which is used in assessing anchorage
length. Anchorage details of the longitudinal bars at support are shown in
Figure 3.22(b);
20T16
T16
cross bar
25
544
T10 10 legs 200 c/c
64
11
200
Anchorage commences at
centre line of wall as
200/2=100<168=128
20T16
3.7
36
Version 2.3
May 2008
f 3 100 As
v c = 0.79 cu
25 bv d
3 400 4 1
listed in Table 6.3 of the Code with
d m
400 4
(iii)
should not be taken as less than 0.67 for member without shear
d
reinforcements and should not be taken as less than 1 for members with
minimum links. For others, calculate according to the expression;
A
b (v v c )
bv
Then shear links of sv = v
v r
should be provided (Table
sv
0.87 f yv
0.87 f yv
6.2 of the Code) where v r = 0.4 for f cu 40 MPa and 0.4(fcu/40)2/3 for
f cu > 40 , or alternatively, less than half of the shear resistance can be taken up
by bent up bars by 0.5V Vb = Asb (0.87 f yv )(cos + sin cot )
d d'
as per
sb
(Ceqn 6.20) and Cl. 6.1.2.5(e) of the Code and the rest by vertical links.
Maximum shear stress not to exceed v tu = 0.8 f cu or 7 MPa, whichever is
the lesser by Cl. 6.1.2.5(a).
3.7.2 Minimum shear reinforcements (Table 6.2 of the Code)
If v < 0.5v c , no shear reinforcement is required;
If 0.5v c < v < (v c + v r ) , minimum shear links of
37
Asv
bv
along the
= v r
sv 0.87 f yv
Version 2.3
May 2008
2/3
av
38
Version 2.3
(i)
May 2008
f 3 100 As
vc = 0.79 cu
25 bv d
3 400 4 1
= 0.81 MPa;
d m
400 4
where
be kept as unity for d > 400 .
d
700 10 3
v=
= 2.72 MPa,
400 644
Asv b(v vc ) 400(2.72 0.81)
=
=
= 1.91 ; Use T12 200 c/c d.s.
sv
0.87 f yv
0.87 460
(ii)
700 kN
d = 644
T32
f 3 100 As
vc = 0.79 cu
25 bv d
3.11.
3 400 4 1
= 0.81 MPa as in Worked Example
d m
39
Version 2.3
May 2008
2d
2 644
vc =
0.81 = 1.39 MPa <
av
750
sb = 441
sb = 441
d d= 644 40 16 = 588
= 60
= 45
St = 882
d d'
sb
246000 441
= 413 mm2
0
0
0
0.87 460(cos 45 + sin 45 cot 60 ) 588
Bar size the greater of 1/4 of the bar size of the maximum
longitudinal bar and 6 mm (BS8110 Cl. 3.12.7.1);
The minimum provision of shear reinforcements (links or bent up bars)
vbs
in beams should be given by Asv r v v where v r = 0.4 for
0.87 f yv
f cu 40 and v r = 0.4( f cu / 40)
of the Code);
40
2/3
Version 2.3
(iii)
(iv)
May 2008
d = 644
Figure 3.27 Maximum spacing of shear links in the span direction of beam
(v)
150
150
Figure 3.28 Maximum spacing of shear links at right angle to the span
direction of beam
41
Version 2.3
May 2008
(vi)
3.9.1 By Cl. 6.3.1 of the Code, in normal slab-and-beam and framed construction,
checking against torsion is usually not necessary. However, checking needs be
carried out if the design relies entirely on the torsional resistance of a member
such as that indicated in Figure 3.30.
42
Version 2.3
May 2008
Beam carrying
unbalanced
torsion induced
by slab needs be
checked
hmax/hmin
0.14
1.5
0.20
0.23
0.26
Table 3.4 Values of coefficient
>5
0.29
0.33
min
hmax is
43
Version 2.3
May 2008
If the torsional shear stress exceeds 0.067 f cu (but not more than 0.6MPa),
torsional reinforcements will be required (Table 6.17 of the Code).
Furthermore, the torsional shear stress should be added to the shear stress
induced by shear force to ensure that the absolute maximum v tu = 0.8 f cu
or 7MPa is not exceeded, though for small section where y1 (the larger
centre-to-centre dimension of a rectangular link) < 550mm, v tu will be
decreased by a factor y1 / 550 . Revision of section is required if the absolute
maximum is exceeded (Table 6.17 of the Code).
3.9.4 Calculation of torsional reinforcements
Torsional reinforcement in forms of close rectangular links and longitudinal
bars are to be calculated by (Ceqn 6.67) and (Ceqn 6.68) of the Code as
Asv
T
=
(Ceqn 6.67)
sv
0.8 x1 y1 (0.87 f yv )
( Asv is the area of the 2 legs of the link)
As =
Asv f yv ( x1 + y1 )
(Ceqn 6.68)
sv f y
. So T =
Asv 0.87 f y x1 y1
sv
Asv
T
=
. An additional
sv
0.87 f y x1 y1
factor of 0.8 is added and the equation becomes (Ceqn 6.67) by which
Asv
T
=
. The derivation of the longitudinal bars is based on the
sv
0.8 x1 y1 (0.87 f y )
use of same quantity of longitudinal bars as that of stirrups with even
distribution along the inside of the stirrups. Nevertheless, the Code allows
merging of the flexural steel with these longitudinal bars by using larger
44
Version 2.3
May 2008
y1
shear rupture
spiral face
45o
x1
0.5 Asv 0.87 f y
y1
45o
x1
y1
Region X
x1
Region Y
450
Option A
Option B
Figure 3.32 Section of a T section resisting torsion for Worked Example 3.14
For vertical shear, taking
45
Version 2.3
1
f 3 100 As
vc = 0.79 cu
25 bv d
May 2008
1
3 400 4 1
400 4
= 0.55 , again taking
as unity.
d
d m
( h
min
hmax
optionA
( h
min
hmax
optionB
2T1
h
2
hmin hmax min
3
2 34.5 10 6
= 1.101 N/mm2
400
400 2 525
As =
Asv f yv ( x1 + y1 )
sv f y
Use 4T16
46
Version 2.3
2T2
May 2008
1400 450 3
= 131 kNm
1.94775 1011
2 131 10 6
= 1.035 N/mm2
450
450 2 1400
h
2
hmin hmax min
3
The total shear stress is 1.035 + 0.82 = 1.855 N/mm2 < vtu = 4.73 MPa
As 1.035 > 0.067 f cu = 0.396 N/mm2, torsional shear reinforcement is
required.
x1 = 450 40 2 6 2 = 358 mm;
y1 = 1400 40 2 6 2 = 1308 mm
Asv
T2
131 10 6
=
=
= 0.87 mm
0.8 x1 y1 (0.87 f yv ) 0.8 358 1308 0.87 460
sv
Adding that for vertical shear, total
Use T12 175 C.L.
Asv
= 0.87 + 0.3 = 1.17
sv
It should be noted that the torsional shear link should be closed links of shape
as indicated in Figure 9.3 of the Code.
As =
Asv f yv ( x1 + y1 )
sv f y
Incorporating the bottom 3T12 into the required flexural steel, the bottom steel
area required is 2865 + 113.1 3 = 3205 mm2. So use 4T32 at bottom and
10T12 at sides.
The sectional details is shown in Figure 3.33.
1500
400
T12
T16
1000
T32
4T32
450
Version 2.3
May 2008
The torsional shear link should form the closed shape as in Figure 9.1
of the Concrete Code Handbook reproduced as Figure 3.34. It should
be noted that the second configuration in the Figure is not included in
Figure 9.3 of the Code though it should also be acceptable;
Full lap length
The value s v for the closed link should not exceed the least of x1 ,
y1 / 2 or 200 mm as per Cl. 6.3.7 of the Code;
(iii)
48
Version 2.3
May 2008
4.0 Slabs
4.1
Types of Slabs
Slabs can be classified as one way slab, two way slab, flat slab, ribbed
slab with definition in Cl. 5.2.1.1 of the Code.
4.1.1 One way slab is defined by the Code as one subjected predominantly to u.d.l.
either
(i)
it possesses two free and parallel edge; or
(ii)
it is the central part of a rectangular slab supported on four edges with
a ratio of the longer to the shorter span greater than 2.
4.1.2 Two way slab is a rectangular one supported on four sides with length to
breadth ratio smaller than 2.
4.1.3 Flat slab is a slab supported on columns without beams.
4.1.4 Ribbed or Waffled Slab is a slab with topping or flange supported by closely
spaced ribs. The Code allows idealization of the ribbed slab or waffled slab as
a single slab without treatment as discretized ribs and flanges in analysis in Cl.
5.2.1.1(d) of the Code. If the stiffness of the ribbed or waffled slab is required
for input, the bending stiffness in the X and Y directions can be easily found
by summing the total bending stiffness of the composite ribs and flange
structure per unit width as illustrated in Figure 4.1. The twisting stiffness is
more difficult to assess. However, it should be acceptable to set the twisting
stiffness to zero which will end up with pure bending in the X and Y directions
as the slab, with its ribs running in the X and Y directions are clearly
predominantly strong in bending in the two directions.
Figure 4.1 illustrates the computation of I value of a waffle slab about the
X-direction which is the total stiffnesses of the nos. of flanged ribs within
one metre. I value in the Y-directions can be worked out similarly.
49
Version 2.3
May 2008
750
100
750
600
200
200
600
Dimensions of
a flanged rib
200
4.2
4.2.1 One way slab can be analyzed as if it is a beam, either continuous or single
span. As we aim at simple analysis for the slab, we tend to treat it as a single
element without the necessity to consider the many loading cases for
continuous spans, Cl. 6.1.3.2(c) of the Code allows the design against moment
and shear arising from the single-load case of maximum design load on all
spans provided that :
(i)
the area of each bay (defined in Figure 6.5 of the Code and reproduced
in Figure 4.2) > 30 m2;
(ii)
(iii)
bay
panel
Version 2.3
May 2008
and m y = sy nl x
Version 2.3
May 2008
Version 2.3
May 2008
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Version 2.3
(b)
(vi)
May 2008
As at span
at least 0.5 As
anchored into end
span support
at least 0.4 As
continuous through
internal support
2h
Figure 4.5 Free edge reinforcements for Slabs
(viii) Shear reinforcements not to be used in slabs < 200 mm. (Cl. 9.3.2 of
the Code)
4.5
Version 2.3
May 2008
this Manual listing the options of either following the rigorous or simplified
stress strain relationship of concrete. Design against shear for slabs under
line supports (e.g. one-way or two-way) is also similar to that of beam.
However for a flat slab, the checking should be based on punching shear in
accordance with the empirical method of the Code or based on shear stresses
revealed by the finite element method. They are demonstrated in the Worked
Examples in the following sub-Section 4.6 :
4.6
Worked Examples
Worked Example 4.1 One Way Slab
A one-way continuous slab with the following design data :
(i) Live Load = 4.0 kN/m2;
(ii) Finishes Load = 1 kN/m2;
(iii) Concrete grade : 35 with cover 25 mm;
(iv) Slab thickness : 200 mm;
(v) Fire rating : 1 hour, mild exposure;
(vi) Span : 4 m
4m
4m
4m
4m
D.L.
O.W.
0.2 24 =
4.8kN/m2
1.0 kN/m2
5.8 kN/m2
L.L.
4.0 kN/m2
The factored load on a span is F = (1.4 5.8 + 1.6 4.0 ) 4 = 58.08 kN/m.
Fin.
Total
55
Version 2.3
May 2008
0.46F
-0.086Fl
0.6F
0.063Fl
0.6F
-0.063Fl
0.5F 0.5F
0.063Fl
-0.086Fl
0.086 Fl
0.6F 0.6F
Continuous
(e.g. over
wall)
0Fl
0.4F
simply
supported
Figure 4.7 Bending Moment and Shear Force coefficients for Continuous Slab
(a)
9.29 10 6
M
=
= 0.0092
f cu bd 2 35 1000 170 2
z
K
= 0.5 + 0.25
= 0.989 > 0.95
d
0 .9
Ast
M
9.29 10 6
=
=
= 0.08% < 0.13%
bd bd 2 0.87 f y z / d 1000 170 2 0.87 460 0.95
Ast = 0.13 100 1000 170 = 221 mm2 Use T10 300
( Ast provided = 262mm2)
(b)
Ast = 0.18 100 1000 170 = 309 mm2 Use T10 250
( Ast provided = 314mm2)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Version 2.3
May 2008
Check Shear
Maximum shear = 0.6 58.08 = 34.85 kN/m.
1
100 As 3 400 4 1 f cu 3
By Table 6.3 of the Code vc = 0.79
bd d m 25
1
400 4 1 35 3
2
vc = 0.79(0.13)
steel 0.13%;
v=
34850
= 0.205 N/mm2 < vc = 0.44 N/mm2.
1000 170
Sizing : Limiting Span depth ratio = 20 (by Table 7.3). So effective depth
taken as d = 200 25 5 = 170 as 3000/170 = 17.65 < 20.
Loading :
D.L.
O.W.
0.2 24 =
4.8kN/m2
1.0 kN/m2
5.8 kN/m2
L.L.
4.0 kN/m2
The factored load is F = (1.4 5.8 + 1.6 4.0 ) = 14.52 kN/m2
Fin.
Total
(Ceqn 6.26) and (Ceqn 6.27) of the Code are used to calculate the bending
57
Version 2.3
May 2008
sx =
(l
/lx)
8 1 + (l y / l x )
sy =
= 0.095 ;
(l
/lx)
8 1 + (l y / l x )
] = 0.053
12.41 10 6
M
=
= 0.0123
f cu bd 2 35 1000 170 2
z
K
= 0.5 + 0.25
= 0.986 > 0.95
d
0 .9
Ast
M
12.41 10 6
=
=
= 0.113% < 0.13%
bd bd 2 0.87 f y z / d 1000 170 2 0.87 460 0.95
continuous
edge
Figure 4.8 Plan of 3-sides supported slab for Worked Example 4.3
58
Version 2.3
Loading :
D.L.
O.W.
0.2 24 =
May 2008
4.8kN/m2
1.0 kN/m2
5.8 kN/m2
L.L.
4.0 kN/m2
The factored load is F = (1.4 5.8 + 1.6 4.0 ) = 14.52 kN/m2
Fin.
Sum
From Table 1.38 of Tables for the Analysis of Plates, Slabs and Diaphragms
based on Elastic Theory where = 4 / 5 = 0.8 , the sagging bending moment
coefficient for short way span is maximum at mid-span of the free edge which
0.1104 (linear interpolation between = 0.75 and = 1.0 ). The coefficients
relevant to this example are interpolated and listed in Appendix E.
M x = 0.1104 14.52 4 2 = 25.65 kNm/m
K=
25.65 10 6
M
=
= 0.0254
f cu bd 2 35 1000 170 2
z
K
= 0.5 + 0.25
= 0.971 > 0.95
d
0 .9
Ast
M
25.65 10 6
=
=
= 0.233% > 0.13%
bd bd 2 0.87 f y z / d 1000 170 2 0.87 460 0.95
Ast = 0.233 100 1000 170 = 397 mm2 Use T10 175
( Ast provided = 449mm2)
At 2 m and 4 m from the free edge, the sagging moment reduces to
0.0844 14.52 4 2 = 19.608 kNm/m and 0.0415 14.52 4 2 = 9.64 kNm/m
and Ast required are reduces to 303 mm2 and 149 mm2.
Use T10 250 and T10 300 respectively.
The maximum hogging moment (bending along long-way of the slab) is at
mid-way along the supported edge of the short-way span
M y = 0.0729 14.52 5 2 = 26.46 kNm/m
K=
26.46 10 6
M
=
= 0.0262
f cu bd 2 35 1000 170 2
z
K
= 0.5 + 0.25
= 0.97 > 0.95
d
0 .9
Ast
M
26.46 10 6
=
=
= 0.241% > 0.13%
bd bd 2 0.87 f y z / d 1000 170 2 0.87 460 0.95
2
Ast = 0.241 100 1000 170 = 409 mm Use T10 175
Version 2.3
May 2008
2 f y Ast ,req
3 Ast , prov
2 460 397 1
= 271 N/mm2;
3 449
1
120 0.9 + 2
bd
4000
= 23.5 . O.K.
170
T10 300 B1
1000
800
T10 300B2
T10 175T1
1200
800
T10 250 B1
2000
T10 175B1
2000
1200
Version 2.3
May 2008
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
As the number of panel is more than 3 and of equal span, the simplified
method for determining moments in accordance with Cl. 6.1.5.2(g) of the
Code is applicable and is adopted in the following analysis.
Effective dimension of column head l h max = l c + 2(d h 40 )
= 550 + 2(200 40 ) = 870 mm
(Ceqn 6.37)
870 2 4
= 982 mm <
1
6000 = 1500 mm
4
lho=3000
7500
Lhmax=870
dh=200
250
1500
7500
1500
lc=550
1500
1500
6000
6000
6000
Figure 4.10 Flat Slab Plan Layout for Worked Example 4.4
In the simplified method, the flat slab is effectively divided into (i) column
strips containing the columns and the strips of the linking slabs and of strip
widths equal to the widths of the column drops; and (ii) the middle strips
61
Version 2.3
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between the column strips. (Re Figure 6.9 of the Code.) They are designed
as beams in flexural design with assumed apportionment of moments among
the strips. However, for shear checking, punching shears along successive
critical perimeters of column are carried out instead.
Sizing : Based on the same limiting span depth ratio for one way and two way
slab which is 26 1.15 = 30 (by Table 7.3 and Table 7.4 of the Code,
assuming modification by tensile reinforcement to be 1.15), d =
6000
= 200 .
30
D.L.
O.W.
0.25 24 =
6.0kN/m2
1.5 kN/m2
7.5 kN/m2
L.L.
5.0 kN/m2
The factored load is F = (1.4 7.5 + 1.6 5.0 ) = 18.5 kN/m2
Fin.
Total
62
Version 2.3
May 2008
The flat slab is divided into column and mid strips in accordance with Figure
6.9 of the Code which is reproduced as Figure 4.11 in this Manual.
middle strip
ly lx/2
column
strip
lx/4
column
strip
column
strip
lx/4
middle
strip
lx/4
column
strip
lx/4
lx/4
lx is the shorter
span whilst ly is
the longer span
lx
lx/4
lx/4
ly
lx/4
Drop
middle strip
drop size
lx
Column strip
= drop size
Ignore drop if
dimension <
lx/3
Drop
Version 2.3
May 2008
Total Mt
Mt/width
Total Mt
Mt/width
141.32
47.11
47.11
15.70
1 interior support
310.75
103.58
103.58
34.53
203.05
67.68
67.68
22.56
Outer Support
st
The reinforcements top steel are worked out as follows, (minimum of 0.13%
in brackets) ( d = 450 25 6 = 419 over column support and
d = 250 25 6 = 219 in other locations)
Column Strip (75%)
2
Outer Support
st
1 interior support
Middle interior support
Steel
Area (mm2)/m
Steel
281 (548)
T12 200
178 (548)
T12 200
618
T12 150
392 (548)
T12 200
404 (548)
T12 200
256 (548)
T12 200
Sagging Moment :
Total moment near middle of end span is 0.075 832.5 7.5 = 468.28 kNm
Total moment near middle of interior span 0.063 832.5 7.5 = 393.36 kNm
These moments are to be apportioned in the column and mid strips in
accordance with the percentages of 55% and 45% respectively as per Table
6.10, i.e.
Column Strip (55%)
Total Mt
Mt/width
Total Mt
Mt/width
257.55
85.85
210.73
70.24
216.35
72.12
177.01
59.00
Area (mm2)/m
Steel
Area (mm2)/m
Steel
980
T12 100
801
T12 125
823
T12 125
673
T12 150
64
Version 2.3
May 2008
absence of frame analysis, the shear for design will be Veff = 1.15Vt where Vt
is the design shear transferred to column calculated on the assumption of all
adjacent panels being fully loaded by Cl. 6.1.5.6(b) of the Code.
Vt = 7.5 6 18.5 = 832.5 kN;
896.97 10 3
= 0.296 N/mm2. < vc = 0.48 N/mm2 in accordance
7228 419
1/ 3
sv
sin
5(0.7v vc )ud
0.87 f y
Version 2.3
(i)
(ii)
May 2008
So the first row be determined at 200 mm from the column face with total row
length 950 4 = 3800 . Using T10 225 spacing along the row, the total steel
area will be 10 2 / 4 3800 / 225 = 1326 mm2 > 40% of 3027 mm2.
The second row be at further 300 mm ( 0.75d = 314) away where row length
is 1550 4 = 6200 . Again using T10 225 spacing along the row, the total
steel area will be 10 2 / 4 6200 / 225 = 2164 mm2 > 60% of 3027 mm2.
Total steel area is 1326 + 2164 = 3490 mm2 for shear. The arrangement is
illustrated in Figure 4.12.
628.5
628.5
200
275
200 0.5d
300
1st critical
perimeter
300 0.75d
1.5d = 628.5
Figure 4.12 Shear links arrangement in Flat Slab for Worked Example 4.5
66
Version 2.3
May 2008
(
(
)
)
67
Version 2.3
5.0
Columns
5.1
Slenderness of Columns
May 2008
Columns are classified as short and slender columns in accordance with their
slenderness. Short columns are those with ratios l ex / h and l ey / b < 15
(braced) and 10 (unbraced) in accordance with Cl. 6.2.1.1(b) of the Code
where l ex and l ey are the effective lengths of the column about the major
and minor axes, b and h are the width and depth of the column.
As defined in Cl. 6.2.1.1 of the Code, a column may be considered braced in a
given plane if lateral stability to the structure as a whole is provided by walls
or bracing or buttressing designed to resist all lateral forces in that plane. It
would otherwise be considered as unbraced.
The effective length is given by (Ceqn 6.46) of the Code as
l e = l 0 where l 0 is the clear height of the column between restraints and
the value is given by Tables 6.11 and 6.12 of the Code which measures the
restraints against rotation and lateral movements at the ends of the column.
Generally slenderness limits for column : l 0 / b 60 as per Cl. 6.2.1.1(f) of
the Code. In addition, for cantilever column l 0 =
100b 2
60b .
h
Version 2.3
May 2008
l ey = 0.8 8 = 6.4
l ey / 400 = 16 > 15 a slender column. l ey / 400 = 16 < 60 , O.K.
For a slender column, an additional deflection induced moment M add will
be required to be incorporated in design, as in addition to the working
moment.
5.2
Ku
Ku
1.4Gk+1.6Q
Kb
1.0Gk
1.4Gk+1.6Q
K b2
K b1
KL
KL
M e Ku
K L + K u + 0.5K b
MeKL
ML =
K L + K u + 0.5 K b
Mu =
Mu =
M es K u
K L + K u + 0.5 K b1 + 0.5 K b 2
ML =
M es K L
K L + K u + 0.5 K b1 + 0.5 K b 2
Symbols:
M e : Beam Fixed End Moment.
K b1 : Beam 1 Stiffness
K b 2 : Beam 2 Stiffness
Version 2.3
May 2008
D.L. 443 kN
L.L. 129 kN
B3
5m
B4
C1
B1
B2
4m
3m
3m
Figure 5.2 Plan for illustration for determination of design axial load and
moment on column by the Simplified Sub-frame Method
Design for Column C1 beneath the floor
Check for slenderness : As per Cl. 6.2.1.1(e) of the Code, the end conditions of
the column about the major and minor axes are respectively 2 and 1 at the
upper end and 1 at the lower end for both axes (fixed on pile cap). The clear
height between restraints is 4000 550 = 3450 . The effective heights of the
column about the major and minor axes are respectively 0.8 3.45 = 2.76 m
and 0.75 3.45 = 2.59 m. So the slenderness ratios about the major and minor
axes are
2760
2590
= 4.6 < 15 and
= 6.475 < 15 . Thus the column is not
600
400
1.5 kN/m2
5.1 kN/m2
5.0 kN/m2
Fin.
L.L.
Beam B1
D.L. O.W.
Version 2.3
21.12 2 = 10.56 kN
D.L. O.W.
Slab
L.L. Slab
End shear of B3 on C1
21.69 kN/m
5.0 3.5 = 17.5 kN/m
D.L. 21.69 5 2 = 54.23 kN
L.L. 17.50 5 2 = 43.75 kN
Beam B4
D.L. O.W.
Slab
L.L. Slab
End shear of B4 on B2
19.14 kN/m
5.0 3 = 15.0 kN/m
D.L. 19.14 5 2 = 47.85 kN
L.L. 15.00 5 2 = 37.50 kN
Beam B2
D.L. O.W.
B4
L.L. B4
End shear of B2 on C1 ,
Total D.L. on C1
47.85 kN
79.53 kN
37.50 kN
D.L. 79.53 2 = 39.77 kN
L.L. 37.5 2 = 18.75 kN
O.W.
0.4 0.6 24 4 = 23.04 kN
B1 + B2 + B3 10.56 + 39.77 + 54.23 = 104.56 kN
Floor above
Sum
Total L.L. on C1
May 2008
443.00 kN
570.60 kN
B1 + B2 +B3
Floor above
Sum
129.00 kN
191.50 kN
1
(1.4 21.69 + 1.6 17.5) 5 2 = 121.6 kNm
12
71
Version 2.3
May 2008
Factored fixed end moment bending about the minor axis by Beam B2:
1
1
12
Factored fixed end moment bending about the minor axis by Beam B1:
K Lx =
4 EI cx 4 E 0.0072
=
= 0.0072 E
LL
4
The stiffnesses of the upper and lower columns about the minor axis are :
4 EI cy 4 E 0.0032
K uy =
=
= 0.004267 E
Lu
3
4 EI cy 4 E 0.0032
K Ly =
=
= 0.0032 E
LL
4
The moment of inertia of the beams B1, B2 and B3 are
0.4 0.55 3
= 0.005546 m4
12
The stiffness of the beams B1, B2 and B3 are respectively
4 E 0.05546
= 0.005546 E ;
4
4 E 0.05546
= 0.003697 E ; and
6
4 E 0.05546
= 0.004437 E
5
Distributed moment on the lower column about the major axis is
M ex K Lx
121.6 0.0072 E
M Lx =
=
K ux + K Lx + 0.5 K b 3 0.0096 E + 0.0072 E + 0.5 0.004437 E
= 46.03 kNm
Distributed moment on the lower column about the minor axis is
M Ly =
M ey K Ly
K uy + K Ly + 0.5(K b1 + K b 2 )
72
Version 2.3
May 2008
88.2 0.0032 E
= 23.35 kNm
0.004267 E + 0.0032 E + 0.5 (0.005546 + 0.003697 )E
So the lower column should be checked for the factored axial load of
1105.24kN, factored moment of 46.03 kNm about the major axis and factored
moment of 23.35 kNm about the minor axis.
5.2.2 Minimum Eccentricity
A column section should be designed for the minimum eccentricity equal to
the lesser of 20 mm and 0.05 times the overall dimension of the column in the
plane of bending under consideration. Consider Worked Example in 5.2, the
minimum eccentricity about the major axis is 20 mm as
0.05 600 = 30 > 20 mm and that of the minor axis is 0.05 400 = 20 mm. So
the minimum eccentric moments to be designed for about the major and minor
axes are both 1105.24 0.02 = 22.1 kNm. As they are both less than the
design moment of 46.03 kNm and 23.35 kNm, they can be ignored.
5.2.3 Check for Slenderness
In addition to the factored load and moment as discussed in 5.2.1, it is required
by Cl. 6.2.1.3 of the Code to design for an additional moment M add if the
column is found to be slender by Cl. 6.2.1.1. The arrival of M add is an
eccentric moment created by the ultimate axial load N multiplied by a
pre-determined lateral deflection au in the column as indicated by the
following equations of the Code.
M add = Nau
au = a Kh
(Ceqn 6.52)
(Ceqn 6.48)
2
1 le
a =
2000 b
N uz N
1 (conservatively taken as 1)
K=
N uz N bal
or by N uz = 0.45 f cu Anc + 0.87 f y Asc
(Ceqn 6.51)
(Ceqn 6.49)
(Ceqn 6.50)
N bal = 0.25 f cu bd
Final design moment M t will therefore be the greatest of
(1)
Version 2.3
(2)
M i + M add
(3)
where
(with
May 2008
M2
as
Initial moment
(from analysis)
Additional
moment
M add
Design moment
envelope
M2
Mi
M i + M add
M add
Larger
moment M 2
Mi
Smaller
moment M1
M i + M add
M add
0.5M add
M1 + 0.5M add
Version 2.3
May 2008
should be applied separately for the major and minor directions with
b in Table 6.13 of the Code be taken as h , the dimension of the
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Moment due to ultimate load about the major axis only, the greater and
smaller bending moments due to ultimate load are respectively
M 2 x = 153 kNm and M 1x = 96 kNm
As l ex / h = 16 20 ; h = 500 < 3b = 1200
So needs to check for additional bending in the major axis but with
M add based on the minor axis.
Take K = 1
2
1 le
1 8000
a =
=
= 0 .2
2000 b
2000 400
Version 2.3
(ii)
May 2008
Moments due to ultimate loads about the minor axis only, the greater and
smaller moments are identical in magnitudes to that in (i), but about the
minor axis, repeating the procedure :
M 2 y = 143 kNm and M 1 y = 79 kNm
As l ex / h = 16 20 ; h = 500 < 3b = 1200
So needs to checked for additional bending in the major axis.
Take K = 1
2
1 le
1 8000
=
= 0.2
2000 b
2000 400
a u = a Kh = 0.2 1 0.4 = 0.08
M addy = Na u = 1500 0.08 = 120
a =
M iy = 0.4M 1 y + 0.6M 2 y = 0.4 ( 79) + 0.6 143 = 54.2 < 0.4M 2 y = 0.4 143 = 57.2
(3)
(4)
N emin = 1500 0.02 = 30 as e min = 20 0.05 400 = 20
So the greatest design moment is case (2) M iy + M addy = 177.2
Thus the section need only be checked for uniaxial bending with
N = 1500 kN and M y = 177.2 kNm bending about the minor axis.
(iii) Biaxial Bending, there are also moments of M 2 x = 153 kNm and
M 1x = 96 kNm; M 2 y = 143 kNm and M 1 y = 79 kNm. By Cl. 6.1.2.3(f),
M add about the major axis will be revised as follows :
Bending about the major axis :
2
a =
1 le
1 8000
=
= 0.128
2000 h
2000 500
Version 2.3
May 2008
1 le
1 8000
a =
=
= 0 .2
2000 b
2000 400
As
5.3
Sectional Design
Generally the sectional design of column utilizes both the strengths of
concrete and steel in the column section in accordance with stress strain
relationship of concrete and steel in Figures 3.8 and 3.9 of the Code
respectively. Alternatively, the simplified stress block for concrete in Figure
6.1 of the Code can also be used.
5.3.1
77
Version 2.3
May 2008
Mx
h'
h
the centre of the group of bars.
My
Mx
(i)
Compare
and
.
h'
b'
Mx M y
h'
If
, use M x ' = M x + M y
My
h'
b'
b'
b'
Mx M y
b'
If
<
, use M y ' = M y + M x
h'
b'
h'
where is to be determined from Table 5.1 which is reproduced
N
;
from Table 6.14 of the Code under the pre-determined
bhf cu
78
Version 2.3
N / (bhf cu )
(ii)
May 2008
0.5
0 .6
0.30
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
The M x ' or M y ' will be used for design by treating the section as
either (a) resisting axial load N and moment M x ' bending about
major axis; or (b) resisting axial load N and moment M y ' bending
about minor axis as appropriate.h
5.3.3
idealized as
continuum of steel
strip with area
equivalent to the row
of bars
Version 2.3
May 2008
Comparison of Load Carrying Capacities of Rectangular Shear Walls with Uniform Vertical
Reinforcements Idealized as 4 bar column with d/h = 0.75 and Continuum to the Structural Use of
Concrete 2004 Concrete Grade 35
50
45
40
N/bh N/mm
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5
2
M/bh
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
N/mm
M x = 250 kNm,
M y = 150 kNm,
M x '= M x +
N
= 16.67 ;
bh
h'
540
M y = 250 + 0.446
150 = 356 kNm
b'
340
356 10 6
M
=
= 2.47 ;
bh 2 400 600 2
d 540
=
= 0.9
h 600
9.5
Version 2.3
May 2008
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 35, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.9
50
0.4% steel
1% steel
45
2% steel
3% steel
40
4% steel
5% steel
35
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
30
8% steel
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
2
M/bh
8.5
9.5
N/mm
T32
Extra T20
Figure 5.6 Design Chart and Worked Re-bar details for Worked Example 5.5
M x = 2000 kNm,
M y = 1500 kNm,
Version 2.3
May 2008
M y 1500
M x 2000
=
= 2.5 >
=
= 2.34 ;
800
640
h'
b'
M x '= M x +
h'
800
M y = 2000 + 0.475
1500 = 2890.6 kNm
b'
640
2890.6 10 6
N
M
= 18 ;
=
= 3.61 ;
bh
bh 2 800 1000 2
Use Chart F-12 in Appendix F as extracted in Figure 5.7, 3.0% steel is
approximated which amounts to 0.031 800 1000 = 24,800 mm2, or 32-T32
(Steel provided is 25,736mm2) The arrangement of steel bars is also shown in
Figure 5.7. It should be noted that alternate lapping may be required if the
column is contributing in lateral load resisting system as the steel percentage
exceeds 2.6% as per discussion in 5.4(ii) of this Manual.
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 40, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.8
50
0.4% steel
1% steel
45
2% steel
3% steel
40
4% steel
5% steel
35
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
30
8% steel
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6
2
M/bh
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
N/mm
74
148
148
64
56
Figure 5.7 Chart and Column Section for Worked Example 5.6
82
Version 2.3
May 2008
d
ratio is the steel bar
h
arrangement is 0.816 which is greater than the original assumed value of 0.8.
So the use of the chart is conservative.
5.3.4
5.3.5
P / bd
+ y
M
uy
M x / bd 2
M y / b2d
Version 2.3
May 2008
balancing axial load and the 2 bending moments, 3 equations can be obtained
for solution of the neutral axis orientation, neutral axis depth and the required
reinforcement. However the solution process, which is often based on trial and
error approach, will be very tedious and not possible for irregular section
without computer methods. Reinforcements generally need be pre-determined.
Figure 5.9 illustrates the method of solution.
The total sectional resistance of the section
under the stress strain profile resists the
applied axial loads and moments
Neutral axis
Strain profile on section
strain profile
across section
concrete
stress
profile
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Version 2.3
(vi)
(vii)
May 2008
resisting system, the smallest bar diameter used shall not be less than 2/3
of the largest bar diameter used (Cl. 9.9.2.1(a) of the Code). For example,
T40 should not be used with T25 and below (D);
At laps, the sum of reinforcement sizes in a particular layer should not
exceed 40% of the breadth at that section (Cl. 9.5.1 of the Code). The
requirement is identical to that of beam as illustrated by Figure 3.13;
For columns contributing to lateral load resisting system, where the
longitudinal bars pass through the beams at column beam joints, column
bars shall satisfy 3.2h 0.8 f cu / f y as per Ceqn 9.7 where h is the
beam depth. For grade 35 concrete and based on high yield bar, the
limiting bar diameter is simply 0.0368h , i.e. if beam depth is 600
mm, 22.1 implying maximum bar size is 20 mm. If the column is
not intended to form a plastic hinge, the bar diameter can be increased by
25% (Cl. 9.9.2.1(a) of the Code) (D);
(viii) For columns contributing to lateral load resisting system, where the
longitudinal bars terminate in a joint between columns and foundation
members with possible formation of a plastic hinge in the column, the
anchorage of the column bars into the joint region should commence at
1/2 of the depth of the foundation member or 8 times the bar diameter
from the face at which the bars enter the foundation member. Where a
plastic hinge adjacent to the foundation face cannot be formed,
anchorage can commence at the interface with the foundation (Cl.
9.9.2.1(c) of the Code) as illustrated in Figure 5.10 (D);
Anchorage can
commence at this point if
plastic hinge cannot
occur at the column face
Anchorage should
generally commence at
this point
0.5D
or 8
D
L
foundation
element
Version 2.3
(ix)
May 2008
0.75D if bar
anchored in
beam
Beam
element
Figure 5.11 Longitudinal Bar anchorage in Beam (Transfer Beam) for columns
contributing to lateral load resisting system
Roof Beam
or transfer
beam
0.75D if bar
anchored in
beam
0.5D
or 8
Anchorage should
generally commence at
this point
Figure 5.12 Longitudinal Bar anchorage in Beam (Transfer Beam / Roof Beam)
for columns contributing to lateral load resisting system
86
Version 2.3
(x)
May 2008
T20
T40
Consider a column of
storey height 3m,
grade 40 and with
T20, T32 and T40
bars. Half lap lengths
(tension) are
respectively
1.432202=448;
1.432322=716.8;
1.432402=896;
1125
T32
750
716.8
448
896
1125
3000
Figure 5.13 Centre of lapping be within middle quarter of floor height in Column
contributing to lateral load resisting system
(xi)
(xii)
Full strength welded splices may be used in any location (Cl. 9.9.2.1(d)
of the Code);
As similar to limitation of lapping of bars in beams as described in
Section 3.6(vii), longitudinal bars in columns contributing to lateral load
resisting system shall not be lapped in a region where reversing stresses
at the ultimate limit state may exceed 0.6 f y in tension or compression
87
Version 2.3
May 2008
(iv)
88
Version 2.3
May 2008
135o, longitudinal
bar considered to be
restrained
135o
restraining
bar
135o
>135o
150
longitudinal bar
not considered
restrained since
enclosing angle
>135o
restraining
bar
required
link
anchorage
(v)
89
Version 2.3
May 2008
Height of critical
region , H, depends
on N/Agfcu ratio :
H, Critical regions
with enhanced
transverse
reinforcements
Normal
transverse
reinforcement
xM max
H, Critical regions
with enhanced
transverse
reinforcements
hm
M max
h
if rectangular
if circular
135o, longitudinal
bar considered to be
restrained
135o
restraining
bar
135o
>135o
link
anchorage
Version 2.3
May 2008
re-bars : T32
4875 10 3
N
=
= 0.25
Ag f cu 500 600 40
hm for bending about X and Y directions are determined as per Figure 5.17.
800kNm
450kNm
hm=462
hm=450
1846
8000.75=600kNm
5000.75=375kNm
1800
4500.75=338kNm
3000.75=225kNm
1154
hm=289
1200
hm=300
500kNm
300kNm
As the hm are all less than 1.5h = 1.5600 = 900, so the critical regions should
then both be 1200 mm from top and bottom and the design of transverse
reinforcements is as indicated in Figure 5.18 :
91
Version 2.3
May 2008
Transverse re-bars
1200
900
T10 @ 125
900
T10 @ 350
T10 @ 125
92
Version 2.3
6.0
May 2008
Column-Beam Joints
6.1 General
The design criteria of a column-beam joint comprise (i) performance not inferior
to the adjoining members at serviceability limit state; and (ii) sufficient strength
to resist the worst load combination at ultimate limit state. To be specific, the
aim of design comprise (a) minimization of the risk of concrete cracking and
spalling near the beam-column interface; and (b) checking provisions against
diagonal crushing or splitting of the joint and where necessary, providing
vertical and horizontal shear links within the joint and confinement to the
longitudinal reinforcements of the columns adjacent to the joint.
6.2 The phenomenon of diagonal splitting of joint
Diagonal crushing or splitting of column-beam joints is resulted from shears
and unbalancing moment acting on the joints as illustrated in Figure 6.1(a) and
6.1(b) which indicate typical loadings acting on the joint. Figure 6.1(a) shows a
joint with hogging moment on the right and sagging moment on the left, which
may be due to a large applied horizontal shear from the right. In contrast, Figure
6.1(b) shows a joint with hogging moment on both sides which is the normal
behaviour of a column beam joint under dominant gravity loads. However, it
should be noted that the hogging moments on both sides may not balance.
Column
Shear Vc1
Potential failure
surface (tension)
C BL
sagging moment
in beam
TBR
Vb2
Vb1
TBL
hogging moment
in beam
C BR
Column
Shear Vc2
93
Version 2.3
Column
Shear Vc1
Potential failure
surface (tension)
T BL
hogging moment
in beam
May 2008
TBR
Vb2
Vb1
C BL
hogging moment
in beam
C BR
Column
Shear Vc2
Work out the total nominal horizontal shear force across the joint V jh in
X and Y directions generally. V jh should be worked out by considering
forces acting on the upper half of the joint as illustrated in Figures 6.2(a)
and 6.2(b). Figure 6.2(a) follows the case of Figure 6.1(a) in which the
moments in the beams on both sides of the joint are of different signs (i.e.
one hogging and one sagging). There is thus a net shear of
V jh = TBL + TBR Vc
and
C BL = TBL = f y AsL are the pull and push forces by the beams in which AsR
and AsL are the steel areas of the beams. This approach which originates
94
Version 2.3
May 2008
from the New Zealand Code NSZ 3103 requires TBR and TBL be
increased by 25% under the load capacity concept in which the reinforcing
bars in the beam will be assumed to have steel stress equal to 125% yield
strength of steel if such assumption will lead to the most adverse
conditions. Thus the following equation can be listed :
(Eqn 6.1)
Column
shear Vc
T BR = 1.25 f y AsR
C BL = T BL
or f y AsR
TBL = 1.25 f y AsL
C BR
or f y AsR
sagging moment
in beam
Column
shear Vc
hogging moment
in beam
(Eqn 6.2)
Version 2.3
ML
Vc
zL
May 2008
(Eqn 6.4)
Column
shear Vc
T BL
T BR = 1.25 f y AsR
T BL
M
= L
zL
zL
or f y AsR
zR
C BR
hogging moment
in beam ML
hogging moment
in beam
CBL
Equations (Eqn 6.2) and (Eqn 6.4) will be used in this Manual.
(ii)
V jh
b j hc
reinforcements
based
on
Ceqn
6.72
reading
CjN*
should be worked out in both directions and
A jh =
0.5
0.87 f yh
Ag f cu
V jh*
96
Version 2.3
May 2008
0.4(hb / hc )V jh* C j N *
0.87 f yv
Transverse reinforcements
1/4(max) and 6mm;
with spacing 10(min)
and 200mm
Version 2.3
May 2008
X-direction
800
900
Y-direction
N * = 6000 kN
Vcy = 0 kN
900
800
98
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May 2008
The moments on the left and right beams are of opposite signs. So Figure
6.2(a) is applicable. The top steel provided on the right beam is 3T32, as
designed against the ultimate hogging moment of 550kNm with
AsR = 2413 mm2 whilst the bottom steel provided on the left beam is
4T20 with AsL = 1257 mm2, again as designed against the ultimate
sagging moment of 300kNm.
C BL
TBR
C BR
TBL
C BR = TBR
C BL = TBL
99
Version 2.3
T BL
May 2008
TBR
TBR > TBL
zL
CBR
CBL
A jh =
0.5
0.87 f yh
Ag f cu
where C j =
V jh
V jx + V jy
X-direction
V jx
1388.2
C jx =
=
= 0.695
V jx + V jy 1388.2 + 607.93
C jx N * 1388.2 10 3
0.695 6000000
=
A jhx =
0.5
0.5
0.87 f yh
Ag f cu 0.87 460
900 800 40
= 1232 mm2
*
V jhx
Y-direction
V jy
607.93
C jy =
=
= 0.305
V jx + V jy 1388.2 + 607.93
100
Version 2.3
May 2008
C N * 607.93 10 3
0.305 6000000
0.5 jy
=
0.5
0.87 f yh
Ag f cu 0.87 460
900 800 40
= 663 mm2
A jhy =
*
V jhy
Use 6T12 close stirrups (Area provided = 1357 mm2) which can
adequately cover shear reinforcements in both directions
(iii)
0.4(hb / hc )V jh* C j N *
0.87 f yh
= 9341 .
Y-direction
A jvy =
0.4(hb / hc )V jh* C j N *
= 4041 .
(iv)
T32
Figure 6.5 Details of Column Beam Joint Detail for Column Beam Joint
(Plan) Design Other details omitted for clarity
101
Version 2.3
7.0
Walls
7.1
Design Generally
May 2008
Categorization of Walls
Walls can be categorized into (i) slender walls; (ii) stocky walls; (iii)
reinforced concrete walls; and (iv) plain walls.
7.3
Stocky Wall
7.4.1 As similar to column, stocky walls are walls with slenderness ratio < 15 for
braced walls and slenderness ratio < 10 for unbraced walls;
102
Version 2.3
May 2008
7.4.2 Stocky reinforced wall may be designed for axial load n w only by (Ceqn
6.59) of the Code provided that the walls support approximately symmetrical
arrangement of slabs with uniformly distributed loads and the spans on either
side do not differ by more than 15%;
7.4.3 Other than 7.4.2 and the design for deflection induced moment M add , design
of stocky wall is similar to slender walls.
7.5
7.6
Plain Wall Plain wall are walls the design of which is without consideration
of the presence of the reinforcements.
7.6.1 Effective height of unbraced plain wall, where l 0 is the clear height of the
wall between support, is determined by :
(a) l e = 1.5l 0 when it is supporting a floor slab spanning at right angles to it;
(b) l e = 2.0l 0 for other cases.
Effective height ratio for braced plain wall is determined by
(a) l e = 0.75l 0 when the two end supports restraint movements and rotations;
(b) l e = 2.0l 0 when one end support restraint movements and rotations and
the other is free;
(c) le = l0 ' when the two end supports restraint movements only;
(b) le = 2.5l0 ' when one end support restraint movements only and the other
is free; where l0 ' in (c) and (d) are heights between centres of supports.
7.6.2 For detailed design criteria including check for concentrated load, shear, load
carrying capacities etc, refer to Cl. 6.2.2.3 of the Code.
7.7
Sectional Design
The sectional design of wall section is similar to that of column by utilizing
stress strain relationship of concrete and steel as indicated in Figure 3.8 and
3.9 of the Code. Alternatively, the simplified stress block of concrete as
indicated in Figure 6.1 can also be used. Nevertheless, the Code has additional
103
Version 2.3
May 2008
d = 0.75h
Current idealization
based on 4-bar
column design chart
Proposed idealization
with reinforcing bars as
continuum with areas
equal to the bars
Version 2.3
May 2008
M
4500 10 6
P 27000 10 3
=
=
= 30 and
= 1.67 .
bh 300 3000
bh 2 300 3000 2
If based on the 4-bar column chart with d / h = 0.75 , p = 3.8 %, requiring
T32 140 (B.F.)
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 45, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.75
55
0.4% steel
1% steel
50
2% steel
3% steel
45
4% steel
5% steel
40
6% steel
7% steel
35
N/bh N/mm
8% steel
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5
2
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
M/bh
N/mm
If use chart based on continuum of bars, the reinforcement ratio can be slightly
reduced to 3.7%.
Design Chart of Rectangular Shear Wall with Uniform Vertical Reinforcements to Code of Practice
for Structural Use of Concrete 2004, Concrete Grade 45
55
0.4% steel
1% steel
50
2% steel
3% steel
45
4% steel
5% steel
40
6% steel
7% steel
35
N/bh N/mm
8% steel
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5
2
M/bh
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
N/mm
By superimposing the two design charts as in Figure 7.2, it can be seen that the
idealization of steel re-bars as continuum is generally more conservative.
105
Version 2.3
May 2008
Comparison of Idealization as 4-bar columns and Continuum of Steel to Code of Practice for
Structural Use of Concrete 2004, Concrete Grade 45
55
0.4% steel - 4 bar column
50
45
2% steel - wall
N/bh N/mm
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5
2
M/bh
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
N/mm
Figure 7.2 Comparison of design curve between idealization of steel bars as 4 bar
column and continuum
7.7.2 Wall with axial load and transverse moment
The design will also be similar to that of column with the two layers of
longitudinal bars represented by the bars in the 4-bar column charts as shown
in Figure 7.3
idealized as
Figure 7.3 Sectional design for column with axial load and transverse moment
7.7.3 Wall with significant in-plane and transverse moments
106
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May 2008
The Code has not defined the extent of being significant. Nevertheless, if
significant in-plane and transverse moments exist, the Code effectively
requires the wall section be examined at various points (for stocky wall) and
unit lengths (for slender wall) along the length of the wall at the splitting up of
the axial load and in-plane moment as demonstrated in Figure 7.4.
P
M
wall
By elastic analysis
P
Mx
3
L L / 12
P 6M
+ 2
L
L
P 6M
0
L L2
L
OR
2P
L M
3
2 P
P 6M
<0
L L2
L M
3
2 P
L
Figure 7.4 conversion of axial load (kN) and in-plane moment (kNm) into linear
va rying load (kN/m) along wall section
Version 2.3
May 2008
under an axial load P = 27000 kN and in-plane moment M x = 4500 kNm and
transverse moment M y = 300 kNm as shown in Figure 7.5. By elastic analysis,
the load intensities at the 4 points as resolution of P and M x are :
A:
27000 6 4500
+
= 12000 kN/m;
3
32
B:
C:
= 8000 kN/m;
3
33 / 12
D:
27000 6 4500
= 6000 kN/m
3
32
M x = 4500 kNm
wall
By elastic analysis
10000kN/m
8000kN/m
12000kN/m
6000kNm
C
1000
1000
1000
Figure 7.5 Conversion of axial load (kN) and in-plane moment (kNm) into linear
varying load (kN/m) along wall section for Worked Example 7.2
(i)
Version 2.3
May 2008
Table 7.1, i.e. all the points are undergoing uniaxial bending and the
sectional design are done in the same Table in accordance with the
chart extracted from Appendix F:
Point
Axial Load
12000
10000
8000
6000
In-plane Mt
Transverse Mt
100
100
100
100
N / bh
40
33.33
26.67
20
M / bh 2
p (%)
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
5.9
4.1
2.4
0.6
T40 140
T40 200
T32 225
T20 300
Re-bars (BF)
Table 7.1 Summary of Design for Worked Example 7.2 as a stocky Wall
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 45, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.8
55
0.4% steel
1% steel
50
2% steel
3% steel
45
4% steel
40
35
6% steel
7% steel
N/bh N/mm
5% steel
8% steel
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
2
M/bh
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
N/mm
Version 2.3
May 2008
If the wall is slender, by Cl. 6.2.2.2(g)(i) of the Code, the wall should
be divided into unit lengths with summing up of loads. Consider
the three units AB, BC and CD. The loads and in-plane moments
summed from the trapezoidal distribution of loads are as follows,
with the assumption that the transverse moment of 300 kNm has
incorporated effects due to slenderness :
For Unit Length AB :
Summed axial load =
12000 + 10000
1 = 11000 kN
2
12000 10000
2 1
1 1 = 167 kNm.
2
3 2
The summed axial loads and moments on the unit lengths BC and
CD are similarly determined and design is summarized in Table 7.2,
with reference to the design chart extracted from Appendix F. In the
computation of M x / h' and M y / b' , h' and b' are taken as 750
and 225 respectively.
Unit Length
AB
BC
CD
11000
9000
7000
167
100
167
100
167
100
M y / b'
0.227
0.444
0.227
0.444
0.227
0.444
N / f cu bh
0.272
0.222
0.172
0.684
134.2
0.744
137.2
0.801
140.1
36.67
1.49
30
1.524
23.33
1.556
5.4
3.7
1.9
T40 155
T32 145
T25 175
Axial Load
In-plane Mt ( M x )
Transverse Mt ( M y )
M x / h'
p (%)
Re-bars (BF)
Table 7.2 Design of Wall for Worked Example 7.2 as a slender wall
110
Version 2.3
May 2008
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 45, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.8
55
0.4% steel
1% steel
50
2% steel
3% steel
45
4% steel
5% steel
40
AB
6% steel
7% steel
35
N/bh N/mm
8% steel
BC
30
25
CD
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
2
M/bh
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
N/mm
T20 30 BF
T40 200 BF
T32 225 BF
T40 200 BF
T32 225 BF
T40 140 BF
T40 140 BF
slender
wall
T25 175 BF
T32 145 BF
T40 155 BF
Version 2.3
May 2008
Version 2.3
May 2008
Determination of final design moment M t about the major and minor axes is
similar to (i)
For bending about the major axis, le / h = 3060 / 2000 = 1.53 < 15 , so
M add = 0 , M x will be the greatest of
(1) M 2 = 1800 ;
(2) M i + M add = 0.4 ( 1200 ) + 0.6 1800 + 0 = 600 ;
< 0.4 1800 = 720
(3) M 1 + M add / 2 = 1200 + 0 = 1200 ; and
1 le
1 3060
a =
=
= 0.117
2000 b
2000 200
M x = 1800 kNm;
M y = 178.48 kNm
Detailing Requirements
There are no ductility requirements in the Code for walls. The detailing
requirements are summarized from Cl. 9.6 of the Code :
113
Version 2.3
May 2008
f y = 250 MPa;
(b) bar diameter 6 mm and 1/4 of vertical bar size;
(c) spacing 400 mm.
114
Version 2.3
May 2008
(a) 0.25% for fy = 460 MPa and 0.3% for fy = 250 MPa;
(b) bar diameter 6 mm and 1/4 of vertical bar size;
(c) spacing in the vertical direction 400 mm
Links of included
angle 90o to
restrain vertical
bars
200
restrained
vertical
bars
2h
200
200
115
Version 2.3
May 2008
8.0
Corbels
8.1
av < d
Applied
Load
0 .5 h
h
d
8.2.1 According to Cl. 6.5.2.1 of the Code, the basis of design method of a corbel is
that it behaves as a Strut-and-Tie model as illustrated in Figure 8.2. The strut
action (compressive) is carried out by concrete and the tensile force at top is
carried by the top steel.
Steel strain to be
determined by linear
extrapolation
av
Tie action by
reinforcing bar
Strut action by
concrete
neutral axis
0 .9 x
Concrete ultimate
strain ult = 0.0035
Applied
Load Vu
Vu
Fc
Version 2.3
May 2008
8.2.2 Magnitude of resistance provided to the horizontal force should be not less
than one half of the design vertical load, thus limiting the value of the angle
in Figure 8.2 or in turn, that the value of a v cannot be too small.
8.2.3 Strain compatibility be ensured.
8.2.4 In addition to the strut-and tie model for the determination of the top steel bars,
shear reinforcements should be provided in form of horizontal links in the
upper two thirds of the effective depth of the corbel. The horizontal links
should not be less than one half of the steel area of the top steel.
8.2.5 Bearing pressure from the bearing pad on the corbel should be checked and
properly designed in accordance with Code of Practice for Precast Concrete
Construction 2003 Cl. 2.7.9. In short, the design ultimate bearing pressure to
ultimate loads should not exceed
(i) 0.4 f cu for dry bearing;
(ii) 0.6 f cu for bedded bearing on concrete;
(iii) 0.8 f cu for contact face of a steel bearing plate cast on the corbel with
each of the bearing width and length not exceeding 40% of the width and
length of the corbel.
The net bearing width is obtained by
ultimate load
effective bearing length ultimate bearing stress
The Precast Concrete Code 2003 (in Cl. 2.7.9.3 of the Precast Concrete Code)
has specified that the effective bearing length of a bearing be the least of :
(i) physical bearing length;
(ii) one half of the physical bearing length plus 100 mm;
(iii) 600 mm.
8.3
117
Version 2.3
As tan =
sin =
d 0.45 x
;
av
cos =
May 2008
av
a v + (d 0.45 x )
2
(d 0.45 x )
2
a v + (d 0.45 x )
2
So 0.405 f cu bx
a v (d 0.45 x )
a v + (d 0.45 x )
2
= Vu Vu =
a v + (d 0.45 x )
2
C = Vu av + d 2
x=
B B 2 4 AC
2A
(Eqn 8-1)
Vu av
d 0.45 x
(Eqn 8-2)
The strain at the steel level is, by extrapolation of the strain diagram in Figure
8.2 is s =
8.4
dx
dx
ult =
0.0035
x
x
(Eqn 8-3)
Design Procedure :
(i)
Based on the design ultimate load and av , estimate the size of the corbel
and check that the estimated dimensions comply with Figure 8.1;
(ii) Check bearing pressures;
(iii) Solve the neutral axis depth x by the equation (Eqn 8-1).
(iv) By the assumption plane remains plane and that the linear strain at the
base of the corbel is the ultimate strain of concrete ult = 0.0035 , work
out the strain at the top steel level as s ;
(v)
(vi) Obtain the force in the top steel bar T by (Eqn 8-2)
(vii) Check that T 0.5Vu ;
(viii) Obtain the required steel area of the top steel bars Ast by Ast =
118
Version 2.3
May 2008
Vu
. If v > v c (after enhancement as
bd
A
b(v v c )
applicable), provide shear reinforcements by sv =
over the
sv
0.87 f y
2
upper d where Asv is the cross sectional area of each link and s v
3
is the link spacing.
A
Check that the total shear area provided which is sv d is not less than
sv
d 1
half of the top steel area, i.e. Asv Ast even if v < vr .
sv 2
(x)
8.5
Detailing Requirements
(i)
By Cl. 6.5.2.2 of the Code, anchorage of the top reinforcing bar should
either
(a) be welded to a transverse bar of equivalent strength or diameter.
The bearing area of the load should stop short of the transverse bar
by a distance equal to the cover of the tie reinforcement as shown
in Figure 8.3(a); or
(b) bent back to form a closed loop. The bearing area of the load
should not project beyond the straight portion of the bars forming
the tension reinforcements as shown in Figure 8.3(b).
(ii)
119
Version 2.3
May 2008
Vu
Top main bar
>c
av
c, cover to
transverse bar
c
transverse bar welded to
the main tension bar of
equal diameter or
strength
2
d
3
d
Vu
>0
av
2
d
3
d
Shear reinforcements
8.6
120
Version 2.3
May 2008
Vu = 600
250 0.5h
h = 500
Net bearing
width
d = 450
The dimensions of the corbel are detailed as shown which comply with
the requirement of Cl. 6.5.1 of the Code with length of the corbel
b = 300 mm;
2.
3.
s =
5.
450 276.77
dx
ult =
0.0035 = 0.00219 > 0.002
276.77
x
6.
121
Version 2.3
T=
May 2008
Vu av
600 200
=
= 368.71 kN > 0.5 600 = 300 kN;
d 0.45 x 450 0.45 276.77
7.
368710
= 921.32 mm2, provide 3T20 (0.7%);
0.87 460
8.
= 0.65 MPa
1/ 3
enhancement, it becomes
9.
without
enhancement.
With
2d
0.65 = 2.925 MPa.
av
Asv = 1.14 450 = 513 mm2. So use 3T12 closed links over the top 300
mm.
10. Area of 3T12 closed link is 678 mm2 > half of area of tensile top steel =
0.53314 = 471 mm2.
The details of the Corbel is finally as shown in Figure 8.5.
Vu
3T20
av
300
450
Version 2.3
May 2008
av
Tie action by
reinforcing bar
Applied N c
Strut action by
concrete
neutral axis
0 .9 x
Concrete ultimate
strain ult = 0.0035
Applied Vu
Vu
Fc
Nc
Balancing force polygon
(Eqn 8-4)
8.8
123
Version 2.3
9.0
May 2008
Cantilever Structures
9.1 Cl. 1.4 of the Code defines Cantilever Projection as a structural element that
cantilevers from the main structure, for example, canopies, balconies, bay
windows, air conditioning platforms. In addition, PNAP 173 which refers to
cantilevered reinforced concrete structures in general indicates more clearly
design and construction criteria to be complied with.
9.2 Design Considerations
Design considerations for a cantilevered structure from the Code (Table 7.3, Cl.
9.4 etc. of the Code) and PNAP 173 are summarized as follows :
Slabs and Beams in General
(i)
(v)
Version 2.3
May 2008
Figures 9.1 and 9.2; and (b) minimum anchorage length of 45 times the
longitudinal bar diameter in accordance with PNAP 173 App. A 6(d). The
different commencement points of anchorage lengths as indicated by
PNAP 173 Appendices B and C are not adopted in this Manual. However,
requirements for the lengths of curtailment of tension reinforcement bars
PNAP173 and Cl. 9.2.1.6 of the Code in relation to curtailment of tension
reinforcements are amalgamated. They are shown in Figures 9.1 and 9.2.
bar dia. 10 mm
T.L.
0.5d
or 0.5L
150
150
Support providing
rotational restraint
(slab similar)
K
L
bar dia. 10 mm
T.L.
K
L
Version 2.3
May 2008
Half of bars be
curtailed at 0.75K
300
d
Figure 9.2 Particular requirements for cantilever beams as required by the Code
and PNAP 173
Slab in particular
(x)
Version 2.3
May 2008
bar dia. 16 mm
(2)
100
1000
(150)
900
Plan
Elevation
O.W.
Fin
2.0 kN/m2
5.6 kN/m2
0.1 1.0 24 = 2.4 kN/m
Para.
127
Version 2.3
May 2008
L.L.
1.5 kN/m2
Effective span is taken to be 900 + 0.5 150 = 975
Moment = (1.4 5.6 + 1.6 1.5) 0.975 0.975 / 2 + 1.4 2.4 0.925
= 7.975 kNm/m
Ast =
fs =
2 f y Ast ,req
3 Ast , prov
Ast , prov =
2 f y Ast ,req
3 fs
2 460 200 1
= 613 mm2
3 100
1
fc
x
h
d
f s / Es
strain
fs
stress
128
Version 2.3
May 2008
E c is the long term value which, by Cl. 7.2.3 of the Code is taken as
half of the instantaneous value which is 23.7 2 = 11.85 GPa
E s = 200 kN/mm2
Consider equilibrium of the section in Figure 9.6.
(d x )
1
1
f c bx = f s Ast E c c bx = E s c
Ast
2
2
x
1
E c bx 2 + E s Ast x E s dAst = 0
2
(Eqn 9.1)
M = f s Ast d f s =
=
(Eqn 9.2)
41.14
x
3
Ast d 785105
3
3
= 81.17 N/mm2
So the strain of the steel is
s =
0.8 f y
81.17
=
0
.
000406
<
= 0.0184 .
Es
200 10 3
129
Version 2.3
May 2008
c s = 3.0 ;
K L = 275 10 6 for normal air according to Figure 3.6 of the Code;
K c = 1.17 according to Figure 3.3 of the Code for cement content 434
kg/m3 and water cement ratio 0.47 for grade 35;
K e = 0.91 according to Figure 3.7 of the Code for he = 150 ;
Ks =
1
1 + e
1
200
1 + 0.0052
11.85
acr = 50 2 + 40 2 = 64
40
100
150 41.14
hx
required by PNAP 173. So O.K.
As PNAP 173 requires either checking of working stress below 100
MPa or crack width 0.1 mm, it should be adequate if any one of the
conditions is satisfied. Apparently it would be simpler to check only
130
Version 2.3
May 2008
the former.
Summing up, reinforcement details is as shown :
T10 100
Adequate anchorage
length as determined by
Figure 9.1 and 9.2
T10 300
131
Version 2.3
May 2008
10.1 According to Cl. 5.5 of the Code, transfer structures are horizontal elements
which redistribute vertical loads where there is a discontinuity between the
vertical structural elements above and below.
10.2 In the analysis of transfer structures, consideration should be given to the
followings as per Cl. 5.5 of the Code :
Construction and pouring sequence the effects of construction
(i)
sequence can be important in design of transfer structures due to the
comparatively large stiffness of the transfer structure and sequential built
up of stiffness of structures above the transfer structure as illustrated in
Figure 10.1;
Temporary and permanent loading conditions especially important
(ii)
when it is planned to cast the transfer structures in two shifts and use the
lower shift to support the upper shift as temporary conditions, thus
creating locked-in stresses;
(iii) Varying axial shortening of elements supporting the transfer structures
which leads to redistribution of loads. The phenomenon is more serious
as the transfer structure usually possesses large flexural stiffness in
comparison with the supporting structural members, behaving somewhat
between (a) flexible floor structures on hard columns; and (b) rigid
structures (like rigid cap) on flexible columns;
Local effects of shear walls on transfer structures shear walls will
(iv)
stiffen up transfer structures considerably and the effects should be taken
into account in more accurate assessment of structural behaviour;
Deflection of the transfer structures will lead to redistribution of loads
(v)
of the superstructure. Care should be taken if the structural model above
the transfer structure is analyzed separately with the assumption that the
supports offered by the transfer structures are rigid. Re-examination of
the load redistribution should be carried out if the deflections of the
transfer structures are found to be significant;
Lateral shear forces on the transfer structures though the shear is lateral,
(vi)
it will nevertheless create out-of-plane loads in the transfer structures
which needs be taken into account;
(vii) Sidesway of the transfer structures under lateral loads and unbalanced
gravity loads should also be taken into account. The effects should be
considered if the transfer structure is analyzed as a 2-D model.
132
Version 2.3
Stage (1) :
Transfer Structure (T.S.)
just hardened
Stage (2) :
Wet concrete of 1/F just
poured
May 2008
Stage (3) :
1/F hardened and 2/F wet
concrete just poured
2/F
1/F
1/F
G/F
G/F
G/F
Stage (4) :
2/F hardened and 3/F wet
concrete just poured
Stage (5) :
3/F hardened and 4/F wet
concrete just poured
4/F
3/F
2/F
1/F
1/F
3/F
2/F
G/F
G/F
133
Version 2.3
May 2008
(v)
Version 2.3
May 2008
Transport the structure with the calculated displacements by the 3-D software
(after omission of the in-plane displacements) into the 2-D software for
re-analysis and design. Only the displacements of the nodes with external loads
(applied loads and reactions) should be transported. A 2-D structure will be
re-formulated in the 2-D software for re-analysis by which the structure is
re-analyzed by forced displacements (the transported displacements) with
recovery of the external loads (out-of-plane components only) and subsequently
recovery of the internal forces in the structure. Theoretically results of the two
models should be identical if the finite element meshing and the shape functions
adopted in the 2 models are identical. However, as the finite element meshing of
the 2-D model is usually finer than that of the 3-D one, there are differences
incurred between the 2 models, as indicated by the differences in recovery of
nodal forces in the 2-D model. The designer should check consistencies in
reactions acting on the 2 models. If large differences occur, especially when
lesser loads are revealed in the 2-D model, the designer should review his
approach;
External nodal
force is {F2D}
{F3D} after
re-analysis
External nodal
force is {F3D}
Version 2.3
(ii)
May 2008
Transport the out-of-plane components of the external loads (applied loads and
reactions) acting on the 3-D model to the 2-D model for further analysis. This
type of transportation is simpler and more reliable as full recovery of loads
acting on the structure is ensured. However, in the re-analysis of the 2-D
structure, a fixed support has to be added on any point of the structure for
analysis as without which the structure will be unstable. Nevertheless, no effects
due to this support will be incurred by this support because the support reactions
should be zero as the transported loads from the 3-D model are in equilibrium.
The out-of-plane
components of all loads
acting on the structure
including reactions be
transported
Version 2.3
May 2008
11.0
Footings
11.1
1.5d
c 1.5d
1.5d
1.5d
lc is the greater
of lc1 and lc2
d is the
effective depth
lc2
2lc1
Plan
137
Version 2.3
May 2008
Cl. 6.7.2.4 of the Code requires checking of shear be based on (i) section
through the whole width of the footing (as a beam); and (ii) local punching
shear check as if it is a flat slab. (Re Worked Example 4.5 in Section 4).
11.2
400
400
D.L. 100 kNm
L.L. 20kNm for
each column
1000
400
1000
1250
2500
1250
Plan
Figure 11.3 Footing layout for Worked Example 11.1
(i)
Loading Summary :
D.L. Column:
O.W.
Overburden Soil
L.L.
2 800 =
1600 kN;
kN
5.0 2 1.5 20 = 300 kN
Total
1996 kN
Moment (bending upwards as shown in Figure 11.3)
2 100 = 200 kNm
2 200 = 400 kN.
Column
138
Version 2.3
May 2008
3434.4 6 344
+
= 343.44 + 103.2 = 446.64 kN/m2
2
5 2
5 2
3434.4 6 344
Critical section
Section for
critical design
400
364.08
kN/m2
400
1250
2500
1250
240.24 kN/m2
= 581.89 kNm
(v)
M
116.38 10 6
K= 2 =
= 1.158 ,
bd
1000 317 2
By the formulae in Section 3 for Rigorous Stress Approach,
p 0 = 0.306 %; Ast = 969 mm2/m
As l c = 1250 > 3c / 4 + 9d / 4 = 3 400 / 4 + 9 317 / 4 = 1013 , two thirds
139
Version 2.3
May 2008
400 4 1 35 3
= 0.505 N/mm2 as per
> v c = 0.79 0.306
317 1.25 25
Table 6.3 of the Code.
So shear reinforcement required is
Asv b(v v c ) 5000(0.883 0.505) 5000 0.4
=
=
<
= 4.998 mm2/mm
0.87 f yv
0.87 460
0.87 460
sv
1
Within the two-thirds (of total width 2.675 m) with heavier shear
reinforcement :
2
4.998 2.702 = 1.233 mm2/m. Use T10 175 s.w. and 300 l.w.
3
In the rest of the footing,
1
4.998 2.298 = 0.724 mm/m. Use T10 300 BWs.
3
(vi) Check punching shear along perimeter of column
Factored load by a column is 1.4 800 + 1.6 200 = 1440 kN. By Cl.
6.1.5.6(d), along the column perimeter,
Veff
1440 10 3
=
= 2.84 < 0.8 f cu = 4.7 MPa. O.K.
ud 4 400 317
Locate the next critical perimeter for punching shear checking as shown
in Figure 11.3(b) which is at 1.5d from the column face.
Weight of overburden soil and weight of footing is
1.3512 55.44 1.4 0.4 2 1.5 20 = 94.47 kN
3434.4
Upthrust by ground pressure is
1.3512 = 627.03 kN
5 2
140
Version 2.3
May 2008
400
1000
400
400
400+1.5d2=1351
1000
1250
400+1.5d2=1351
Plan
Figure 11.3(b) checking punching shear for Worked Example 10.1
By (Ceqn 6.40)
1.5M t
Veff = Vt 1 +
Vt x sp
907.44 1.351
1098.4110 3
= 0.641 N/mm2
Punching shear stress is v =
1351 4 317
As v < 1.6vc = 0.808 , use (Ceqn 6.44) in determining punching shear
reinforcement,
(v vc )ud = (0.641 0.489)1351 4 317 < 0.4 1351 4 317
0.87 f yv
0.87 460
0.87 460
=1712m2. The reinforcement should be distributed in the manner as that
of flat slab, i.e. with 40%, 685mm2 (i.e. 9 nos. of T10) at
0.5d (158.5mm) and others 1027 mm2 (i.e. 13 nos. of T10)at
1.25d (396.25mm) away from the surface of the column as per the
advice in Figure 6.13 of the Code.
1351
717
1192.5
9-T10 links
0.5d=158.5
400
d=317
13-T10 links
141
Version 2.3
May 2008
1345
400
400
T16 275(B1)
400
T16 150(B1)
Plan
Shear links T10
175 s.w. 300 l.w.
Figure 11.3(c) Reinforcement Details for Worked Example 11.1 (in the
direction perpendicular to the line joining the two columns only)
142
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11.3
May 2008
11.4
Version 2.3
May 2008
Nevertheless, care must be taken not to adopt widths too wide for
spreading as local effects may not be well captured.
peak stress
width over
which the
peak stress is
designed for
Figure 11.4 Spreading of peak stress over certain width for design
(iii) The design against flexure should be done by the Wood Armer
Equations listed in Appendix D, together with discussion of its
underlying principles. As the finite element mesh of the mathematical
model is often very fine, it is a practice of lumping the design
reinforcements of a number of nodes over certain widths and evenly
distributing the total reinforcements over the widths, as is done by the
popular software SAFE. Again, care must be taken in not taking
widths too wide for lumping as local effects may not be well captured.
The design of reinforcements by SAFE is illustrated on the right portion
of Figure 11.4;
(iv) The principle together with a worked example for design against shear is
included in Appendix D, as illustrated in Figure D5a to D5c. It should be
noted that as the finite element analysis give detailed distribution of
shear stresses on the structure, it is not necessary to carry out shear
distribution into column and mid-strips as is done for flat slab under
empirical analysis in accordance with the Code. The checking of shear
and design of shear reinforcements can be based directly on the shear
stresses revealed by the finite element analysis.
144
Version 2.3
12.0
Pile Caps
12.1
May 2008
Cl. 6.7.3 of the Code allows a pile cap be analyzed and designed as a rigid
cap by which the cap is considered as a perfectly rigid structure so that the
supporting piles deform in a co-planar manner at their junctions with the cap.
As the deformations of the piles are governed, the reactions by the piles can
be found with their assigned (or assumed) stiffnesses. If it is assumed that the
piles are identical (in stiffnesses), the reactions of the piles follow a linearly
varying pattern. Appendix I contains derivation of formulae for solution of
pile loads under rigid cap assumption.
pile loads,
magnitude follows
linear profile
under assumption
of equal pile
stiffness
Version 2.3
May 2008
1500
P1
P2
P3
400
3000
3000
X
P4
P5
P6
400
1500
1500
4000
4000
critical sections
for shear
checking
1500
O.W. of Cap
Weight of overburden soil
11 9 1.5 20 = 2970 kN
Version 2.3
May 2008
+
6
64
54
P2:
+
6
64
54
P3:
P4:
6
64
54
P5:
6
64
54
P6:
6
64
54
Version 2.3
May 2008
2.1
= 2063.92 kN
11
b = 11000
z
M
76554.11 10 6
=
= 2.09 ;
= 0.929
p = 0.55%
2
2
d
bd
11000 1825
Ast = 110459 mm2, provide T40 200 (2 layers, B2 and B4)
(vi) Checking for shear in the Y-direction
By Cl. 6.7.3.2 of the Code, the critical section for shear checking is at
20% of the diameter of the pile inside the face of the pile as shown in
Figure 12.2
Total shear at the critical section is :
Upward shear by P1, P2 and P3 is 30572.16 kN
148
Version 2.3
May 2008
2.1
= 2522.57 kN
9
Asv
in Y-direction is greater than that in X-direction, so adopt this
sv
Asv
provided is 2.82.
sv
Version 2.3
vt =
2T
May 2008
2 1083.33 10 6
= 0.065 N/mm2. So the
2000
2000 2 9000
h
2
hmin hmax min
3
1500
P1
P2
T40-200 (T1,B1,B3)
3000
3000
P3
P5
X
P6
Shear links
T12 200 BWs on
the whole cap
1500
1500
4000
4000
1500
Strut-and-Tie Model
Cl. 6.7.3.1 of the Code allows pile cap be designed by the truss analogy, or
more commonly known as Strut-and-Tie Model (S&T Model) in which a
concrete structure is divided into a series of struts and ties which are
beam-like members along which the stress are anticipated to follow. In a
S&T model, a strut is a compression member whose strength is provided by
concrete compression and a tie is a tension member whose strength is
provided by added reinforcements. In the analysis of a S&T model, the
following basic requirements must be met (Re ACI Code 2002):
(i) Equilibrium must be achieved;
(ii) The strength of a strut or a tie member must exceed the stress induced
on it;
(iii) Strut members cannot cross each other while a tie member can cross
another tie member;
(iv) The smallest angle between a tie and a strut joined at a node should
exceed 25o.
150
Version 2.3
May 2008
2500
Elevation
3000
3000
1000
dia.
1000
dia.
1500
Plan
Version 2.3
May 2008
effective width of the tension tie is 135 2 = 270 mm. The dimensions
and arrangement of the ties and struts are drawn in Figure 12.5.
(ii)
A simple force polygon is drawn and the compression in the strut can be
simply worked out as ( C is the compression of the strut) :
concrete
strut
6000kN
top strut
width =
619.09mm
2230
2500
270
Bottom strut
width =
831.13mm
3000
3000
1000
dia.
1000
dia.
Elevation
6000 kN
C = 4845.8kN
38.25o
2230+
2702
=2365
C = 4845.8kN
T = 3805.49kN
3000 kN
38.25o
3000 kN
3000
3000
Figure 12.5 Analysis of strut and tie forces in Worked Example 12.2
(iii) To provide the bottom tension of 3805.49 kN, the reinforcement steel
required is
Version 2.3
May 2008
the
sectional
width
is
The reinforcement details are indicated in Figure 12.6. Side bars are
omitted for clarity.
1000
4T25 T1
2500
3000
3000
1000
dia.
Elevation
1000
dia.
Version 2.3
12.5
May 2008
12.6
154
Version 2.3
av
May 2008
B
av
av
av
Figure 12.7 Effective width for shear enhancement in pile cap around a pile
(ii)
averaging of shear force shall not be based on a width > the effective
depth on either side of the centre of a pile, or as limited by the actual
dimension of the cap.
d : effective
depth of cap
peak shear at
pile centre
X
d
Figure 12.8 Width in cap over which shear force at pile can be
averaged for Design
Illustration in Figure 12.8 can be a guideline for determination of
effective widths adopted in averaging peak stresses as will often
be encountered in finite element analysis for pile cap structure modeled
as an assembly of plate bending elements under point loads and point
supports, as in the same manner as that for footing discussed in 11.4(ii)
of this Manual.
155
Version 2.3
May 2008
13.0
General Detailings
13.1
13.2
13.3
Permissible bent radii of bars. The purpose of requiring minimum bend radii
for bars are
(i) avoid damage of bar;
(ii) avoid overstress by bearing on concrete in the bend.
Table 8.2 of the Code requires the minimum bend radii to be 3 for
20 mm and 4 for > 20 mm (for both mild steel and high yield bar)
and can be adopted without causing concrete failures if any of the conditions
shown in Figure 13.1 is satisfied as per Cl. 8.3 of the Code.
TL2
Bar of
diameter
Bar of
diameter
8 or D/2
TL1
condition (a)
condition (b)
TL1 required
anchorage length for
beam contributing to
lateral load resisting
system;
TL2 required
anchorage length for
beam not
contributing to
lateral load resisting
Bar of
diameter
condition (c)
Version 2.3
May 2008
If the none of the conditions in Figure 13.1 is fulfilled, (Ceqn 8.1) of the Code,
reproduced as (Eqn 13.1) in this Manual should be checked to ensure that
bearing pressure inside the bend is not excessive.
bearing stress =
Fbt
2 f cu
1 + 2
ab
(Eqn 13.1)
In (Eqn 13.1), Fbt is the tensile force in the bar at the start of the bend; r
the internal bend radius of the bar; is the bar diameter, a b is centre to
centre distance between bars perpendicular to the plane of the bend and in case
the bars are adjacent to the face of the member, a b = + cover.
Take an example of a layer of T40 bars of centre to centre separation of 100
mm and internal bend radii of 160mm in grade 35 concrete.
Fbt = 0.87 460 1257 = 503051 N
2 f cu
Fbt 503051
=
= 78.6 >
r 160 40
1 + 2
ab
2 35
= 38.89
40
1 + 2
100
f cu
cu
Version 2.3
May 2008
13.5
Anchorage of links Figure 8.2 of the Code displays bend of links of bend
angles from 90o to 180o. However, it should be noted that the Code requires
anchorage links in beams and columns contributing in lateral load resisting
system to have bent angles not less than 135o as ductility requirements (D);
13.6
Version 2.3
0.3l0
l0
50mm
4
a : distance between
adjacent laps
May 2008
If clear distance
between 2 lapping
bars > 4 or 50
mm by x, l0
should be
increased by x
20mm
2
(iv) When Figure 13.3 is complied with, the permissible percentage of lapped
bars in tension may be 100% (but still required to be staggered, i.e. not
in the same section)where the bars are all in one layer. When the bars are
in several layers, the percentage should be reduced to 50%;
(v) Compression and secondary reinforcements can be lapped in one section.
The Clause effectively requires tension laps to be staggered with arrangement
as shown in Figure 13.3 which is applicable in to the flexural steel bars in
beams, slabs, footings, pile caps etc. Fortunately, the Code allows compression
and secondary bars be lapped in one section, i.e. without the necessity of
staggered laps. As such staggered laps can be eliminated in most of the
locations in columns and walls.
13.7
(ii)
159
Version 2.3
Top bars
May 2008
Note
< 2
< 2
Factor
75
and 6
< 75
or 6
75
and 6
1.4
75
and 6
1.0
Condition 1:
Lap at top as cast
and cover < 2 ;
< 2
1.4
Condition 3 :
Clear distance
between adjacent
laps < 75 or 6
Bottom bars
75
and 6
< 75
or 6
< 2
75
and 6
> 2
< 2
Factor
1.4
1.4
1.0
Condition 2 :
Lap at corner and
cover < 2
1.4
Condition 1 + 2 or
conditions 1 + 3 :
factor is 2.0
Transverse reinforcement in the tension lap zone (Cl. 8.7.4 of the Code)
For lapped longitudinal bars in tension, the transverse reinforcement is used to
resist transverse tension forces. 3 cases be considered as :
(i)
(ii)
st
160
Version 2.3
May 2008
l0
Figure 13.5 Transverse reinforcement for lapped splices not greater than 50% of
reinforcement is lapped at one section and 20 mm
(iii)
If more than 50% of the reinforcement is lapped at one point and the
distance between adjacent laps 10 , the transverse reinforcement
should be formed by links or U bars anchored into the body of the
section. The transverse reinforcement should be positioned at the outer
sections of the lap as shown in Figure 13.6;
Version 2.3
Ast / 2
l0/3
Ast / 2
l0/3
150mm
May 2008
l0
One bar be outside lap if the
lap is in compression
Transverse bars in
form of U bars or
links
Figure 13.6 Transverse reinforcement for lapped splices more than 50% is
lapped at one section and clear distance between adjacent laps 10
162
Version 2.3
May 2008
14.0
14.1
14.2
0.015WR
}
}
0.015WN+1
0.015WN
0.015W1
WR, characteristic
dead weight between
roof and next mid
floor heights
WN+1, characteristic
dead weight between
mid floor heights
WN, characteristic dead
weight between mid
floor heights
W1, characteristic dead
weight between mid
floor heights
163
Version 2.3
14.4
May 2008
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Design of ties
(i)
lry1
lrx1
lrx2
lry2
B1
T.A.L.
F 115.2 10 3
=
= 250 mm2/m
460
fy
Figure 14.2 Derivation of internal tie reinforcement bars in slabs (evenly distributed)
164
Version 2.3
(ii)
May 2008
perimeter wall
1.2m
Ties to take up
tensile force being
the greater of
(i) 2.0Ft or (ls/2.5)Ft
if less; and (ii) 3%
of design ultimate
load of column or
wall where ls is floor
to ceiling height
165
Version 2.3
7m
C1
8m
8m
6m
May 2008
14.5
166
Version 2.3
May 2008
Examples
C1 is identified as the key
element as the collapse of
which will lead to
disproportionate collapse
of area around it (more
than 15% collapse of the
floor).
The tributary area is
7.57=52.5m2;
The design load is
3452.5=1785kN.
7m
C1
B1
8m
8m
6m
2m
167
Version 2.3
15.0
15.1
Shrinkage
May 2008
s = cs K L K c K e K j K s
(Eqn 15-1)
where c s = 3.0 and other coefficients can be found by Figures 3.3, 3.5, 3.6
and 3.7 and (Ceqn 3.4) of the Code, depending on atmospheric humidity,
dimensions, compositions of the concrete, time and reinforcement content. It
should be noted that K j is a time dependent coefficient.
The equation and the figures giving values of the various coefficients are
adopted from BS5400 which in turn are quoted from CEB-FIP International
Recommendation for the Design and Construction, 1970 (CEB 1970) (MC-70).
It should, however, be noted that the coefficient c s is extra to CEB-FIP. The
value accounts for the comparatively higher shrinkage value (3 times as high)
found in Hong Kong.
Shrinkage is always in contraction.
15.2
Creep
Creep is the prolonged deformation of the structure under sustained stress.
(Ceqn 3.2) and (Ceqn 3.3) give estimate of the creep strain :
stress
c
Creep strain =
(Eqn 15-2)
E28
where c = K L K m K c K e K j K s
(Eqn 15-3)
Version 2.3
May 2008
15.4
Stress (MPa)
28
3.5
st
56
2.1
nd
84
2.1
rd
120
3.5
1
2
3
Strain and shortening of the G/F column due to shrinkage and creep at 360
days are determined as follows :
Shrinkage
The coefficients for determination of the free shrinkage strain are as follows :
K L = 0.000275 for normal air from Figure 3.6;
Based on empirical formulae, for grade 35:
Water / Cement ratio = 0.0054 f cu + 0.662 = 0.0054 35 + 0.662 = 0.473
169
Version 2.3
May 2008
800 800
= 400 mm. So from Figure 3.7, K e = 0.55 ;
800 4 / 2
1
1 + e
200
= 8.44
23.7
c =
stress
c
E28
where c = K L K m K c K e K j K s
E 28 = 23.7 GPa for grade 35 concrete.
All coefficients are same as that for shrinkage except K L = 2.3 (Figure 3.1),
K m = 1.0 (Figure 3.2 loaded at 28 days) and K e = 0.72 (Figure 3.4)
Load
from
Floor
Concrete
age at time
of load
(Day)
Km
Time since
Loading
(Day)
Kj
Stress by
Floor
(MPa)
(10-6)
1/F
28
332
0.489
0.811
3.5
119.73
2/F
56
0.85
304
0.467
0.658
2.1
58.30
3/F
84
0.761
276
0.443
0.560
2.1
49.61
Roof
120
0.706
240
0.412
0.482
3.5
71.15
c =
298.80
Elastic strain
The elastic strain is simply e =
Version 2.3
May 2008
c =
c , e =
, K sup1 1 = K sup 2 2 = F = A 1 =
( s c e )L = 1 + 2
A
A
s c L = 1 + 2 =
+
=
E
E
K sup1 K sup 2
A
K sup1
; 2 =
A
K sup 2
E s
AE 1
1
1 + c +
+
L K sup1 K sup 2
(Eqn 15-4)
2
L
L=
1 + 2
K sup 2
1
1
K
sup1 K sup 2
171
(Eqn 15-5)
Version 2.3
E s
1 + c +
AE
Le K sup 2
where K b =
E s
May 2008
(Eqn 15-6)
K
1 + c + b
K sup 2
AE
, the equivalent axial stiffness of the floor.
Le
So, as an alternative to using (Eqn 15-4), we may use (Eqn 15-5) to find out
Le and (Eqn 15-6) to calculate internal stress of the floor structure.
Floor structure of cross sectional area A and axial stiffness Kb
P
H
Supporting members
providing lateral
restraints of stiffness
Ksup1
Supporting member
providing lateral
restraints of stiffness
Ksup2
L
idealized as
Kb
Ksup1
Ksup2
Le
Le =
L
K sup 2
1
1
K
sup1 K sup 2
Kb
Ksup
s
Le
Figure 15.1 Idealization of floor structure for shrinkage and creep estimation
In the determination of stress due to shrinkage and creep, the main difficulty
lies in the determination of c which is time dependent. Stress in concrete has
therefore to be determined in successive time steps and with numerical method
as demonstrated in Figure 15.2 for calculation of the creep strains. Instead of
172
Version 2.3
May 2008
2
1
t1
2
t1
2
t1
t1 + t2
2
t2
n
3
t1
2
t1 + t2 t2 + t3
2
2
t3
t1
2
t1 + t2 t2 + t3 tn 1 + tn
2
2
2
tn
Version 2.3
1 =
E s1
May 2008
(Eqn 15-7)
K
t
1 + b + c t1 1
2
K sup 2
1
t 2
t +t
c t 2 1 +
c t 2 1 2 as illustrated in Figure
2
2
E
E
s2
t
t1 + t 2
EA
EA
1 c t 2 1 + 1 +
+1+
+ 2 c t 2
= E s 2
2
K sup 2 Le
2
K sup 2 Le
(Eqn 15-8)
K
t
E s 2 1 c t 2 1 + 1 + b
K sup 2
2
2 =
K
t1 + t 2
+1+ b
c t 2
2
K sup 2
(Eqn 15-9)
c3 =
t +t
1
t 2
t + t 3
c t 3 1 +
c t 3 1 2 +
c t 3 2 3
2
2
2
E
E
E
K
K
t +t
t
1 c t 3 1 + 1 + b + 2 c t 3 1 2 + 1 + b
2
2
K sup 2
K sup 2
t +t
K
+ 3 c t 3 2 3 + 1 + b = E s 3
2
K sup 2
(Eqn 15-10)
K
K
t
t +t
E s 3 1 c t 3 1 + 1 + b 2 c t 3 1 2 + 1 + b
K sup 2
K sup 2
2
2
3 =
t 2 + t3
K
+1+ b
c t 3
K sup 2
2
(Eqn 15-11)
So for any time t n after shrinkage commencement
174
Version 2.3
May 2008
K
K
t +t
t
1 c t n 1 + 1 + b + 2 c t n 1 2 + 1 + b
2
2
K sup 2
K sup 2
t +t
K
t +t
K
+ 3 c t n 2 3 + 1 + b + ..... + n1 c t n n 2 n1 + 1 + b
2
2
K sup 2
K sup 2
t +t
K
+ n c t n n1 n + 1 + b = E sn
2
K sup 2
(Eqn 15-12)
K
t +t
K
t
E sn 1 c t n 1 + 1 + b ..... n 1 c t n n 1 n 2 + 1 + b
K sup 2
K sup 2
2
2
n =
t n 1 + t n
K
+1+ b
c t n
K sup 2
2
(Eqn 15-13)
Thus the solution for n can be obtained by successive solution of (Eqn
15-7), (Eqn 15-9), (Eqn 15-11) and (Eqn 15-13) or alternatively, in a more
compact form by a system of linear simultaneous equations of (Eqn 15-7),
(Eqn 15-8), (Eqn 15-10) and (Eqn 15-12). The final stress up to t n is
1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + n .
15.6
K sup 2 =
Le =
L
K sup 2
1
1
= 4m
+
K
sup1 K sup 2
Version 2.3
May 2008
740000
= 218 mm.
3400
200
3m
3m
3m
Cross section
Supporting members
providing lateral
restraints of stiffness
I value = 0.08m4/m
width
Supporting members
providing lateral
restraints of stiffness
I value = 0.12m4/m
width
3m
L = 10m
s = cs K L K c K e K j K s ,
K L = 0.000275 for normal air from Figure 3.6 of the Code
176
Version 2.3
Ks =
1
1 + e
May 2008
EA 23.7 10 6 0.2467
=
= 1461500 kN/m
Le
4
K sup 2
Kb
= 4.625
K sup 2
The time history to 360 days can be divided into various time points, i.e.
t1 = 3 days, t 2 = 7 days, t 3 = 14 days .. up to t n = 360 days in accordance
with Figure 15.2. Equations in accordance with the above can be formulated
numerically and stress at 360 days is calculated to be 1726.34 kN/m2. As a
demonstration, the stress increment in the first two intervals are presented :
At t1 = 3 , for he = 218 , for shrinkage K j = 0.0637 (Figure 3.5)
2
2
c t1 1 = K L K m 1 K c K e K j t1 1 K s
By (Eqn 15-6)
E s1
1 =
1+
t
EA
+ c t1 1
2
Le K sup 2
23.7 10 6 45.22 10 6
= 183.84 kN/m2;
1 + 4.625 + 0.2046
177
Version 2.3
May 2008
2
2
c t 2 1 = K L K m 1 K c K e K j t 2 1 K s
t1 + t 2
= 5 and K j = 0.0572 from
2
t1 + t 2 3 + 7
=
= 5 to t = 7
2
2
t +t
t +t
t +t
c t 2 1 2 = K L K m 1 2 K c K e K j t 2 1 2 K s
2
2
t
EA
E s 2 1 c t 2 1 + 1 +
2
Le K sup 2
2 =
t1 + t 2
EA
+1+
c t 2
Le K sup 2
2
=
178
Version 2.3
May 2008
1400
Stress (kN/m )
1600
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Figure 15.4 Increase of internal stress in concrete due to shrinkage and creep of
Worked Example 15.2
By assuming K m = 0.5 beyond 360 days, the exercise is repeated for various
span lengths up to 80 m and finally at perfect restraint where the span is set at
infinity. The stress curves are plotted as indicated.
Stress due to shrinkage and creep on the slab structure under Elastic
Restraint of various spans
L=10m
L=20m
L=40m
L=60m
L=80m
L=infinity
6000
Stress (kN/m )
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure 15.5 Increase of internal stress in concrete due to shrinkage and creep of
Worked Example 15.2 for various span lengths
179
Version 2.3
15.7
May 2008
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Stronger lateral restraints will also induce higher shrinkage and creep
stresses. The strong lateral restraints are often in form of core walls or
shear walls whilst the columns are comparatively weak in lateral
restraints. For rough analysis, the columns can be ignored. Figure 15.6
demonstrates the determination of floor span length for the assessment
of shrinkage and creep effects.
Columns be
ignored due to
small lateral
restraints
Stiff
corewall
Span length for shrinkage and creep
Figure 15.6 Determination of floor span length for shrinkage and creep
15.8
For single span floor structures, if only the stress at age near to the final one
such as the 360 days age is to be estimated, the design parameters for a
particular concrete grade (ignoring reinforcements) can be reduced to
180
Version 2.3
May 2008
comprising only (i) effective thickness of the floor structure; and (ii) relative
stiffness of the axial stiffness of the floor structure to the lateral stiffness of
support 2, i.e. K b K sup 2 . Charts as contained in Figure 15.7 for grades 30,
35, 40 and 45 concrete are produced which can be for general use.
Variation of stress of grade 30 concrete floor due to Shrinkage & Creep with
effective thickness and floor / end restraint ratios at 360 days
Effective thickness = 100mm
5500
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
10
Variation of stress of grade 35 concrete floor due to Shrinkage & Creep with
effective thickness and floor / end restraint ratios at 360 days
Effective thickness = 100mm
5500
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
10
Version 2.3
May 2008
Variation of stress of grade 40 concrete floor due to Shrinkage & Creep with
effective thickness and floor / end restraint ratios at 360 days
Effective thickness = 100mm
5500
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
10
Variation of stress of grade 45 concrete floor due to Shrinkage & Creep with
effective thickness and floor / end restraint ratios at 360 days
Effective thickness = 100mm
5500
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
10
Figure 15.7 Variation of 360 days stress due to shrinkage and creep of structural
floor with effective thickness and span / support stiffness ratios
15.9
The induced stress in the concrete structure can be resisted by the tensile
182
Version 2.3
May 2008
m = 1 2 =
= 0.000934 ,
3 1571
E s 3E s As 200000 0.00982
0.8 f y
<
= 0.00184 ;
Es
( 1 is the strain due to steel only without consideration of the tensile strength
of the concrete and 2 represents the stiffening effect by the cracked
concrete.)
Cover to reinforcement is cmin = 25 mm;
So the greatest value acr (distance from the point under consideration to the
nearest
reinforcement)
that
will
lead
to
greatest
crack
width
is
50 2 + 25 2 = 55.9 mm;
183
Version 2.3
May 2008
16.0
16.1
General
Though some of the new practices in the Code as different from BS8110 have
significant impacts on our current design, detailing and construction practices,
these practices are however generally good ones resulting in better design and
workmanship. The improvement in design lies mainly in enhancing ductility
of the structure which should be regarded as another limit state equally as
important as the ultimate and serviceability limit states. This section tends
to summarize all these new practices and discuss the various impacts so as to
alert the practitioners in switching from BS8110 to the Code.
The aspects with the most significant impacts by the Code on our current
design are obviously the incorporation of the ductility requirements in Cl. 9.9
of the Code for beams and columns contributing in lateral load resisting
system, and the design of beam column beam joints in Cl. 6.8. Others include
checking building accelerations in Cl. 7.3.2. Nevertheless, minor ones such
more stringent requirements in locations and provisions of transverse
reinforcements in lapping of longitudinal bars should also be noted. In
addition, there are relaxations in design requirements such as raising the
absolute ultimate design shear stress (vtu) to 7N/mm2 and giving clear
guidelines in choosing design moments at or near column faces in Cl. 5.2.1.2.
These aspects are highlighted and briefly discussed in this Section. The effects
of different concrete stress strain curve as indicated in Figure 3.8 of the Code
from that of BS8110 are, however, found to be insignificant on the calculation
of longitudinal bars required in beams and columns.
16.2
Ductility Requirements
The followings are highlighted :
(i)
(a)
Version 2.3
May 2008
Cl. 9.9.1.2 and Cl. 9.9.2.2(c) of the Code under the heading of ductility
requirements for Beams and Columns (contributing in lateral load
resisting system) state that Links should be adequately anchored by
means of 135o or 180o hooks in accordance with Cl. 8.5. (Presumably
180o bent hooks can be accepted as better anchorage is achieved.) So the
all links in such beams and columns contributing in lateral load resisting
system should be anchored by links with bent angle 135o as indicated
in Figure 16.1.
Figure 16.1 Links with hooks for beams and columns contributing to lateral load
resisting system and for containment of beam compression reinforcements
For structural elements other than beams and columns contributing in
lateral load resisting system, the 90o anchorage hooks can still be used
except for containment of compression reinforcements in beams which
should follow Figure 16.1 (Re Cl. 9.2.1.10 and Cl. 9.5.2.2 of the Code.)
Figure 16.2 90o bent links : used in structural elements other than beams / columns
contributing in lateral load resisting system and except compression bar containment
185
Version 2.3
(c)
May 2008
Cl. 9.9.1.1(c) of the Code under the heading of ductility requirement for
anchorage of longitudinal bars in beams (contributing in lateral load
resisting system) into exterior column states that For the calculation of
anchorage length the bars must be assumed to be fully stressed. The
calculation of anchorage length of bars should therefore be based on
f y instead of 0.87 f y as discussed in Sections 8.4.4 and 8.4.5 of this
Manual, resulting in some 15% longer in anchorage and lap lengths as
compared with Table 8.4 of the Code. Thus longer anchorage length is
required for longitudinal bars in beams contributing in lateral load
resisting system anchoring into exterior column;
(d)
Cl. 8.7.2 and Figure 8.4 of the Code have effectively required all tension
laps to be staggered which are generally applicable in the flexural steel
bars in beams, slabs, pile caps, footings etc. as per discussion in Section
13.6 of this Manual. The practice is not as convenient as the practice
currently adopted by generally lapping in one single section.
Nevertheless, if staggered lapping is not adopted, lapping will likely be
greater than 50% and clear distance between adjacent laps will likely be
10, transverse reinforcement by links or U bars will be required by Cl.
8.7.4.1 of the Code which may even be more difficult to satisfy.
Fortunately, the requirements for staggered lapping (in Cl. 8.7.2) do not
cover distribution bars and compression bars. So most of the
longitudinal bars in columns and walls can be exempted;
(e)
Version 2.3
May 2008
Beam
(a)
(b)
(c)
Steel Percentages
The maximum and minimum tension steel percentages are respectively
2.5% and 0.3% in Cl. 9.9.1.1(a) of the Code for beams contributing to
lateral load resisting system. The lower maximum tension steel
percentages may force the designer to use larger structural sections for
the beams contributing in lateral load resisting system.
In addition, Cl. 9.9.1.1(a) also imposes that At any section of a beam
within a critical zone (the Handbook gives an example of that plastic
hinge zone is a critical zone), the compression reinforcement should not
be less than one-half of the tension reinforcement at the same section.
The critical zone should likely include mid-spans and/or internal
supports in continuous beam. As plastic hinges will likely be extensively
in existence in normal floor beams as per the discussion in Section 2.4,
the requirement is expected to be applicable in many locations in beams
contributing in lateral load resisting system. The adoption of this clause
will obviously increase amounts of longitudinal bars significantly for
these beams.
187
Version 2.3
(d)
May 2008
D 2(4+c) if 20
2(5+c) if > 20
anchorage
commences at this
section generally.
Longitudinal
bar of dia.
c
support
centre
line
0.5D
or 8
0
cross bar of
dia.
500mm or h
0.75D
D 2(4+c) if 20
2(5+c) if > 20
Longitudinal
bar of dia.
c
support
centre
line
cross bar of
dia.
Version 2.3
(2)
(3)
(4)
May 2008
Version 2.3
May 2008
Longitudinal
bar of dia.
elongation
Figure 16.4 Elongation for anchorage of longitudinal bars beyond end supports
(iii)
Column
(a)
Steel Percentages
Cl. 9.9.2.1(a) of the Code has required the maximum longitudinal
reinforcements to be 4% of the gross sectional area for columns
contributing to lateral load resisting system which are more stringent
than columns not contributing to lateral load resisting system (6% to
10% in accordance with 9.5.1 of the Code). In addition, the clause also
clarifies that the maximum longitudinal bar percentage at laps is 5.2%
which effectively reduces the maximum steel percentage to 2.6% if the
conventional lapping at single level (not staggered lap) is adopted in
construction for columns contributing to lateral load resisting system.
(b)
190
Version 2.3
May 2008
(d)
Transverse Reinforcements
Cl. 9.9.2.2 of the Code which is applicable to column contributing to
lateral load resisting system defines critical regions along a column
shaft which are near the ends of the column resisting high bending
moments and specifies more stringent transverse reinforcement
requirements in the same clause than the normal region near
mid-heights of the column. In this clause, the definition of critical
regions relies on axial stress in the column and has made no reference
to any potential plastic hinge formation zone. As it is not our usual
practice of specifying different transverse reinforcements along the
column shaft and the lengths of the critical regions are often more
than half of the column shaft (dictated also by the requirement of one
to two times the greater lateral dimension of the column), it seems
191
Version 2.3
May 2008
192
Version 2.3
16.3
May 2008
Building Accelerations
Cl. 7.3.2 of the Code specifies that where a dynamic analysis is undertaken,
the maximum peak acceleration should be assessed for wind speeds based on a
1-in-10 year return period of 10 minutes duration with the limits of 0.15m/sec2
for residential buildings and 0.25m/sec2 for office or hotel. The term dynamic
analysis is not defined in the Code. However, if it is agreed that computation
of wind loads in accordance with Wind Code 2004 Appendix F (titled
Dynamic Analysis) is a dynamic analysis, the requirement will be applicable
to all buildings defined as ones with significant resonant dynamic response
in Clause 3.3 of the Wind Code, i.e. (i) taller than 100 m; and (ii) aspect ratio >
5 unless it can be demonstrated that the fundamental natural frequency > 1 Hz.
Thus most of the high-rise buildings are included.
Empirical approaches for assessment of building accelerations are described in
Appendix B. The second approach which is taken from the Australian Code
should be compatible to the Hong Kong Wind Code as it is based on the
Australian Code that the Hong Kong Wind Code determines approaches of
dynamic analysis in its Appendix F. Furthermore, it can be shown in the chart
attached in the Appendix that building acceleration generally increases with
building heights and thus pose another compliance criterion. Fortunately, the
accelerations approximated are not approaching the limiting criterion as per
the exercise on a square plan shaped building. However, the effects should be
more significant for buildings with large plan length to breadth ratios.
193
Version 2.3
May 2008
References
Version 2.3
30.
May 2008
195
Appendix A
Clause by Clause Comparison
between Code of Practice for
Structural Use of Concrete 2004
and BS8110
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
1.1 Scope
Clause No.
Pt. 1 1.1
Scope
Appendix A
Remark
The exclusion of CoPConc2004
should also be applied to
BS8110. In addition, BS8110
does not apply to high strength
concrete.
2.1.5
Design
working life
Nil
No similar statement in
BS8110.
2.2.3.3
Response to
wind loads
Pt. 1 2.2.3.3
Response to
wind loads
2.3.2.1
Loads for
ultimate limit
state
Pt. 1
2.4.3.1.2
Partial factors
for earth
pressures
2.3.2.3 &
A-1
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
2.3.2.4
Differential
settlement of
foundations,
creep,
shrinkage,
temperature
effects
Clause No.
Appendix A
Remark
affirms engineers to ignore
consideration of these effects in
normal cases which are the
usual practices.
2.4.3.2
Values of m
for ULS
Pt. 1 2.4.4.1
Values of m
for ULS
3.1.3
Strength
grades
3.1.4
Deformation of
Concrete
Pt. 1 2.4.3.3
creep,
shrinkage and
temperature
effects
The clause states that For the ULS, these effects will
usually be minor and no specific calculations will be
necessary.
3.1.5 Elastic
deformation
Pt. 1 Figure
2.1
A-2
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Clause No.
Appendix A
Remark
should be noted that E values in
the new Code are slightly
higher than the previous ones in
The Structural Use of
Concrete 1987 (Table 2.1).
3.1.7 &
3.1.8 Creep
and shrinkage
3.1.9
Thermal
Expansion
3.1.10
Stress
-strain
relationship
for design
Pt. 1 2.5.3
Analysis of
section for
ULS
A-3
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Clause No.
Appendix A
Remark
above C60, to account for
the brittleness of high
strength concrete;
(ii) Smooth connection
between the parabolic
curve and the straight line
portion of the stress-strain
curve cannot be effected if
0 = 2.410-4fcu/m is kept
and the Youngs moduli in
Table 3.2 of CoPConc2004
are used. For smooth
connection, 0 should be
revised 2ult/Ec or
1.34fcu/mEc where
ult=0.67fcu/m.
Nevertheless, 0 has been
rectified to 1.34fcu/mEc in
Amendment No. 1.
3.2.7
Weldability
(of re-bars)
Pt. 1 3.12.8.16
7.6
Section 4
Durability
and fire
resistance
Pt. 1 2.2.4
Durability;
Pt. 1 2.2.6
Fire
resistance; Pt.
1 3.1.5.2
A-4
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Clause No.
Design for
Durability
Pt. 1 3.3
Concrete
cover to
rebars
Pt. 2 Section 4
Appendix A
Remark
5.1.3.2
Load cases
and
combinations
for beams and
slabs
Pt. 1 3.2.1.2.2
5.2 Analysis
of Structure
3.2 Analysis
of Structures
3.4 Beams
A-5
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Clause No.
A-6
Appendix A
Remark
stated in CoPConc2004.
(iii) Method of analysis in both
codes are old-fashioned
ones that can be performed
by hand calculations. Use
of computer methods
(extensively adopted
currently in Hong Kong)
are not mentioned.
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
6.1
Members in
Flexure
Clause No.
Pt. 1 3.4
Beams
A-7
Appendix A
Remark
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Clause No.
Appendix A
Remark
flat slab, it should be
qualified that the slab has
equal structural properties
in two mutually
perpendicular directions.
A-8
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Clause No.
Appendix A
Remark
6.2
Members
axially loaded
with or
without
flexure
Pt. 1 3.8
Columns
Pt 2 2.5
Effective
column height
6.3 Torsion
and
Combined
Effects
Pt. 2 2.4
6.4 Design
for robustness
Pt 2 2.6.3
A-9
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Clause No.
Appendix A
Remark
6.6
Staircase
Pt 1 3.10.1
6.7
Foundations
Pt 1 3.11
A-10
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Clause No.
Appendix A
Remark
shear enhancement if the
full length cannot
mobilized, as similar to
direct stress. However, no
study data is available for
torsional shear
enhancement.
6.8 Beam
Column
Joints
No similar provision.
Design checking on
beam-column shall be done if
CoPConc2004 is used.
Section 7
Serviceability
Limit States
Pt. 2 Section 3
A-11
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Clause No.
A-12
Appendix A
Remark
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Section 8
Reinft
requirements
Clause No.
Pt. 1 Section 3
Pt. 1 4.10 in
relation to
anchorage of
tendons in
prestressed
concrete
A-13
Appendix A
Remark
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Clause No.
Appendix A
Remark
similar to that in ACI code
(135o hood) which is of
shape other than shape
code 77 of BS4466.
A-14
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Section 9
Detailing of
Members and
Clause No.
Pt. 1 Section 3
and 5.2.7
A-15
Appendix A
Remark
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
particular
rules
Clause No.
A-16
Appendix A
Remark
projecting structures in
PNAP173 is not
incorporated is likely
because the PNAP is based
on working stress design
method. So there should be
some other approaches and
this is not mentioned in the
CoPConc2004;
(ii) Ductility is more
emphasized in
CoPConc2004 9.9 which
largely stem from seismic
design.
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Clause No.
A-17
Appendix A
Remark
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Clause No.
A-18
Appendix A
Remark
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Clause No.
A-19
Appendix A
Remark
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Clause No.
A-20
Appendix A
Remark
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Section 10
Clause No.
Pt. 1 2.3,
Section 6,
Section 7,
Section 8
A-21
Appendix A
Remark
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Clause No.
A-22
Appendix A
Remark
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Section 11
Clause No.
A-23
Appendix A
Remark
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Quality
Assurance
and Control
Section 12
Prestressed
Concrete
Clause No.
Appendix A
Remark
are summaries of local good
practice.
Pt. 1 Section 4
A-24
Comparison between Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 and BS8110:1997 (and 1985)
Clause No.
Section 13
Load Tests of
Structures or
parts of
structures
Clause No.
A-25
Appendix A
Remark
Appendix B
Assessment of Building
Accelerations
Appendix B
Assessment of along wind acceleration of Buildings (at top residential floor)
Underlying principles :
Two Approaches are outlined in this Appendix :
(i)
The first one is based on the assumption that the building will undergo simple
harmonic motion under wind loads. Thus the equation of governing simple
harmonic motion which is &x& = 2 x where &x& is the acceleration, x is the
displacement of the motion, is the circular frequency of the building equal
to 2f ( f is the natural frequency of the building) can be used. However,
generally only the dynamic resonant component of the motion is needed for
calculating the acceleration. So if the G factor which is equal to
2
1 + 2I h g v B +
2
g f SE
resonant component 2 I h
g f SE
2I h
g f SE
1 + 2 I g 2 B + g f SE
h
v
g f SE
i.e. Table 2 of the Hong Kong Wind Code 2004. The circular frequency, of
the building can either be obtained by detailed dynamic analysis or by some
empirical formula such as 460/h.
(ii)
B-1
Appendix B
3
Mb
m0 h 2
where m0 is the average mass per unit height of the building, h is the
average roof height of the building above ground M b is the resonant
component of peak base bending moment. By the resonant component, the
approach is also based on the same principle by using only the dynamic
resonant component in deriving acceleration as the factor g R
SE
is
The Concrete Code requires the wind load for assessment of acceleration to be
1-in-10 year return period of 10 minutes duration whilst the wind load arrived
for structural design in the Hong Kong Wind Code is based on 1-in-50 year
return period of hourly duration. For conversion, the formula listed in
Appendix B of the Wind Code can be used (as confirmed by some experts that
the formula can be used for downward conversion from 1-in-50 year to
1-in-10 year return periods). The 10 minutes mean speed can also be taken as
identical to that of hourly mean speed (also confirmed by the experts.) Or
alternatively, as a conservative approach, the factor 1 0.62 I 1.27 ln (t / 3600)
h
can be applied where I is the turbulence intensity I = 0.087
500
0.11
Appendix B
Y
X
Appendix B
na 2 = 0.3605 Hz
na1 = 0.3892 Hz
0.11
121.05
h
= 0.1021 ; g v = 3.7
I h = 0.1055
= 0.1055
90
90
g f = 2 ln(3600na ) = 2 ln(3600 0.3892) = 3.8066 ;
0.25
0.25
121.05
h
Lh = 1000 = 1000
= 1865.35 ;
10
10
1
1
=
= 0.6989 ;
B=
2
2
36 121.05 2 + 64 432
36h + 64b
1+
1+
Lh
1865.35
0.11
0.11
121.05
h
Vh = V g
= 50.905 m/sec;
= 59.5
500
500
n L
0.3892 1865.35
= 14.262 ;
N= a h =
50.905
Vh
1
1
S=
= 0.1019
=
3.5na h 4na b 3.5 0.3892 121.05 4 0.3892 43
1 +
1 +
1 +
1 +
50.905
50.905
Vh
Vh
E=
0.47 N
(2 + N )
2 5/6
0.47 14.262
(2 + 14.262 )
2 5/6
G = 1 + 2I h g v B +
2
g f SE
= 0.0793 ;
=1.8155;
2
Gres = 2 I h
g f SE
= 2 .1021
Gres / G = 0.272
Deflection (translation and rotation) of the centre of the top floor calculated
in accordance with Appendix G of HKWC2004 is
X-direction : 0.069m
Y-direction : 0.00061m
Z-direction : 0.000154rad
For this symmetrical layout, the Y-deflection and Z-rotation are small and
can be ignored.
Procedures :
(i)
Appendix B
5 + ln (R ) 5 + ln 10
=
= 0.6714
5 + ln 50 5 + ln 50
2
(ii)
Conversion from hourly mean wind speed to 10 minutes mean wind speed is
by the factor
1 0.62 I 1.27 ln(t / 3600 ) = 1 0.62 0.10211.27 ln (600 / 3600) = 1.061
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
calculation
of
accelerations
is
therefore
as the fundamental
m0 =
Overturning moment at 50 years return period is 1114040 kNm when wind is blocing
in the X-direction. When the moment is converted to contain only the dynamic
resonant component and to 10 years return period, 10 minutes wind speed, it becomes
M b = 0.272 0.6714 1.061 1114040 = 215857 kNm, the factors are quoted from
Worked Example 1.
So the acceleration in the X-direction is
a=
3
3 215857 10 3
M
=
= 0.087 m/sec2.
b
2
3
2
m0 h
506.165 10 121.05
B-5
Appendix B
C, centre of rigidity
1.6m
30m
The first 3 fundamental frequencies are listed as follows. They can be read from
dynamic analysis of the building by ETABS with reference to the modal participating
mass ratios or other softwares. The dynamic resonant component factor
2 I h g f SE /
2
are also calculated for the respective direction of motion whilst the
Y-direction
2.6598
Frequency
f
(Hz)
na = 0.376
Z-rotation
1.8712
na = 0.5344
X-direction
1.5652
na = 0.6389
Direction
Fundamental
Periods (sec)
Circular
frequency
= 2f (Hz)
1 = 2.3623
2 = 3.3578
3 = 4.014
Gres = 2 I h
g f SE
0.512
0.2809
0.3185
0.1747
0.3036
0.1665
Gres
G
Appendix B
The displacements of centre of rigidity of the building at the top residential floor as
per analysis in accordance with Appendix G of the Wind Code 2004 after application
of the dynamic magnification factor, G is as follows in Table B-2. The corrected
values after discount for (i) Gresonant / G ; (ii) 10 minutes duration (factor 1.06); and (iii)
10 years return period (0.6714) are also listed.
Displacement at Centre of Rigidity
before adjustment (read from
ETABS output)
X-displacement
0.0262m
0.00311m
Y-displacement
0.119m
0.0238m
0.00196rad
0.000244rad
Z-rotation
The acceleration of the building at its centre of rigidity in X-direction, Y-direction and
The acceleration of the respective directions are :
X-direction : 3 x = 4.014 2 0.00311 = 0.0501 m/sec2;
2
Y-direction :
Z-direction :
The linear acceleration at point A will be the vector sum of that in the X and
Y-directions, each of which in turn comprises linear component equal to that in the
centre of rigidity and a component being magnified by the torsional effect.
Linear acceleration due to Z-rotation acceleration is 0.00275 30 = 0.0825 m/sec2.
Total acceleration in Y-direction is taken as the square root of sum of squares of the
direct linear Y acceleration and that induced by rotation. The reason why the
acceleration is not taken as algebraic sum of both is because they do not occur at the
same frequency. So the total acceleration in Y-direction is
0.1328 2 + 0.0825 2 = 0.1563 m/sec2.
B-7
Appendix B
0.15632 + 0.0503 2 = 0.1642 > 0.15 m/sec2 as required in Cl. 7.3.2 of the Code.
B-8
Appendix C
Derivation of Basic Design
Formulae of R.C. Beam sections
against Flexure
Appendix C
ult = 0.0035
d
x
neutral axis
Stress Diagram
Strain Diagram
d
d
= 0 2 A 0 + B = 0 A =
= 0
As = 0.67
0.67
f cu
m 0
f cu
Ec
E
B
= c
2 0
2 0
(Eqn C-3)
when = 0
=
Ec
0.67 f cu Ec
1.34 f cu
=
0 =
m 0
Ec m
2 0
2
(Eqn (C-4)
Appendix C
A=
Ec
2 0
where 0 =
1.34 f cu
Ec m
Ec 2
+ Ec for 0
2 0
ult = 0.0035
= 0
x
u
h
u
x
0
is
ult
Ec 2
E
E
E
u
u
Based on (Eqn C-5), the stress strain profiles can be determined. A plot for grade 35 is
2
Stress (MPa)
14
12
10
8
6
0.3769 where
0 = 0.001319
4
2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Appendix C
Sectional Design of rectangular Section to rigorous stress strain profile
Making use of the properties of parabola in Figure C-4 offered by the parabolic
section as Fc1 given by
centre of mass
b
Area =
2
ab
3
a
3
a
8
f
1.34 0 f cu
2 0
x0.67 cu =
bx
3 ult
m
3 m ult
(Eqn C-6)
and the moment exerted by Fc1 about centre line of the whole section
h
M c1 = Fc1 x1 0
2 ult
h 5 0
3 0
x
= Fc1 x1
8 ult
2 8 ult
(Eqn C-7)
0.67 f cu
x x 0
m
ult
0.67 f cu bx
b =
1 0
m
ult
(Eqn C-8)
The moment offered by the constant part about the centre line of the whole section is
h
M c 2 = Fc 2 1 0
2 ult
x
2
(Eqn C-9)
The compressive force by concrete as stipulated in (Eqn C-6) and (Eqn C-8) is
Fc = Fc1 + Fc 2 =
1.34 0 f cu
0.67 f cu bx
1 0
bx +
m
3 m ult
ult
0.67 f cu bx
3 0
=
3 m
ult
For singly reinforcing sections, moment by concrete about the level of the tensile steel
is, by (Eqn C-7) and (C-9)
C-3
Appendix C
5 0
x
+ Fc 2 d 1 0
M = M c1 + M c 2 = Fc1 d x1
8 ult
ult 2
5 0 0.67 f cubx
1.34 0 f cu
x
+
1 0 d 1 0
=
bx d x1
3 m ult
m
8 ult
ult
ult 2
1.34 0 f cu x x 5 0 0.67 f cu x
1 x
M
+
1 0 1 1 0
2 =
1 1
3 m ult d d 8 ult
m d ult 2 ult d
bd
2
0.67 f cu x 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 x
M
+ +
=
1
m d 3 ult 2 3 ult 12 ult d
bd 2
2
2
0.67 f cu 1 1 0
0.67 f cu 1 0 x M
1 x
1
+
0 +
=0
m 2 3 ult 12 ult d
m 3 ult d bd 2
(Eqn C-10)
x
which is a quadratic equation in
.
d
x
is limited to 0.5 for singly reinforcing sections for grades up to 45 under
As
d
moment distribution not greater than 10% (Clause 6.1.2.4 of the Code), by (Eqn C-10),
M
will be limited to K ' values listed as
bd 2 f cu
K ' = 0.154 for grade 30
K ' = 0.152 for grade 35
K ' = 0.151 for grade 40
K ' = 0.150 for grade 45
which are all smaller than 0.156 under the simplified stress block.
x
is limited to 0.4 for singly reinforcing
d
sections under moment distribution not greater than 10% (Clause 6.1.2.4 of the Code),
M
again by (Eqn 3-1)
will be limited to
bd 2 f cu
which are instead greater than 0.120 under the simplified stress block. This is because
at concrete grade > 45, the Code has limited the rectangular stress block to 0.8 times
of the neutral axis depth.
C-4
Appendix C
x
analyzed by (Eqn C-9), the forces in concrete
d
1.34 0 f cu
0.67 f cu bx
0.67 f cu 1 0 x
F
1 0 c =
1
Fc = Fc1 + Fc 2 =
bx +
3 m ult
m
m 3 ult d
ult bd
can be calculated which will be equal to the required force to be provided by steel,
thus
A
0.67 f cu 1 0 x
A
0.67 f cu 1 0 x
1
1
st =
1
0.87 f y st =
bd
bd 0.87 f y m 3 ult d
m 3 ult d
(Eqn C-11)
With the
When
M
exceeds the limited value for single reinforcement. Compression
bd 2 f cu
reinforcements at d ' from the surface of the compression side should be added. The
compression reinforcements will take up the difference between the applied moment
and K 'bd 2
0.87 f y
Asc d ' M
1 =
bd d bd 2 f cu
2
K ' f cu
A
bd f cu
K ' sc =
bd
d'
0.87 f y 1
d
(Eqn C-12)
And the same amount of steel will be added to the tensile steel.
Ast
1 0.67 f cu
=
bd 0.87 f y m
M
2
K ' f cu
bd f cu
1 0
1
+
d'
3 ult
0.87 f y 1
d
(Eqn C-13)
x
ratio which is 0.5 for grade 45 and below and 0.4 for
d
m 2 3 ult 12 ult d
m
0.67 f cu 1 0 x
1
n 3 ult d
C-5
1 0
1
3 ult
0.95
Appendix C
1 0
0.051
3 ult
d 1 1
1
0
+ 0
2 3 ult 12 ult
(Eqn C-14)
Thus the lower limits for the neutral axis depth ratios are 0.112, 0.113, 0.114 and
0.115 for grades 30, 35, 40, 45 respectively. Thus for small moments acting on beam
x
M
with
not fulfilling (Eqn C-14), Ast =
(Eqn C-15)
d
0.87 f y 0.95d
As illustration for comparison between the rigorous and simplified stress block
approaches, plots of
M
against steel percentages for grade 35 is plotted as
bd 2
M/bd
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
It can be seen that the differences are very small, maximum error is 1%.
However, for high grade concrete where the K ' values are significantly reduced in
the rigorous stress block approach (mainly due to the switching of upper limits of the
neutral axis depth ratios from 0.5 to 0.4 and 0.33 for high grade concrete), the
differences are much more significant for doubly reinforced sections, as can be seen
from the Design Charts enclosed in this Appendix that compressive steel ratios
increased when concrete grade switches from grade 45 to 50 as the neutral axis depth
ratio changes from 0.5 to 0.4.
C-6
Appendix C
Determination of reinforcements for Flanged Beam Section T- or L-Sections
For simplicity, only the simplified stress block in accordance with Figure 6.1 of the
Code is adopted in the following derivation. The symbol is used to denote the
ratio of the length of the simplified stress block to the neutral axis depth. Thus
= 0.9 for f cu 45 ; = 0.8 for 45 < f cu 70 ; = 0.72 for 70 < f cu 100 .
The exercise is first carried out by treating the width of the beam as beff and analyze
the beam as if it is a rectangular section. If of neutral axis depth is within the
x hf
d
0.225 d
1
The lever arm z = d x
2
z
K
K
1 x
1
= 0.5 + 0.25
= 1 = 1 1 1
2 d
2
0.225
0.9
d
If, however,
(Eqn C-16)
x hf
>
, the section has to be reconsidered with reference to Figure
d d
C-5.
0.67 f cu
beff
hf
bw
Figure C-5 Analysis of a T or L beam section
For singly reinforced sections, taking moment about the level of the reinforcing steel,
C-7
Appendix C
h f 0.67 f cu
bw )h f d +
bw (x ) d x
m
m
2
2
h f 1 h f 0.67 f cu x x
0.67 f cu beff
M
=
1 1
(Eqn C-17)
1
2
m bw
m d 2 d
bw d
d 2 d
Mf
1 h f
0.67 f cu h f beff
Putting
(Eqn C-18)
=
1
m d bw
bw d 2
2 d
M=
0.67 f cu
(b
eff
The equation is in fact the contribution of the moment of resistance of the section by
the flange, (Eqn C-17) becomes
2
0.67 f cu 2 x 0.67 f cu x M M f
+
=0
2 d
d
bw d 2
m
m
(Eqn C-19)
x
where M f can be predetermined
d
x
where = 0.5 for f cu > 45 ; 0.4 for f cu > 70
d
and 0.33 for f cu > 100 , single reinforcement be provided by the following equation
which is derived by balancing the steel force and the concrete force.
0.87 f y Ast =
0.67 f cu
[(b
eff
bw )h f + bwx
0.67 f cu
Ast
=
bw d m 0.87 f y
beff
hf
x
1 +
d
d
bw
(Eqn C-20)
x
= , the maximum moment of resistance by concrete is reached which is (by
d
taking moment about the tensile steel level)
hf
0.67 f cu
1
If
beff
hf 1 hf
1
+ 1
1 1
2
d 2 d
bw
and tensile steel required will be, by (Eqn C-20)
Ast ,bal
hf
0.67 f cu beff
=
1 +
m 0.87 f y bw
bw d
d
K '=
0.67 f cu
Mc
=
2
m
bw d
(Eqn C-21)
(Eqn C-22)
C-8
Appendix C
M
Asc
M Mc
Mc
1
=
2
2
bw d bw d (1 d ' / d )0.87 f y 0.87 f y (1 d ' / d ) bw d
bw d 2
M
0.67 f cu
1
2
0.87 f y (1 d ' / d ) bw d
m
beff
hf 1 hf
1 1
d 2 d
bw
1
+ 1
2
(Eqn C-23)
=
11
where 0.9 x h f and
2
m d bw
bw d
2 d
hf
0.67 f cu beff
Ast
x
=
1 + 0.9
bw d m 0.87 f y bw
d
d
(Eqn C-24)
(Eqn C-24)
For double reinforcements where x > 0.5d by (Eqn C-24), substituting = 0.9 and
= 0.5 into (Eqn C-23)
M
Asc
0.67 f cu
1
=
2
bw d 0.87 f y (1 d ' / d ) bw d
m
By (Eqn C-22),
A
Ast
A
0.67 f cu
= st ,bal + sc =
bw d
bw d bw d m 0.87 f y
beff
hf 1 hf
1 1
d 2 d
bw
beff
A
hf
1 + 0.45 + sc
d
bw d
bw
C-9
+ 0.3375
(Eqn C-25)
(Eqn C-26)
Grade 30 Asc/bd
Grade 35 Ast/bd
Grade 35 Asc/bd
Grade 40 Ast/bd
Grade 40 Asc/bd
Grade 45 Ast/bd
Grade 45 Asc/bd
Grade 50 Ast/bd
Grade 50 Asc/bd
14
12
M/bd
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Chart C-1
3.5
Grade 30 Asc/bd
Grade 35 Ast/bd
Grade 35 Asc/bd
Grade 40 Ast/bd
Grade 40 Asc/bd
Grade 45 Ast/bd
Grade 45 Asc/bd
Grade 50 Ast/bd
Grade 50 Asc/bd
14
12
M/bd
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Chart C-2
3.5
Grade 30 Asc/bd
Grade 35 Ast/bd
Grade 35 Asc/bd
Grade 40 Ast/bd
Grade 40 Asc/bd
Grade 45 Ast/bd
Grade 45 Asc/bd
Grade 50 Ast/bd
Grade 50 Asc/bd
14
12
M/bd
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Chart C-3
3.5
Grade 30 Asc/bd
Grade 35 Ast/bd
Grade 35 Asc/bd
Grade 40 Ast/bd
Grade 40 Asc/bd
Grade 45 Ast/bd
Grade 45 Asc/bd
Grade 50 Ast/bd
Grade 50 Asc/bd
14
12
M/bd
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Chart C-4
3.5
Appendix D
Underlying Theory and Design
Principles for Plate Bending
Element
Appendix D
Underlying Theory and Design Principles for Plate Bending Element
By the finite element method, a plate bending structure is idealized as an assembly of
discrete elements joined at nodes. Through the analysis, node forces at each node of
an element, each of which comprises two bending moments and a shear force can be
obtained, the summation of which will balance the applied load at the node. Figures
D-1a and D-1b illustrates the phenomena.
FZ at
Node 4
FZ at
Node 1
FZ at
Node 3
Y
MX at
Node 2
3
FZ at
Node 2
MY at
Node 3
MY at
Node 2
MX at
Node 2
X
Note :
MX at
Node 1
Figure D-1a Diagrammatic illustration of the Node Forces at the four Nodes of a
Plate Bending Element 1234.
FA, external load
applied at the
common node
F4
F1
F3
F2
D-1
Appendix D
The finite element method goes further to analyze the stresses within the discrete
elements. It should be noted that stresss is a terminology of the finite element
method which refer to bending moments, twisting moments and shear forces per unit
width in plate bending element. They represent the actual internal forces within the
plate structure in accordance with the plate bending theory. R.H. Woods (1968) has
developed the famous Wood-Armer Equations to convert the bending moments and
twisting moments (both are moments per unit width) at any point to design
moments in two directions for structural design purpose.
Outline of the plate bending theory
Apart from bending moment in two mutually perpendicular directions as well known
by engineers, a twisting moment can be proved to be in existence by the plate bending
theory. The bending and twisting moments constitutes a moment field which
represents the actual structural behaviour of a plate bending structure. The existence
of the twisting moment and its nature are discussed in the followings. Consider a
triangular element in a plate bending structure with two of its sides aligning with the
global X and Y directions as shown in Figure D-2 where moments M X and M Y
(both in kNm per m width) are acting respectively about X and Y. A moment M B
will generally be acting on the hypotenuse making an angle of with the X-axis as
shown to achieve equilibrium. However, as the resultant of M X and M Y does not
necessarily align with M B , so there will generally be a moment acting in the
perpendicular direction of M B to achieve equilibrium which is denoted as M T . The
vector direction of M T is normal to the face of the hypotenuse. So instead of
bending the element like M X , M Y and M B which produces flexural stresses, it
twists the element and produce shear stress in the in-plane direction. The shear
stress will follow a triangular pattern as shown in Figure D-2 for stress-strain
compatibility. M T is therefore termed the twisting moment. Furthermore, in order
to achieve rotational equilibrium about an axis out of plane, the shear stress will have
to be complementary. As the hypotenuse can be in any directions of the plate
structure, it follows that at any point in the plate bending structure, there will
generally be two bending moments, say M X and M Y in two mutually perpendicular
directions coupled with a complementary twisting moment M XY as indicated in
Figure 11a. The phenomenon is in exact analogy to the in-plane stress problem where
generally two direct stresses coupled with a shear stress exist and these components
vary with directions. The equations relating M B , M T with M X , M Y , M XY and
Appendix D
1
(M X + M Y ) + 1 (M X M Y ) cos 2 + M XY sin 2
2
2
1
M T = (M X M Y ) sin 2 M XY sin 2
2
MB =
(Eqn D-1)
Plate Structure
MT
MY
MB
Complementary shear stress pattern
MX
X
D-3
Appendix D
MXY
X
M1
MX
M2
MY
MXY
MXY
MY
M2
MX
M1
MXY
Again, as similar to the in-plane stress problem, one may view that the plate bending
structure is actually having principal moments bending in the principal directions
which are free of twisting. Theoretically, it will be adequate if the designer designs
for these principal moments in the principal directions which generally vary from
point to point. However, practically this is not achievable for reinforced concrete
structures as we cannot vary the directions of the reinforcing steels from point to point
and from load case to load case.
The stress approach for design against flexure would therefore involve formulae for
providing reinforcing steels in two directions (mostly in orthogonal directions)
adequate to resist the moment field comprising the bending moments and twisting
moments. The most popular one is the Wood Armer Equations by Woods (1968),
the derivation of which is based on the normal yield criterion which requires the
provided reinforcing steels at any point to be adequate to resist the normal moment
which is the bending moment M B in any directions as calculated from (Eqn D-1).
The effects of the twisting moments have been taken into account in the formulae.
The Wood Armer Equations are listed as follows.
For bottom steel reinforcement provisions:
Generally
If
M X = M X + M XY ;
M X < 0 , then M X = 0
M Y = M Y + M XY ;
and M Y = M Y +
D-4
M XY
MX
Appendix D
If
M Y < 0 , then M Y = 0
and M X = M X +
M XY
MY
M X = M X M XY ;
> 0 , then M
M Y = M Y M XY ;
M
and M = M Y XY
MX
=0
M > 0 , then M = 0
and M
M
= M X XY
MY
(Eqn D-3)
The equations have been incorporated in the New Zealand Standard NZS 3101:Part
2:1995 as solution approach for a general moment field.
The stress approach is therefore based on the actual structural behaviour of the plate
bending structure which is considered as a direct and realistic approach. The approach
is particularly suitable for structures analyzed by the finite element method which
produces a complete set of components of the internal forces of the plate bending
structures including twisting moments, Q max . Design has to cater for all these
components to ensure structural adequacy.
and
,
as
x
y
y
y
diagrammatically illustrated in Figure D-4. It can be easily shown that the maximum
shear after compounding these two components will occur in a plane at an
orientation
Q XZ
QYZ
= tan 1
D-5
Appendix D
Qmax = Q XZ + QYZ
2
as per the illustration in the same Figure. Thus one can view
that both Q XZ and QYZ are components of the actual shears in a pre-set global axis
system. The actual shear stress is Qmax , the action of which tends to produce shear
failure at the angle on plan as shown in Figure D-3. So the designer needs to
check or design for Qmax at the spot. There is no necessity to design for Q XZ and
QYZ separately.
Plate structure
Plan
QYZ
Q XZ
Q XZ
QYZ
Derivation
Q max
Q = Qmax =
Q XZ 2
Q XZ 2 + QYZ 2
QYZ 2
Q XZ 2 + QYZ 2
= Q XZ 2 + QYZ 2
Q max
Potential shear failure at the
orientation = tan 1 (QXZ / QYZ )
Appendix D
Figure D-5a Stress contour of enveloped shear stresses of a raft footing due to
applied load
D-7
Appendix D
D-8
Appendix E
Moment Coefficients for three
side supported Slabs
Bending Coefficients in the plate of the indicated support conditions and length
breadth ratio are interpolated from Table 1.38 of Tables for the Analysis of
Plates, Slabs and Diaphragms based on Elastic Theory
0.0933
0.1063
0.1104
0.0842
0.0956
0.0993
0.0721
0.0814
0.0844
0.0516
0.0574
0.0594
0.0196
0.0207
0.0211
Fixed support
a
E-1
Simply supported
Simply supported
b
=2
a
0.0116
0.0132
0.0138
0.0158
0.0180
0.0188
0.0136
0.0155
0.0161
-0.0020
-0.0029
-0.0032
-0.0607
-0.0698
-0.0729
Fixed support
E-2
Simply supported
Simply supported
b
=2
a
Appendix F
Derivation of Design Formulae
for Rectangular Columns to
Rigorous Stress Strain Curve of
Concrete
Appendix F
d
d
= 0 2 A 0 + B = 0 A =
= 0
As = 0.67
0.67
f cu
m 0
f cu
Ec
E
B
= c
2 0
2 0
(Eqn F-3)
when = 0
=
Ec
0.67 f cu Ec
1.34 f cu
=
0 =
m 0
Ec m
2 0
2
(Eqn (F-4)
Ec 2
+ Ec for 0
2 0
x 0 / ult
ult = 0.0035
= 0
x
u
h
Figure F-1 Strain diagram across concrete section
F-1
Appendix F
u
x
0
is
ult
E
E
E
E
u
u
Based on (Eqn F-5), the stress strain profiles for grade 35 within the concrete
2
Stress (MPa)
14
12
10
8
6
0.3769 where
0 = 0.001319
4
2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
centre of mass
b
Area =
2
ab
3
a
3
a
8
Fc1 = b
Appendix F
1.34 0 f cu
f
2 0
x0.67 cu =
bx
3 ult
m
3 m ult
(Eqn F-6)
and the moment exerted by Fc1 about centre line of the whole section
h
M c1 = Fc1 x1 0
2 ult
h 5 0
3 0
x
= Fc1 x1
8 ult
2 8 ult
(Eqn F-7)
0.67 f cu
x x 0
m
ult
0.67 f cu bx
b =
1 0
m
ult
(Eqn F-8)
The moment offered by the constant part about the centre line of the whole section is
h
M c 2 = Fc 2 1 0
2 ult
x
2
(Eqn F-9)
(Eqn F-10)
h
1.34 0 f cu x 1 x 5 0
M c1 1.34 0 f cu h 5 0 1
1
bx
x
=
=
1
3 m ult
3 m ult h 2 h 8 ult
bh 2
2 8 ult bh
0.67 f cu x
0 h
0 x 1
0
0 x
M c 2 0.67 f cu bx
1
1
1
1
1
h
2 2 bh 2
2
m
h
bh 2
ult
ult
m
ult
ult
x
M c M c1 + M c 2 1.34 0 f cu x 1 x 5 0 0.67 f cu x
+
=
=
1 0 1 1 0
1
2
2
3 m ult h 2 h 8 ult
2 m h ult ult h
bh
bh
Fc Fc1 Fc 2 0.67 f cu
=
+
=
bh bh bh
m
0.67 f cu x 1 1 0 1 1 0
1
=
+ +
0
m h 2 6 ult 2 3 ult 12 ult
(II)
x
h
(Eqn F-11)
Cases 1 to 7 with different stress / strain profile of concrete and steel across the
x
, are
h
investigated. The section is reinforced by continuous reinforcements Ash along its
length h idealized as continuum and reinforcements at its end faces Asb with cover
column section due to the differences in the neutral axis depth ratios,
d'.
Pursuant to the derivation of the stress strain relationship of concrete and steel, the
F-3
Appendix F
stress strain diagram of concrete and steel for Cases 1 to 7 are as follows, under the
definition of symbols as :
b:
x:
Asb :
d' :
Ash :
h:
Case 1 (a) where (i) x/h < 7/3(d/h) for d/h 3/14; and (ii) x/h < 7/11(1 d/h) for
d/h > 3/14
Pursuant to the derivation of the stress strain relationship of concrete and steel, the
stress strain diagram of concrete and steel for Case 1(a) is as indicated in Figure
F-1(a) :
It should be noted that Fsc1 is in elastic whilst Fst1 is in plastic range as d/h < 3/14
Steel compressive force in the portion steel elastic zone by Asb is
7 d'
x d'
Fsc1 =
0.87 f y 0.5 Asb = 1 0.87 f y 0.5 Asb
4
x
4x / 7
Steel compressive force in the portion steel plastic zone by Ash is
A 3x
3 x
Fsc 2 = 0.87 f y sh = 0.87 f y Ash
h 7
7 h
Steel compressive force in the portion steel elastic zone by Ash is
A 4x 1
2 x
Fsc 3 = 0.87 f y sh = 0.87 f y Ash
h 7 2
7 h
Steel tensile force in the portion steel plastic zone by Asb is
Fst1 = 0.87 f y 0.5 Asb
h
7
7 h
h 7 2
7 h
To balance the external load N u
Fc1 + Fc 2 + Fsc1 + Fsc 2 + Fsc 3 Fst1 Fst 2 Fst 3 = N u
Fc1 + Fc 2 + Fsc1 + Fsc 2 Fst1 Fst 2 = N u
Fst 3 = 0.87 f y
F-4
(Eqn F-12)
(Eqn F-13)
(Eqn F-14)
(Eqn F-15)
(Eqn F-16)
(Eqn F-17)
Appendix F
N
0.67 f cu
x
A
A
x
3 7 d' h
3 0 + 0.87 f y 2 1 sh +
u =
0.87 f y sb
bh
3 m ult h
bh
h bh 8 8 h x
(Eqn F-18)
d'
x 0 / ult
d'
s = 0.002
= 0
ult = 0.0035
4x/7
4x/7
3x/7
u
h
Strain diagram across whole section
Fc1
Fc2
0.67 f cu
Fsc1
h11x/7
4x/7
Fsc3
Fst2
Fst1
Fst3
4x/7
Fsc2
0.87fy
3x/7
Figure F-1(a) Concrete and steel stress strain relation for Case 1(a)
Re-arranging (F-18)
2
0.67 f cu 1 0
Ash x N u
3 Asb x
A
1
+ 2 0.87 f y
+ 0.87 f y sh
bh h bh
bh 8 bh h
m 3 ult
A d'
7
0.87 f y sb = 0
(Eqn F-19)
bh h
8
F-5
Appendix F
x
h
h
h 3x 4 x
h 3x
h
M c1 + M c 2 + Fsc1 d ' + Fsc 2 + Fsc 3 + Fst1 d '
2
2 7 21
2 14
2
h 11x 4 x
h 1 11x
= Mu
+ Fst 2 h
+ Fst 3 h
7
7 21
2
2 2
h
h 3x
h 13x
h
2 14
2 21
2
11x
29 x h
+ Fst 2
(Eqn F-20)
+ Fst 3
14
21 2
where
1.34 0 f cu x 1 x 5 0
M c1 1.34 0 f cu h 5 0 1
2 =
bx x1
=
1
2
3 m ult h 2 h 8 ult
3 m ult
bh
2 8 ult bh
(Eqn F-21)
0.67 f cu x
0 h
0 x 1
0
0 x
M c 2 0.67 f cu bx
1
1
1
1
1
2 2 bh 2
h
m
h
2
bh 2
ult
ult
m
ult
ult
(Eqn F-22)
M sc1 7 d '
Asb h
A
7
'
d
h
1 d'
= 1 0.87 f y 0.5 2 d ' = 1
0.87 f y 0.5 sb
2
x
h x
bh 2 h
4
bh
bh 2
4
(Eqn F-23)
M sc 2
A
x
h
x
3
3
1
3
1
3
x
x
sh
= 0.87 f y Ash
2 = 0.87 f y
(Eqn F-24)
2
bh 7 h 2 14 h
bh
7 h 2 14 bh
M sc 3
Ash 2 x 1 13 x
2 x h 13x 1
= 0.87 f y Ash
2 = 0.87 f y
(Eqn F-25)
2
bh 7 h 2 21 h
bh
7 h 2 21 bh
M st1 0.87 f y 0.5 Asb h
Asb 1 d '
d
f
=
(Eqn F-26)
'
0
.
87
0
.
5
y
bh 2 h
bh 2
bh 2
2
Ash 11 x 11 x
M st 2
A 11 x 11x
= 0.87 f y sh2 1
(Eqn F-27)
1
= 0.87 f y
2
7 h 14
bh
7 h 14 h
bh
bh
M st 3
Ash 2 x 29 x 1
2 x 29 x h 1
f
A
f
=
=
0
.
87
0
.
87
y
sh
y
2
bh 7 h 21 h 2
bh 2
7 h 21 2 bh
(Eqn F-28)
Summing up
2
M c1 + M c 2 0.67 f cu x 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 x
(Eqn F-29)
=
+ +
m h 2 6 ult 2 3 ult 12 ult h
bh 2
F-6
Appendix F
= 0.87 f y
bh 2 h 8 8 h x
(Eqn F-30)
Ash 11 x 11 x
M sc 2 + M st 2
A 3 x 1 3 x
= 0.87 f y sh
+ 0.87 f y
1
2
bh 7 h 2 14 h
bh
7 h 14 h
bh
2
Ash x 65 x
= 0.87 f y
(Eqn F-31)
bh h 49 h
M sc 3 + M st 3
A 2 x 1 13 x
Ash 2 x 29 x 1
= 0.87 f y sh
+ 0.87 f y
2
bh 7 h 2 21 h
bh 7 h 21 h 2
bh
2
Ash 32 x
(Eqn F-32)
= 0.87 f y
bh 147 h
Asb 1 d ' 11 7 d ' h Ash x 163 x 2
Total
= 0.87 f y
+
(Eqn F-33)
bh 2
bh 2 h 8 8 h x bh h 147 h
2
M u 0.67 f cu x 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 x
+ +
2 =
m h 2 6 ult 2 3 ult 12 ult h
bh
2
A 1 d ' 11 7 d ' h A x 163 x
(Eqn F-34)
+ 0.87 f y sb
+ sh
bh
2
h
8
8
h
x
bh h 147 h
Ms
Case 1 (b) 7/11(1 d/h) x/h < 7/3(d/h) where d/h > 3/14
Case 1(b) is similar to Case 1(a) except that both Fsc1 and Fst1 are in the elastic range
as d/h > 3/14.
Re Figure F-1(b), the various components of stresses in concrete and in steel are
identical to that of Case 1(b) except that by Fst1 , the stress of which is
h x d'
0.87 f y
4x / 7
F
A
h x d'
d ' h Asb
7
h
So the st1 =
0.87 f y 0.5 sb = 0.87 f y 1
bh
bh
h x bh
4x / 7
8
x
Fst1 Fsc1 7
h A
+
= 0.87 f y 2 sb
bh
bh 8
x bh
A
Asb
x
x
7 7 h
3 0 + 0.87 f y 2 1 sh +
(Eqn F-35)
0.87 f y
h
h
bh
x
bh
4
8
ult
2
1 0
A x
7 Asb Ash N u x
1
+ 0.87 f y 2 sh + 0.87 f y
bh h
4 bh bh bh h
3 ult
N u 0.67 f cu
=
bh
3 m
0.67 f cu
m
7 Asb
0.87
=0
8 bh
(Eqn F-36)
F-7
Appendix F
M sc1 + M st1 7 d ' h
Asb 1 d '
7 h
d ' h Asb 1 d '
= 1
+ 0.87 f y 1
0.87 f y
2
8
8 x
h x
bh 2 h
h x bh 2 h
bh
d' h
7 A 1 d '
= 0.87 f y sb 1 2
(Eqn F-37)
hx
8 bh 2 h
2
M u 0.67 f cu x 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 x
+
2 =
m h 2 6 ult 3 ult 2 12 ult h
bh
2
7 Asb 1 d '
d ' h Ash x 163 x
+ 0.87 f y
(Eqn F-38)
1
2
h x bh h 147 h
8 bh 2 h
d'
x 0 / ult
d'
s = 0.002
= 0
ult = 0.0035
4x/7
4x/7
3x/7
u
h
Strain diagram across whole section
Fc1
Fc2
0.67 f cu
4x/7
Fsc3
Fst2
Fst1
Fst3
4x/7
Fsc2
0.87fy
3x/7
Figure F-1(b) Concrete and steel stress strain relation for Case 1(b)
F-8
Appendix F
d' 3
d' 3
and Case 2(b)
<
h 14
h 14
7 d' 1
7 d' 1
d' 3
and
. However,
1 < . So this case
h 14
3 h 2
11
h 2
d' 3
both Asc1 and Ast1 are in the plastic
<
h 14
d'
s = 0.002
x 0 / ult
ult = 0.0035
d'
= 0
4x/7
u
h
Fc2
Fc1
4x/7
Fsc3
Fst2
Fst1
Fsc2
0.87fy
Fst3
4x/7
3x/7
Appendix F
The various components of stresses in concrete and steel are identical to that of Case
2(a) except that of Asc1 where
1 d'
Fsc1 = 0.87 f y 0.5 Asb and M sc1 = 0.87 f y 0.5 Asb
2 h
It can be seen that Fst1 and Fsc1 are identical but opposite in direction, so cancel out.
By formulation similar to the above,
1 0 x
A
x
1
+ 0.87 f y 2 1 sh
h bh
3 ult h
Nu
A
+ 0.87 f y sh
x
bh
bh
=
h 0.67 f cu 1 0
A
1
+ 2 0.87 f y sh
bh
m 3 ult
N u 0.67 f cu
=
bh
m
M u 0.67 f cu x 1 1 0 1 1 0
1
=
+ +
0
2
m h 2 6 ult 2 3 ult 12 ult
bh
A 1 d ' A x 163 x 2
+ 0.87 f y sb + sh
bh 2 h bh h 147 h
(Eqn F-39)
(Eqn F-40)
x
h
(Eqn F-41)
Case 3 where 7/3(d/h) x/h < 7/11 for d/h > 3/14 and
7/11(1 d/h) x/h < 7/11 for d/h < 3/14
The concrete / steel stress / strain diagram is worked out as indicated in Figure F-3 :
The components of stresses are identical to Case 2 except that Fst1 become elastic
which is
0.87 f y (h x d ')
(h x d ') 7 A = 0.87 f h d ' 1 7 A
0.5 Asb = 0.87 f y
Fst1 =
sb
y
sb
4x / 7
8
x
x x 8
F
h d ' h 7 Asb
st1 = 0.87 f y
1
bh
x h x 8 bh
A
A 11 7 h 7 d '
F
F
h d ' h 7 Asb
sc1 + st1 = 0.87 f y 0.5 sb 0.87 f y
1
= 0.87 f y sb
+
bh
bh
bh
bh 8 8 x 8 x
x h x 8 bh
(Eqn F-42)
0.67 f cu 1 0 x
N
A 11 7 h 7 d '
x Ash
1
+ 0.87 f y sb
+
u =
+ 0.87 f y 2 1
bh
m 3 ult h
bh 8 8 x 8 x
h bh
(Eqn F-43)
Re-arranging (Eqn F-43)
2
0.67 f cu 1 0
Ash x
Asb 11 Ash N u x
1
2
0
.
87
0
.
87
f
f
+
y
y
bh h
bh 8 bh bh h
m 3 ult
F-10
Appendix F
+ 0.87 f y
7 Asb d '
1 = 0
8 bh h
(Eqn F-44)
d'
s = 0.002
x 0 / ult
ult = 0.0035
d'
= 0
4x/7
u
h
h11x/7
Fsc1
4x/7
Fsc3
Fst2
0.67 f cu
Fc2
Fc1
Fsc2
0.87fy
Fst3
4x/7
3x/7
Fst1
Steel stress Block
Figure F-3 Concrete and steel stress strain relation for Case 3
To balance the external moment M u , all components are identical to Case 2 except
that by Fst1 which is
M st1
A 7 h d ' 1 d '
7 h d ' h
1
= 0.87 f y Asb 1 d ' 2 = 0.87 f y sb 1
2
bh 8 x x 2 h
8 x x 2
bh
bh
(Eqn F-45)
F-11
Appendix F
0.67 f cu x 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 x
+
m h 2 6 ult 3 ult 2 12 ult h
bh 2
+
(Eqn F-46)
2 h 8 x 8 h x 8 bh h 147 h bh
A
A
x
by
So, by pre-determining the steel ratios for sb and sh , we can solve for
bh
bh
h
(Eqn F-44) under the applied load N u . The moment of resistance M u can then be
obtained by (Eqn F-46). The section is adequate if M u is greater than the applied
moment.
Mu
2
Ash
(h x ) 1 h x = 0.87 f y 7 (h x ) Ash = 0.87 f y 7 h + x 2 Ash
2 4x / 7
8 hx
h
8x h
(Eqn F-47)
To balance the external load N u
Fst 3 = 0.87 f y
N u 0.67 f cu bx 1 0
1
=
bh
m
3 ult
A 11 7 h 7 d '
+ 0.87 f y sb
+
bh 8 8 x 8 x
5x
7h x
+ 0.87 f y Ash
0.87 f y + 2 Ash
7h
8x h
1 0
1
3 ult
x
A 11 7 h 7 d '
Ash 9 x 7 h 7
+ 0.87 f y sb
+
+
+ 0.87 f y
bh 8 8 x 8 x
bh 56 h 8 x 4
h
(Eqn F-48)
2
0.67 f cu
9
A x
A 11 Ash 7 N u x
3 0 0.87 f y sh + 0.87 f y sb
3
56
8
4
bh
bh
bh
h
bh h
m
ult
7 A d' A
+ 0.87 f y sb 1 sh = 0
(Eqn F-49)
8 bh h bh
To balance the external load M u about the centre of the column section
M u M c M sc1 + M st1 M sc 2 M sc 3 M st 3
=
+
+
+
+
bh 2 bh 2
bh 2
bh 2
bh 2
bh 2
M
M
M +M
F h 3 x F h 3x 4 x F h h x
u2 = c2 + sc1 2 st1 + sc22 + sc23 + st 23
bh
bh
bh
bh 2 14 bh 2 7 21 bh 2 3
(Eqn F-50)
N u 0.67 f cu
=
bh
m
F-12
Appendix F
Total Moment
Mu
bh 2
0.67 f cu
M
M
M
= c2 + s2 , i.e.
2
bh
bh
bh
x 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
+
h 2 6 ult 3 ult 2 12 ult
x
h
2
1 d ' 7 h 7 d ' h 3 A
7 h 9 x
9 x Ash
+
+ 0.87 f y sb +
2 h 8 x 8 h x 8 bh 48 x 112 h 392 h bh
(Eqn F-51)
d'
s = 0.002
x 0 / ult
ult = 0.0035
d'
= 0
1 =
0.0035(h x )
x
4x/7
u
h
Fc1
Fc2
0.67 f cu
Fsc2
0.87fy
hx
Fsc3
Fst3
4x/7
3x/7
Figure 3-4 Concrete and steel stress strain relation for Case 4
F-13
Appendix F
The concrete / steel stress / strain diagram is worked out as follows. It should be noted
that the neutral axis depth ratio is greater than unity and hence becomes a hypothetical
concept :
d'
s = 0.002
x 0 / ult
= 0
1 =
ult = 0.0035
d'
0.0035(h x )
x
4x/7
h
Strain diagram across concrete section
Fc1
Fc2
0.67 f cu
Fsc3
4x/7
Fsc2
0.87fy
3x/7
Figure F-5 Concrete and steel stress strain relation for Case 5
Concrete compressive stresses and forces
x 0 / ult
2
E
E
Fc1 = bdu where = c ult2 u 2 + c ult u
x
2 0 x
xh
F-14
(Eqn F-52)
Appendix F
x 0 / ult
x 0 / ult
2
x 0 / ult
Ec ult 2 Ec ult
E b
E b
xh 2 0 x 2 u + x u bdu = 2c 0ultx 2 xhu du + c xult
2
2
E c ult 2 0 3
x
Fc1 E c ult 0
E c ult
=
1
3 1 h + E c ult 2
6
bh 2 ult 2
0
0
ult
Fc1 =
u du
xh
(Eqn F-53)
x
2
2
6 0 x
0
0.67 f cu bx
0.67 f cu
x
F
1 0
1 0 c 2 =
(Eqn F-54)
Fc 2 =
m
bh
m ult h
ult
2
2
x
E c ult 2 0 3
Fc Fc1 Fc 2 E c ult 0
E
+ E c ult c ult
=
+
=
1
1
h
bh bh bh 2 ult 2
6 0 ult 3
2 0
E c ult 2 E c ult
+
2
2
0
2
Fc E c ult 0
=
bh 2 ult 2
E 2 E
+ c ult c ult
2
2 0
h E c ult 2 h 2 0.67 f cu
x
1 0
+
x
6 0 x
m ult h
2
E 2 3
E
E
x
1 c ult 0 3 1 + c 0 1 0 + E c ult c ult
6 0 ult
2 ult h
2 0
h Ec ult 2 h 2
x
6 0 x
(Eqn F-55)
sb
y
sb
4x / 7
x
8
x x 8
Fsc1'
h d ' 7 Asb
h d ' 7 Asb
h d ' h 7 Asb
= 0.87 f y 1 +
= 0.87 f y 1 +
= 0.87 f y 1 1
bh
h 8 bh
x x 8 bh
x h x 8 bh
x
Fsc1 Fsc1'
A
h d ' 7 Asb
11 7 h d ' Asb
+
= 0.87 f y 0.5 sb + 0.87 f y 1 1
= 0.87 f y
1
bh
bh
bh
h 8 bh
h bh
x
8 8 x
(Eqn F-57)
Steel compressive force in the portion steel plastic zone by Ash is
Ash 3 x
F
3 x
3 x Ash
= 0.87 f y Ash
sc 2 = 0.87 f y
h 7
bh
7 h
7 h bh
Steel compressive force in the portion steel elastic zone by Ash is
Fsc 2 = 0.87 f y
(Eqn F-58)
x h Ash
x h Ash
3x
3x 1
h + 0.87 f y 1
h
4x / 7 h
7
7 2
4x / 7 h
F
7 7 h 33 x Ash
sc 3 = 0.87 f y
(Eqn F-59)
bh
4 8 x 56 h bh
Fsc 3 = 0.87 f y
F-15
As N u = Fc + Fsc1 + Fsc1'
Appendix F
N
F
F
F
F
F
+ Fsc 2 + Fsc 3 u = c + sc1 + sc1' + sc 2 + sc 3
bh bh bh
bh
bh
bh
1 0 1 1 ult
9 Ash x
0.87 f y
+
+
2 ult 2 6 0
56 bh h
1 02
Nu
= Ec ult
2
bh
6 ult
2
Ec ult
11 Asb
+ Ec ult
+ 0.87 f y
2 0
8 bh
Ec ult 2 Ec ult
7 Asb
+
+ 0.87 f y
2
8 bh
2 0
+ 0.87 f y
7 Ash
4 bh
2
7 Ash h Ec ult
d'
1 0.87 f y
8 bh x
6 0
h
h
(EqnF-60)
x
1 0 2 1 0 1 1 ult
Ash x
9
0.87 f y
+
+
Ec ult
2
2 ult 2 6 0
56 bh h
6 ult
2
2
E
11 Asb
7 Ash N u x
+ Ec ult c ult + 0.87 f y
+ 0.87 f y
2 0
8 bh
4 bh bh h
2
E 2 E
A 7 d'
7 Ash x E c ult
=0
+ c ult c ult + 0.87 f y sb 1 0.87 f y
2
8 bh h
6 0
bh 8 h
2 0
(Eqn F-61)
x
which is a cubic equation in .
h
Summing the Moments as follows :
Concrete compressive stresses and moments
x 0 / ult
2
Ec ult 2 Ec ult
h
u +
u
M c1 = bdu x + u where =
x
2 0 x 2
2
xh
x 0 / ult
E c ult 2 2 E c ult h
xh 2 0 x 2 u + x u b 2 x + u du
2
1 1 x
1 0 3
x 2
x
M c1
h
x
0
= E c ult 2 1 + 2 + 3 1 + 3 3 +
2
x 3 ult
h
bh
2 2 h ult
h
h
M c1 =
2
2
4
2
3
x
x 2
E c ult 1 1 x 0
h h 1
x
h h
3 1 + 3 3 + + 0 4 1 + 4 6 + 4
x x 4 ult
h
x x
2 0 3 2 h ult
h
h
x 1
0.67 f cu x
2 =
1 0 1 1 0
2 m h ult ult
2 bh
M sc1 0.87 f y 0.5 Asb h
A 1 d'
=
d ' = 0.87 f y 0.5 sb
2
2
bh 2 h
bh
bh
2
M sc1'
7 h d ' h 1 d ' Asb
1
h d ' 7 Asb h
= 0.87 f y 1 +
d ' = 0.87 f y 1 +
2
8 x h x 2 h bh
bh
x x 8 bh 2
h
M c 2 0.67 f cu bx
1 0
=
2
m
bh
ult
1 0
2 ult
F-16
x
h
Appendix F
+
24 3 6 2 4
6 24 0
bh
ult
ult
ult
= 0.87 f y
M sc 3
bh 2
x 2
h
1 0 2 1 0 1 1 ult x
1 1 ult
+ E c ult
+
+
+ E c ult
2
4 ult 4 12 0 h
12 12 0
12 ult
h
1 ult h
+ E c ult
24 0 x
x
2
7 h 9 x
Asb 1 d ' 7 d ' h 3
9 x Ash
+
+ 0.87 f y
1 + 0.87 f y
bh 2 h 8
h x 8
48 x 112 h 392 h bh
(Eqn F-62)
Case 6 where (1 0/ult)x>h>3x/7, i.e. 1/(1 0/ult) x/h < 7/3
Case 6 is similar to Case 5 except that Fc1 vanishes. The concrete / steel stress / strain
diagram is worked out as in Figure F-6 :
Referring to (Eqn F-55) by replacing Fc1 + Fc 2 by
0.67 f cu
N u 0.67 f cu
11 7 h d ' Asb
7 7 h 9 x Ash
+ 0.87 f y
=
+ 0.87 f y
1
bh
h bh
m
4 8 x 56 h bh
8 8 x
(Eqn F-63)
2
9 Ash x N u 0.67 f cu
11 Asb 7 Ash x
Re-arranging 0.87 f y
0.87 f y
+
+
56 bh h bh
m
8 bh 4 bh h
7 d' A
7 Ash
0.87 f y 1 sb
=0
8 h bh 8 bh
x
which can be solved
which is a quadratic equation in
h
(Eqn F-64)
For Moment that can be provided by the section, similar to Case 5 except that
M c = 0 . So
2
7 h 9 x
Asb 1 d ' 7 d ' h 3
9 x Ash
= 0.87 f y
1 + 0.87 f y
+
bh 2 h 8
h x 8
bh 2
48 x 112 h 392 h bh
Mu
(Eqn F-65)
F-17
Appendix F
d'
s = 0.002
ult = 0.0035
d'
4x/7
x
h
Strain diagram across concrete section
0.67 f cu
Fc2
Fsc3
4x/7
Fsc2
0.87fy
3x/7
Figure 3-6 Concrete and steel stress strain relation for Case 6
Case 7 where x/h 7/3
In this case, the concrete and steel in the entire column section are under ultimate
stress. The axial load will be simply
N u 0.67 f cu
A
A
(Eqn F-66)
=
+ 0.87 f y sb + sh
bh
m
bd bd
and the moment is zero.
Mu
=0
(Eqn F-67)
bh 2
F-18
Appendix F
(III) Design formulae for 4-bar column sections for determination of
reinforcement ratios
h
It is the aim of the section of the Appendix to derive formulae for the determination of
Asb
against applied axial load and moment under a pre-determined sectional size. In
bh
A
the following derivations, sh are set to zero. The process involves :
bh
A
For the 7 cases discussed in the foregoing, eliminate sb between equations
(i)
bh
Nu
Mu
A
and
by making sb subject of formulae
obtained from balancing
2
bh
bh
bh
Nu
substitute into the equation for balancing
in the equation for balancing of
bh
Mu
x
which can be solved
. The equation obtained in a polynomial in
of
2
bh
h
by equations (if quadratic or cubic or even 4th power) or by numerical methods.
x
will be valid if the value arrived at agree with the
Solution in
h
pre-determined range of the respective case;
x
(ii)
into the equation obtained by
Back substitute the accepted value of
h
Nu
A
balancing
to solve for sb .
bh
bh
Case 1 (a) where (i) x/h < 7/3(d/h) for d/h 3/14; and (ii) x/h < 7/11(1 d/h) for
d/h > 3/14
Ash
=0;
bh
N
0.67 f cu
(Eqn F-18) u =
bh
m
Putting
1 0
1
3 ult
x 3 7 d' h
Asb
+
0.87 f y
bh
h 8 8 h x
F-19
Appendix F
0.87 f y
Asb
=
bh
1 0
1
3 ult
3 7 d' h
8 8 h x
N u 0.67 f cu
m
bh
(Eqn F-68)
A 1 d ' 11 7 d ' h
+ 0.87 f y sb
bh 2 h 8 8 h x
2
3
0.67 f cu 3 1 1 0
1 0 x
+
m 8 2 3 ult 12 ult h
2
2
0.67 f cu 1 1 0 29 d ' 3 d ' 0
7 d ' 0 x
+
+
+
+
m 2 6 ult 16 h 4 h ult 96 h ult h
2
N 11 1 d ' 3 M u 0.67 f cu 7 d ' 1 0
x
+ u
+
2
3
8
2
8
8
bh
h
h
bh
m
ult
h
=0
2
8 bh h bh 8 2 h h
Upon solving (Eqn F-69) for
(Eqn F-69)
A
x
, back-substitution into (Eqn F-68) to calculate sb .
h
bh
Case 1 (b) 7/11(1 d/h) x/h < 7/3(d/h) where d/h > 3/14
Ash
= 0 ; (Eqn F-35)
bh
N
Asb
0.67 f cu 1 0 x 7 7 h
1
+
u =
0.87 f y
bh
m 3 ult h 4 8 x
bh
N u 0.67 f cu 1 0 x
m 3 ult h
bh
Asb
(Eqn F-70)
0.87 f y
=
bh
7 7 h
4 8 x
A
Substituting into (Eqn F-38), again putting sh = 0 and simplifying,
bh
2
2
3
2
0.67 f cu 7 1 1 0
1 0 x 0.67 f cu 21 7 0
7 0 x
+
+
+
m 4 2 3 ult 12 ult h
m 16 12 ult 96 ult h
2
2
0.67 f cu 1 1 0
7 M
d'
d ' x 7 M
1
d' Nu
1 2 + 2 + u2 + 1 2
u2 +
=0
m 2 6 ult
4 bh
h
2
h bh
h h 8 bh
Putting
F-20
Appendix F
(Eqn F-71)
A
x
Upon solving (Eqn F-71) for , back-substitution into (Eqn F-70) to calculate sb .
bh
h
Case 2 7/3(d/h) x/h < 7/11 7/11(d/h) and d/h > 3/14
Using the equations summarized in Section 4 and setting
Ash
= 0 in (Eqn F-39)
bh
x N u 0.67 f cu 1 0
1
(Eqn F-72)
=
h bh m 3 ult
x
Substituting
obtained in (Eqn F-72), substituting into (Eqn F-41) and calculate
h
Asb
as
bh
2
Asb M u 0.67 f cu x 1 x 1 0 1 0 x 1 0 x
1 d'
0.87 f y
= 2
+
1
bh bh
m h 2 h 6 ult 3 ult h 12 ult h
2 h
(Eqn F-73)
Case 3 where 7/3(d/h) x/h < 7/11 for d/h > 3/14 and
7/11(1 d/h) x/h < 7/11 for d/h < 3/14
and Case 4 where 7/11 x/h < 1
A
Nu
x
and
in (Eqn F-43) and setting sh = 0 .
bh
h
bh
N u 0.67 f cu
A 11 7 h 7 d '
x
3 0 + 0.87 f y sb
=
+
bh
bh 8 8 x 8 x
ult h
3 m
N u 0.67 f cu 1 0 x
1
bh
m 3 ult h
Asb
=
(Eqn F-74)
bh
11 7 h 7 d ' h
0.87 f y
+
8 8 x 8 h x
A
Substituting sh = 0 , (Eqn F-46) and simplifying
bh
2
3
0.67 f cu 11 1 0 1 1 0 x
m 8 3 ult 2 12 ult h
2
2
2
0.67 f cu 21 7 0 13 d ' 7 0
5 0 d ' 7 0 d ' x
+
+
m 16 12 ult 16 h 96 ult 12 ult h 96 ult h h
11
2
3 ult h 3 h ult 8 2 h bh 8 bh h
m 8 h
F-21
Appendix F
7 1 d ' d ' N
7 M u d'
1 u
1 = 0
(Eqn F-75)
2
8 2 h h
bh 8 bh h
x
which is a cubic equation in
h
7 d'
A
x
Upon solving lying between
1 and 1, sb can be obtained by
11
h
bh
h
back-substituting into (Eqn 5-7)
N u 0.67 f cu
x
3 0
bh
ult h
3 m
Asb
=
(Eqn F-76)
bh
11 7 h 7 d ' h
+
0.87 f y
8 8 x 8 h x
Case 5 where 1 x/h < 1/(1 0/ult)
Referring to Case 5 of Section 3 and setting
Asb
by
bd
2
E c ult 2
N u E c ult 0
6 0
bh 2 ult 2
Ash
= 0 in (Eqn F-60)
bd
Solving
03
Ec 0
+
1 0
1
2 ult
ult
2
x
E
+ E c ult c ult
2 0
h
+ 0.87 f y 1 sb
2 x
6 0 x
x bh
8 8 h
2 0
2
Asb N u 1 1 0
1 ult 1 0 x 11 7 d ' h
0.87 f y
=
+
+
1
bh bh 2 6 ult 2 6 0 2 ult h 8 8 h x
2
2
2
2
E c ult E c ult
E c ult h E c ult h 11 7 d ' h
+ E c ult
1
+
2 0 2 0
2 x
6 0 x 8 8 h x
(Eqn F-77)
A
Substituting into (Eqn F-62) and again setting sh = 0
bd
1 1 x 2
1 0 3
x 2
x
Mu
h
x
h
0
E
+
1
+
2
1
3
3
c ult
3 h
2
h
x
h
x
3
bh 2
2 2 h ult
ult
2
2
2
3
4
x 2
x
E c ult 1 1 x 0
h h 1 0
x
h h
1 + 4 6 + 4
1 + 3 3 + +
h
x x 4 ult 4
h
x x
2 0 3 2 h ult 3 h
0 0 x
A
0.67 f cu x
d ' h 3
1 d' 7
1 1
+ 0.87 f y sb 1
+
1
bh 2 h 8
h x 8
2 m h ult ult h
x
(Eqn F-78)
to solve for .
h
F-22
Appendix F
Asb
bd
Case 6 where (1 0/ult)x > h > 3x/7 i.e. 1/(1 0/ult) x/h < 7/3(1d/h)
Referring to (Eqn F-63) of Case 6 of and setting
N u 0.67 f cu
11 7
=
+ 0.87 f y
bh
m
8 8
0.87 f y
Asb N u 0.67 f cu
=
bh bh
m
Ash
=0
bd
h d ' Asb
1
x
h bh
11 7 h d '
1
h
8 8 x
Ash
=0
bd
A
M
1 d ' 7 d ' h 3
= 0.87 f y sb 1
2
bh 2 h 8
h x 8
bh
7 d ' N u 0.67 f cu 1 d ' M
+
h bh
m 2 h bh 2
x 8
=
h
11 M N u 0.67 f cu 1 d ' 3
+
2
8
bh
bh
m
2 h 8
A
x
determined, calculate sb by
bh
h
N u 0.67 f cu
11 7 h d ' Asb
=
+ 0.87 f y
1
bh
m
h bh
8 8 x
N u 0.67 f cu
m
Asb
bh
=
bh
11 7 h d '
0.87 f y
1
h
8 8 x
With
Case 7 where
(Eqn F-79)
x/h 7/3
N
N u 0.67 f cu
A
A
0.67 f cu
=
+ 0.87 f y sb sb = u
bh
m
bh
bh bh
m
Mu
=0
bh 2
F-23
0.87 f y
(Eqn F-80)
(Eqn F-81)
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 30, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.75
50
0.4% steel
1% steel
45
2% steel
3% steel
40
4% steel
5% steel
35
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
30
8% steel
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
2
M/bh
5
2
N/mm
Chart F - 1
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 30, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.8
50
0.4% steel
1% steel
45
2% steel
3% steel
40
4% steel
5% steel
35
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
30
8% steel
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
2
M/bh
6.5
2
N/mm
Chart F - 2
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 30, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.85
50
0.4% steel
1% steel
45
2% steel
3% steel
40
4% steel
5% steel
35
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
30
8% steel
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
2
M/bh
7.5
2
N/mm
Chart F - 3
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 30, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.9
50
0.4% steel
1% steel
45
2% steel
3% steel
40
4% steel
5% steel
35
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
30
8% steel
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7
2
M/bh
7.5
8
2
N/mm
Chart F - 4
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5 13
13.5 14
14.5
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 30, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.95
50
0.4% steel
1% steel
45
2% steel
3% steel
40
4% steel
5% steel
35
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
30
8% steel
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8
2
M/bh
8.5
9
2
N/mm
Chart F - 5
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 35, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.75
50
0.4% steel
1% steel
45
2% steel
3% steel
40
4% steel
5% steel
35
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
30
8% steel
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5
2
M/bh
5.5
2
N/mm
Chart F - 6
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 35, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.8
50
0.4% steel
1% steel
45
2% steel
3% steel
40
4% steel
5% steel
35
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
30
8% steel
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6
2
M/bh
6.5
2
N/mm
Chart F - 7
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 35, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.85
50
0.4% steel
1% steel
45
2% steel
3% steel
40
4% steel
5% steel
35
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
30
8% steel
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
2
M/bh
7.5
2
N/mm
Chart F - 8
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
13.5
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 35, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.9
50
0.4% steel
1% steel
45
2% steel
3% steel
40
4% steel
5% steel
35
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
30
8% steel
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
2
M/bh
8.5
2
N/mm
Chart F - 9
9.5
10
10.5 11
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 35, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.95
50
0.4% steel
1% steel
45
2% steel
3% steel
40
4% steel
5% steel
35
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
30
8% steel
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8
2
M/bh
8.5
9
2
N/mm
Chart F - 10
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 40, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.75
50
0.4% steel
1% steel
45
2% steel
3% steel
40
4% steel
5% steel
35
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
30
8% steel
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5
2
M/bh
5.5
2
N/mm
Chart F - 11
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 40, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.8
50
0.4% steel
1% steel
45
2% steel
3% steel
40
4% steel
5% steel
35
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
30
8% steel
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6
2
M/bh
6.5
2
N/mm
Chart F - 12
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 40, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.85
50
0.4% steel
1% steel
45
2% steel
3% steel
40
4% steel
5% steel
35
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
30
8% steel
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
2
M/bh
7.5
2
N/mm
Chart F - 13
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
13.5
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 40, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.9
50
0.4% steel
1% steel
45
2% steel
3% steel
40
4% steel
5% steel
35
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
30
8% steel
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
2
M/bh
8.5
2
N/mm
Chart F - 14
9.5
10
10.5 11
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 40, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.95
50
0.4% steel
1% steel
45
2% steel
3% steel
40
4% steel
5% steel
35
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
30
8% steel
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
2
M/bh
N/mm
Chart F - 15
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 45, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.75
55
0.4% steel
1% steel
50
2% steel
3% steel
45
4% steel
5% steel
40
6% steel
7% steel
35
N/bh N/mm
8% steel
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5
2
M/bh
5.5
2
N/mm
Chart F - 16
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 45, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.8
55
0.4% steel
1% steel
50
2% steel
3% steel
45
4% steel
5% steel
40
6% steel
7% steel
35
N/bh N/mm
8% steel
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6
2
M/bh
6.5
7
2
N/mm
Chart F - 17
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 45, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.85
55
0.4% steel
1% steel
50
2% steel
3% steel
45
4% steel
5% steel
40
6% steel
7% steel
35
N/bh N/mm
8% steel
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7
2
M/bh
7.5
8
2
N/mm
Chart F - 18
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
13.5
14
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 45, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.9
55
0.4% steel
1% steel
50
2% steel
3% steel
45
4% steel
5% steel
40
6% steel
7% steel
35
N/bh N/mm
8% steel
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
2
M/bh
8.5
2
N/mm
Chart F - 19
9.5
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 45, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.95
55
0.4% steel
1% steel
50
2% steel
3% steel
45
4% steel
5% steel
40
6% steel
7% steel
35
N/bh N/mm
8% steel
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
2
M/bh
N/mm
Chart F - 20
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 50, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.75
55
0.4% steel
1% steel
50
2% steel
3% steel
45
4% steel
5% steel
40
6% steel
7% steel
35
N/bh N/mm
8% steel
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5
2
M/bh
5.5
2
N/mm
Chart F - 21
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 50, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.8
55
0.4% steel
1% steel
50
2% steel
3% steel
45
4% steel
5% steel
40
6% steel
7% steel
35
N/bh N/mm
8% steel
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6
2
M/bh
6.5
7
2
N/mm
Chart F - 22
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 50, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.85
55
0.4% steel
1% steel
50
2% steel
3% steel
45
4% steel
5% steel
40
6% steel
7% steel
35
N/bh N/mm
8% steel
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7
2
M/bh
7.5
8
2
N/mm
Chart F - 23
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
13.5
14
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 50, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.9
55
0.4% steel
1% steel
50
2% steel
3% steel
45
4% steel
5% steel
40
6% steel
7% steel
35
N/bh N/mm
8% steel
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8
2
M/bh
8.5
9
2
N/mm
Chart F - 24
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 50, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.95
55
0.4% steel
1% steel
50
2% steel
3% steel
45
4% steel
5% steel
40
6% steel
7% steel
35
N/bh N/mm
8% steel
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
2
M/bh
N/mm
Chart F - 25
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 55, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.75
60
0.4% steel
1% steel
55
2% steel
3% steel
50
4% steel
45
5% steel
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
40
7% steel
8% steel
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
2
M/bh
6
2
N/mm
Chart F - 26
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 55, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.8
60
0.4% steel
1% steel
55
2% steel
3% steel
50
4% steel
45
5% steel
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
40
7% steel
8% steel
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
2
M/bh
7.5
2
N/mm
Chart F - 27
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 55, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.85
60
0.4% steel
1% steel
55
2% steel
3% steel
50
4% steel
45
5% steel
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
40
7% steel
8% steel
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7
2
M/bh
7.5
8
2
N/mm
Chart F - 28
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5 13
13.5 14
14.5
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 55, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.9
60
0.4% steel
1% steel
55
2% steel
3% steel
50
4% steel
45
5% steel
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
40
7% steel
8% steel
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8
2
M/bh
8.5
9
2
N/mm
Chart F - 29
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 55, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.95
60
0.4% steel
1% steel
55
2% steel
3% steel
50
4% steel
45
5% steel
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
40
7% steel
8% steel
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
2
M/bh
N/mm
Chart F - 30
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 60, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.75
60
0.4% steel
1% steel
55
2% steel
3% steel
50
4% steel
45
5% steel
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
40
7% steel
8% steel
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
2
M/bh
6
2
N/mm
Chart F - 31
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 60, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.8
60
0.4% steel
1% steel
55
2% steel
3% steel
50
4% steel
45
5% steel
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
40
7% steel
8% steel
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
2
M/bh
7.5
2
N/mm
Chart F - 32
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 60, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.85
60
0.4% steel
1% steel
55
2% steel
3% steel
50
4% steel
45
5% steel
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
40
7% steel
8% steel
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7
2
M/bh
7.5
8
2
N/mm
Chart F - 33
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5 13
13.5 14
14.5
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 60, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.9
60
0.4% steel
1% steel
55
2% steel
3% steel
50
4% steel
45
5% steel
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
40
7% steel
8% steel
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8
2
M/bh
8.5
9
2
N/mm
Chart F - 34
Design Chart of Rectangular Column to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Concrete Grade 60, 4-bar column, d/h = 0.95
60
0.4% steel
1% steel
55
2% steel
50
3% steel
4% steel
45
5% steel
6% steel
40
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
35
8% steel
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5 1
1.5 2
2.5
3.5
4.5 5
5.5 6
6.5
7.5
8.5
9
2
M/bh
N/mm
Chart F - 35
Rectangular Column R.C. Design to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 - 4 bar column
Project :
Column Mark
fcu =
35
Floor
N/mm2
b = 400
fy =
460
h = 500
N/mm2
Ec = 23700 N/mm2
b' = 330.00
h' = 430.00
cover= 50
40
Mx
1
D.L.
2304.7
29.13
2
L.L.
582.1
32.11
3
Wx
-362.17
47.1
4
Wy
-545.1
-75.12
5
W45
56.92
98.1
6
W135
82.09
8.93
Moment My (kNm)
-31.33
16.09
2.15
44.2
76.99
35.21
1.4D+1.6L
1.2(D+L+Wx)
1.2(D+L-Wx)
1.2(D+L+Wy)
1.2(D+L-Wy)
1.2(D+L+W45)
1.2(D+L-W45)
1.2(D+L+W135)
1.2(D+L-W135)
1.4(D+Wx)
1.4(D-Wx)
1.4(D+Wy)
1.4(D-Wy)
1.4(D+W45)
1.4(D-W45)
1.4(D+W135)
1.4(D-W135)
1.0D+1.4Wx
1.0D-1.4Wx
1.0D+1.4Wy
1.0D-1.4Wy
1.0D+1.4W45
1.0D-1.4W45
1.0D+1.4W135
1.0D-1.4W135
N
(kN)
4157.9
3029.6
3898.8
2810
4118.3
3532.5
3395.9
3562.7
3365.7
2719.5
3733.6
2463.4
3989.7
3306.3
3146.9
3341.5
3111.7
1797.7
2811.7
1541.6
3067.8
2384.4
2225
2419.6
2189.8
Mx
(kNm)
92.158
130.01
16.968
-16.656
163.63
191.21
-44.232
84.204
62.772
106.72
-25.158
-64.386
145.95
178.12
-96.558
53.284
28.28
95.07
-36.81
-76.038
134.3
166.47
-108.21
41.632
16.628
My
(kNm)
-18.118
-15.708
-20.868
34.752
-71.328
74.1
-110.68
23.964
-60.54
-40.852
-46.872
18.018
-105.74
63.924
-151.65
5.432
-93.156
-28.32
-34.34
30.55
-93.21
76.456
-139.12
17.964
-80.624
Load Comb 1
Load Comb 2
Load Comb 3
Load Comb 4
Load Comb 5
Load Comb 6
Load Comb 7
Load Comb 8
Load Comb 9
Load Comb 10
Load Comb 11
Load Comb 12
Load Comb 13
Load Comb 14
Load Comb 15
Load Comb 16
Load Comb 17
Load Comb 18
Load Comb 19
Load Comb 20
Load Comb 21
Load Comb 22
Load Comb 23
Load Comb 24
Load Comb 25
bar size =
Mx'
Mx'
My'
My'
Mx'
Mx'
My'
Mx'
My'
Mx'
My'
Mx'
Mx'
Mx'
My'
Mx'
My'
Mx'
My'
Mx'
Mx'
Mx'
My'
Mx'
My'
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
99.411
140.12
25.447
41.507
192.82
231.22
125.49
96.983
81.79
135.67
54.208
78.184
192.25
215.64
186.88
56.433
103.6
120.97
49.26
105.72
193.56
226.37
191.32
55.564
88.722
h
My
b
N/bh
(N/mm2)
20.79
15.148
19.494
14.05
20.591
17.662
16.979
17.813
16.828
13.598
18.668
12.317
19.949
16.531
15.734
16.708
15.558
8.9883
14.059
7.7078
15.339
11.922
11.125
12.098
10.949
P - My
6000
5000
P (kN)
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
100
200
300
M (kNm)
400
500
600
Rectangular Column R.C. Design to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004
Project :
Column
fcu =
Floor
N/mm2
35
b = 1500
fy =
460
h = 2000
Steel provided :
15
12
4
N/mm2
Ec = 23700 N/mm2
b' = 1285.17
Y
Y
Y
40
40
40
h' = 1684.31
cover= 50
2.43
Area of Steel per mm length for the long sides bars (including corner bars) = 21.36
kN
37699 mm2
Area of Steel per mm length for the short sides bars (including corner bars) = 23.46
mm2/mm
30159 mm2
1
D.L.
37872
-291.3
2
L.L.
1101
-37.11
Moment My (kNm)
-31.33
16.09
5.17
2700
1.4D+1.6L
1.2(D+L+Wx)
1.2(D+L-Wx)
1.2(D+L+Wy)
1.2(D+L-Wy)
1.2(D+L+W45)
1.2(D+L-W45)
1.2(D+L+W135)
1.2(D+L-W135)
1.4(D+Wx)
1.4(D-Wx)
1.4(D+Wy)
1.4(D-Wy)
1.4(D+W45)
1.4(D-W45)
1.4(D+W135)
1.4(D-W135)
1.0D+1.4Wx
1.0D-1.4Wx
1.0D+1.4Wy
1.0D-1.4Wy
1.0D+1.4W45
1.0D-1.4W45
1.0D+1.4W135
1.0D-1.4W135
P
54782
42413
51121
43634
49900
39936
53598
56618
36916
47941
58099
49365
56676
45051
60989
64513
41527
32792
42951
34216
41527
29902
45841
49364
26379
Mx
-467.2
170.88
-959.06
-4834.1
4045.9
-2494.5
1706.3
5477.4
-6265.5
251.31
-1067
-5587.8
4772.2
-2858.3
2042.6
6442.2
-7257.9
367.83
-950.43
-5471.3
4888.7
-2741.8
2159.2
6558.7
-7141.3
My
-18.118
-12.084
-24.492
3221.7
-3258.3
3298.5
-3335.1
-4242.6
4206
-36.624
-51.1
3736.1
-3823.9
3825.7
-3913.4
-4972.2
4884.4
-24.092
-38.568
3748.7
-3811.3
3838.3
-3900.9
-4959.6
4897
Load Comb 1
Load Comb 2
Load Comb 3
Load Comb 4
Load Comb 5
Load Comb 6
Load Comb 7
Load Comb 8
Load Comb 9
Load Comb 10
Load Comb 11
Load Comb 12
Load Comb 13
Load Comb 14
Load Comb 15
Load Comb 16
Load Comb 17
Load Comb 18
Load Comb 19
Load Comb 20
Load Comb 21
Load Comb 22
Load Comb 23
Load Comb 24
Load Comb 25
3
4
5
6
Wx
Wy
W45
W135
-3628.1 -2611.1 -5692.3 8209.2
470.81 -3700 -1750.3 4892.9
2764
-3520.2
Mx'
Mx'
Mx'
Mx'
My'
My'
My'
My'
Mx'
Mx'
Mx'
Mx'
My'
My'
My'
My'
Mx'
Mx'
Mx'
Mx'
My'
My'
My'
Mx'
Mx'
476.55
179.2
973.01
6999.6
4639
4352.2
3865.6
5801.2
9507.3
273.77
1090.8
7805.2
5179.4
4911.9
4416.8
6446.8
10685
387.89
976.72
8512.2
5808.5
5236.3
4707.8
9502.2
11689
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Mux =
Mux =
Mux =
Mux =
Muy =
Muy =
Muy =
Muy =
Mux =
Mux =
Mux =
Mux =
Muy =
Muy =
Muy =
Muy =
Mux =
Mux =
Mux =
Mux =
Muy =
Muy =
Muy =
Mux =
Mux =
16452
23474
18743
22861
14871
18945
13130
11590
26076
20575
14185
19771
11560
16951
9164
7132
23910
27896
23206
27278
18343
22460
16626
19771
29921
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
Section OK
P - My
80000
70000
P (kN)
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
M (kNm)
25000
30000
35000
Appendix G
Derivation of Design Formulae
for Walls to Rigorous Stress
Strain Curve of Concrete
Appendix G
As similar to the exercise in Appendix F for columns, the exercise in this Appendix is
A
repeated for walls by which sb are set to zero in the various cases 1 to 7, using the
bh
equations summarized in Appendix F.
Cases 1 to 3 where
x/h 7/11
3 0
ult
x
0.87 f y 2 1
h
N u 0.67 f cu
3 m
bh
(Eqn G-1)
Substituting into (Eqn F-31) or (Eqn F-34) or (Eqn F-38) and putting
Asb
=0
bh
2
2
M u 0.67 f cu x 1
Ash x 163 x
x 1 0 1 0 x 1 0 x
+ 0.87 f y
=
+
1
m h 2 h 6 ult 3 ult h 12 ult h
bh h 147 h
bh 2
2
2
3
2
0.67 f cu 16 131 0 1 0 x 0.67 f cu 1 1 0
1 0 N u 163 x
+
+
+
N
2M u 0.67 f cu 1 1 0 x M u
+
+ u
=0
(Eqn G-2)
2
m 2 6 ult h bh 2
bh bh
Upon solving
A
x
, back substituting into (Eqn G-1) to calculate sh
h
bh
G-1
Appendix G
Asb
=0
bh
x
A 9 x 7 h 7 Nu
0.67 f cu
3 0 + 0.87 f y sh
+ =
ult h
bh 56 h 8 x 4 bh
3 m
x
N u 0.67 f cu
3 0
3 m ult h
bh
A
sh =
bh
9 x 7 h 7
0.87 f y
+
56 h 8 x 4
A
Substituting into (Eqn F-41) with sb = 0
bh
2
M u 0.67 f cu x 1 x 1 0 1 0 x 1 0 x
=
+
1
m h 2 h 6 ult 3 ult h 12 ult h
bh 2
2
7 h
9 x
9 x Ash
+ 0.87 f y
+
48 x 112 h 392 h bh
M 7 9 x 7 h 0.67 f cu
u2
=
m
bh 4 56 h 8 x
x 1 1 0
h 2 6 ult
2
7 h
9 x
9 x N u 0.67 f cu
+
3 m
48 x 112 h 392 h bh
1 0 1 1 0
+
3 ult 2 12 ult
3 0
ult
x 7 9 x 7 h
h 4 56 h 8 x
x
h
2
4
0.67 f cu 45
9 0
3 0 x
2
3
0.67 f 7 7
7 0 9 N u x
cu
0
+
+
m 8 12 ult 48 ult 392 bh h
2
2
9 M
0.67 f cu 7
2 0
1 0 9 N u x
u
1
.
5
+
+
+
2
m 8
3 ult 12 ult 112 bh h
56 bh
0 x 7 M u 7 Nu
7 M u 0.67 f cu 7
+
+
=0
+
3
2
4 bh
3 m 12 ult h 8 bh 2 48 bh
A
x
Upon solving , back-substitute into (Eqn G-3) to solve for sh
h
bh
G-2
(Eqn G-3)
(Eqn G-4)
Appendix G
1 ult 1 h E c ult h
7 7 h 9 x Ash
+ E c ult
(Eqn G-5)
+ 0.87 f y
2
2
6
4
8
56
x
x
h
bh
0
0
Ash
A
Substituting for 0.87 f y
into (Eqn F-57), again setting sb = 0
bh
bd
2
3
2
1 0
1 0
1 0 1 1 ult x
M
= Ec ult
+
+
2
3
2
h
24
6
4
6
24
bh
ult
0
ult
ult
2
1 0
1 1 ult h
1 0 1 1 ult x
1 ult
+ E c ult
+ E c ult
+
+
+ E c ult
2
4 ult 4 12 0 h
24 0
12 ult
12 12 0 x
2
7 h 9 x
9 x Ash
+ 0.87 f y
+
48 x 112 h 392 h bh
2
h
x
1 0 3 1 0 2 1 0 1 1 ult
M 7 7 h 9 x
+
+
2
= E c ult
3
6 ult 2 4 ult 6 24 0
bh 4 8 x 56 h
24 ult
7 7 h 9 x x 2
4 8 x 56 h h
1 0 2 1 0 1 1 ult 7 7 h 9 x x
1 1 ult 7 7 h 9 x h
+ E c ult
+
+
+ E c ult
2
4 ult 4 12 0 4 8 x 56 h h
12 12 0 4 8 x 56 h x
12 ult
2
2
Nu 7 h 9 x
1 ult 7 7 h 9 x h
9 x
+
+ E c ult
24 0 4 8 x 56 h x
bh 48 x 112 h 392 h
2
1 1 0 2 1 ult 1 0 x 7 h 9 x
9 x
E c ult
+
+
+
2
6 0 2 ult h 48 x 112 h 392 h
2 6 ult
7 h 9 x
9 x
+
48 x 112 h 392 h
2
2
9 x
h 7 h 9 x
+
x 48 x 112 h 392 h
1 ult
E c ult 1
2 0
+
E c ult
6 0
1 ult 1 h 7 h 9 x
9 x
+
E c ult
2 0 2 x 48 x 112 h 392 h
3
2
3 03
9 0
45 0
3
9 ult x
E c ult
+
448 3 392 2 1568
196 3136 0 h
ult
ult
ult
2
2
7 03
7 0
7 0
79
289 ult 9 N u x
+ E c ult
+
+
96 3 24 2 16
294 4704 0 392 bh h
ult
ult
ult
7 03
7 0
21 0 289 1229 ult 9 M
9 N u x
+ E c ult
+
+
193 3 24 2 32
588 9408 0 56 bh 2 112 bh h
ult
ult
ult
7 02
7 0
5
281 ult 7 M E c ult 125 7 M
7 N u h
+ E c ult
+
+
72 2 24
0 1344 8 bh 2 48 bh x
21 7056 0 4 bh 2
ult
ult
2
3
2
2
E c ult 7 h
E c ult 7 h
+
(Eqn G-6)
=0
0 96 x
0 576 x
x x
which is in fact an equation of 6th power in .
is to be solved by numerical
h h
G-3
Appendix G
x
into (Eqn G-5)
h
1 ult
1 ult 1 0 x
+
+
+ Ec ult 1
6 0 2 ult h
2 0
method. By back-substituting
1 1 02
Nu
= Ec ult
2
bh
2 6 ult
2
1
1h E h
7 7 h 9 x Ash
+ Ec ult ult c ult + 0.87 f y
6 0 x
4 8 x 56 h bh
2 0 2 x
2
2
1 1 0 2 1 ult 1 0 x
1 ult
1 ult 1 h Ec ult 2 h
Nu
E c ult
+
+
Ec ult 1
2
Ec ult 2 2 x + 6 x
bh
6 0 2 ult h
Ash
2 6 ult
0
0
2 0
=
bh
7 7 h 9 x
0.87 f y
4 8 x 56 h
Case 6 where
Asb
=0
bh
N u 0.67 f cu
N u 0.67 f cu
Ash
bh
m
7 7 h 9 x Ash
=
+ 0.87 f y
bh
bh
m
7 7 h 9 x
4 8 x 56 h bh
0.87 f y
4 8 x 56 h
(Eqn G-7)
Substituting into (Eqn F-60)
2
Mu
Ash 7 h
9 x
9 x
= 0.87 f y
bh 48 x 112 h 392 h
bh 2
3
2
x 9 M u
9 N u 0.67 f cu x
+
2
m h
h 56 bh 112 bh
7 M u x 7 N u 0.67 f cu 7 M u
+
(Eqn G-8)
=0
m 8 bh 2
4 bh 2 h 48 bh
A
x
and substituting into (Eqn G-7) to solve for sh
Solving the cubic equation for
h
bh
9 N u 0.67 f cu
m
392 bh
Case 7 where
Asb
=0
bh
N
A
A
0.67 f cu
+ 0.87 f y sh sh = u
bh
bh bh
m
G-4
0.87 f y
(Eqn G-9)
Design Chart of Rectangular Shear Wall with Uniform Vertical Reinforcements to Code of Practice
for Structural Use of Concrete 2004, Concrete Grade 30
50
0.4% steel
1% steel
45
2% steel
3% steel
40
4% steel
5% steel
35
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
30
8% steel
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
2
M/bh
5
2
N/mm
Chart G - 1
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
Design Chart of Rectangular Shear Wall with Uniform Vertical Reinforcements to Code of Practice
for Structural Use of Concrete 2004, Concrete Grade 35
50
0.4% steel
1% steel
45
2% steel
3% steel
40
4% steel
5% steel
35
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
30
8% steel
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5
2
M/bh
5.5
2
N/mm
Chart G - 2
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
Design Chart of Rectangular Shear Wall with Uniform Vertical reinforcements to Code of Practice
for Structural Use of Concrete 2004, Concrete Grade 40
50
0.4% steel
1% steel
45
2% steel
3% steel
40
4% steel
5% steel
35
6% steel
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
30
8% steel
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5
2
M/bh
5.5
2
N/mm
Chart G - 3
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
Design Chart of Rectangular Shear Wall with Uniform Vertical Reinforcements to Code of Practice
for Structural Use of Concrete 2004, Concrete Grade 45
55
0.4% steel
1% steel
50
2% steel
3% steel
45
4% steel
5% steel
40
6% steel
7% steel
35
N/bh N/mm
8% steel
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5
2
M/bh
5.5
2
N/mm
Chart G - 4
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
Design Chart of Rectangular Shear Wall with Uniform Vertical Reinforcements to Code of Practice
for Structural Use of Concrete 2004, Concrete Grade 50
55
0.4% steel
1% steel
50
2% steel
3% steel
45
4% steel
5% steel
40
6% steel
7% steel
35
N/bh N/mm
8% steel
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5
2
M/bh
5.5
2
N/mm
Chart G - 5
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
Design Chart of Rectangular Shear Wall with Uniform Vertical Reinforcements to Code of Practice
for Structural Use of Concrete 2004, Concrete Grade 55
60
0.4% steel
1% steel
55
2% steel
50
3% steel
4% steel
45
5% steel
6% steel
40
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
8% steel
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
2
M/bh
6
2
N/mm
Chart G - 6
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
Design Chart of Rectangular Shear Wall with Uniform Vertical Reinforcements to Code of Practice
for Structural Use of Concrete 2004, Concrete Grade 60
60
0.4% steel
1% steel
55
2% steel
50
3% steel
4% steel
45
5% steel
6% steel
40
N/bh N/mm
7% steel
8% steel
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
2
M/bh
6
2
N/mm
Chart G - 7
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
Shear Wall R.C. Design to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004 - Uniform Reinforcements
Project :
Wall Mark
fcu =
Floor
N/mm2
35
b = 200
fy =
460
h = 2000
N/mm2
Ec = 23700 N/mm2
b' = 165.00
h' = 1500.00
1
D.L.
3304.7
29.13
2
L.L.
1582.1
32.11
Moment My (kNm)
-31.33
16.09
2.15
44.2
1.4D+1.6L
1.2(D+L+Wx)
1.2(D+L-Wx)
1.2(D+L+Wy)
1.2(D+L-Wy)
1.2(D+L+W45)
1.2(D+L-W45)
1.2(D+L+W135)
1.2(D+L-W135)
1.4(D+Wx)
1.4(D-Wx)
1.4(D+Wy)
1.4(D-Wy)
1.4(D+W45)
1.4(D-W45)
1.4(D+W135)
1.4(D-W135)
1.0D+1.4Wx
1.0D-1.4Wx
1.0D+1.4Wy
1.0D-1.4Wy
1.0D+1.4W45
1.0D-1.4W45
1.0D+1.4W135
1.0D-1.4W135
N
(kN)
7200
5429.6
6298.8
5570
6158.3
5932.5
5795.9
5962.7
5765.7
4119.5
5133.6
4283.4
4969.7
4706.3
4546.9
4741.5
4511.7
2797.7
3811.7
2961.6
3647.8
3384.4
3225
3419.6
3189.8
Mx
(kNm)
1500
2530
-2383
-1456.7
1603.6
1391.2
-1244.2
1140.2
-993.23
2906.7
-2825.2
-1744.4
1826
1578.1
-1496.6
1285.3
-1203.7
2895.1
-2836.8
-1756
1814.3
1566.5
-1508.2
1273.6
-1215.4
My
(kNm)
100
-15.708
-20.868
34.752
-71.328
229.51
-266.09
23.964
-60.54
-40.852
-46.872
18.018
-105.74
245.24
-332.96
5.432
-93.156
-28.32
-34.34
30.55
-93.21
257.77
-320.43
17.964
-80.624
Load Comb 1
Load Comb 2
Load Comb 3
Load Comb 4
Load Comb 5
Load Comb 6
Load Comb 7
Load Comb 8
Load Comb 9
Load Comb 10
Load Comb 11
Load Comb 12
Load Comb 13
Load Comb 14
Load Comb 15
Load Comb 16
Load Comb 17
Load Comb 18
Load Comb 19
Load Comb 20
Load Comb 21
Load Comb 22
Load Comb 23
Load Comb 24
Load Comb 25
cover= 25
bar size = 20
My
3
4
5
Wx
Wy
W45
-362.17 -245.1 56.92
2047.1 -1275.1 1098.1
6
W135
82.09
888.93
206.5
Mx'
Mx'
Mx'
Mx'
Mx'
My'
My'
Mx'
Mx'
Mx'
Mx'
Mx'
Mx'
My'
My'
Mx'
Mx'
Mx'
Mx'
Mx'
Mx'
My'
My'
Mx'
Mx'
Mx
b
h
35.21
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1866.2
2607.8
2473.2
1624.9
1918.9
306.62
336.52
1249.5
1277.8
3150.7
3068
1849.7
2387.4
350.54
435.07
1315.1
1731.6
3093.4
3050.1
1966
2405.2
381.82
442.13
1390.7
1755.3
N/bh
(N/mm2)
18
13.574
15.747
13.925
15.396
14.831
14.49
14.907
14.414
10.299
12.834
10.709
12.424
11.766
11.367
11.854
11.279
6.9942
9.5293
7.4039
9.1196
8.461
8.0625
8.5491
7.9744
P - My
14000
12000
P (kN)
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
M (kNm)
3000
3500
4000
4500
Appendix H
Estimation of Support Stiffnesses
of vertical supports to Transfer
Structures
Appendix H
For support stiffness, we are referring to the force or moment required to produce unit
vertical movement or unit rotation at the top of the support which are denoted by K Z ,
K X , K Y for settlement stiffness along the Z direction, and rotational stiffnesses about
X and Y directions. These stiffnesses are independent parameters which can interact only
through the plate structure. Most softwares allow the user either to input numerical values
or structural sizes and heights of the support (which are usually walls or columns) by
which the softwares can calculate numerical values for the support stiffnesses as follows :
(i)
AE L
column / wall.
Strictly speaking, the expression AE L is only correct if the column / wall is
one storey high and restrained completely from settlement at the bottom. However,
if the column / wall is more than one storey high, the settlement stiffness
estimation can be very complicated. It will not even be a constant value. The
settlement of the support is, in fact, interacting with that of others through the
structural frame linking them together by transferring the axial loads in the
column / wall to others through shears in the linking beams. Nevertheless, if the
linking beams (usually floor beams) in the structural frame are flexible, the
transfer of loads from one column / wall through the linking beams to the rest of
the frame will generally be negligible. By ignoring such transfer, the settlement
stiffness of a column / wall can be obtained by compounding the settlement
stiffness of the individual settlement stiffness at each floor as
1
1
=
KZ =
L
L
Li
L1
L
+ 2 + 3 + ...... n
A1 E1 A2 E 2 A3 E3
An E n
Ai Ei
H-1
Appendix H
(ii)
For the rotational stiffness, most of the existing softwares calculate the numerical
4 EI
3EI
values either by
or
, depending on whether the far end of the supporting
L
L
column / wall is assumed fixed or pinned (where I is the second moment of area
of the column / wall section). However, apart from the assumed fixity at the far
4 EI
3EI
or
are also based on the assumption that both ends of
end, the formulae
L
L
the column / wall are restrained from lateral movement (sidesway). It is obvious
that the assumption will not be valid if the out-of-plane load or the structural
layout is unsymmetrical where the plate will have lateral movements. The errors
may be significant if the structure is to simulate a transfer plate under wind load
which is in the form of an out-of-plane moment tending to overturn the structure.
Nevertheless, the errors can be minimized by finding the force that will be
required to restrain the slab structure from sideswaying and applying a force of
the same magnitude but of opposite direction to nullify this force. This magnitude
of this restraining force or nullifying force is the sum of the total shears produced
in the supporting walls / columns due to the moments induced on the walls /
columns from the plate analysis. However, the analysis of finding the effects on
the plate by the nullifying force has to be done on a plane frame or a space
frame structure as the 2-D plate bending model cannot cater for lateral in-plane
loads. This approach is adopted by some local engineers and the procedure for
analysis is illustrated in Figure H-1.
Lateral force, S , to
prevent sidesway
S1
M U1
S2
MU2
S3
MU3
h1
h2
h3
S3
S1
S2
Appendix H
Note : 1.
2.
If the wall / column is prismatic and the lower end is restrained from
rotation, the moment at the lower end will be M Li = 0.5M Ui (carry-over
from the top); if the lower end is assumed pinned, the moment at it will be
zero;
M + M Li
The shear on the wall / column will be S i = Ui
where M Ui is
hi
obtained from plate bending analysis and the total restraining shear is
S = Si
H-3
Appendix I
Derivation of Formulae for
Rigid Cap Analysis
Appendix I
Derivation of Formulae for Rigid Cap Analysis
Underlying Principles of the Rigid Cap Analysis
The Rigid Cap Analysis method utilizes the assumption of Rigid Cap in the
solution of pile loads beneath a single cap against out-of-plane loads, i.e. the cap is a
perfectly rigid body which does not deform upon the application of loads. The cap
itself may settle, translate or rotate, but as a rigid body. The deflections of a
connecting pile will therefore be well defined by the movement of the cap and the
location of the pile beneath the cap, taking into consideration of the connection
conditions of the piles. Consider a Pile i situated from a point O on the pile cap as
shown in Figure I-1 with settlement stiffness K iZ
Pile i
+ve M Y
yi
+ve M X
O
xi
K iZ (bO + b1 xi + b2 y i )
i is
P = K iZ (bO + b1 xi + b2 y i )
P = bO K iZ + b1 K iZ xi + b2 K iZ y i
I-1
Appendix I
Balancing the applied Moment
M X = K iZ (bO + b1 xi + b2 y i ) y i
M X = bO K iZ y i b1 K iZ xi y i b2 K iZ y i
Balancing the applied Moment
M Y = K iZ (bO + b1 xi + b2 yi )xi
M Y = bO K iZ xi + b1 K iZ xi + b2 K iZ xi y i
It is possible to choose the centre O such that
K iZ xi = K iZ yi = K iZ xi yi = 0 .
2
M X = b2 K iZ y i
M Y = b1 K iZ xi
bO =
b2 =
b1 =
P
K iZ
MX
iZ
yi
MY
iZ
xi
MY
MX
= K iZ
+
x
y
K iZ K x 2 i K y 2 i
iZ i
iZ i
PK iZ
M Y K iZ
M X K iZ
=
+
xi
yi
K iZ K iZ xi 2 K iZ yi 2
To effect
iZ
xi = K iZ y i = K iZ xi y i = 0 , the location of
and
and the
Conventionally, designers may like to use moments along defined axes instead of
moments about defined axes. If we rename the axes and U-U and V-V after translation
and rotation of the axes X-X and Y-Y such that the condition
K
PiZ =
iZ
M Y K iZ
PK iZ
M U K iZ
+
v
u +
2 i
2 i
K
v
K iZ K iZ ui
iZ i
If all piles are identical, i.e. all K iZ are equal, then the formula is reduced
MV
MU
P
v where N is the number of piles.
PiZ = +
u +
2 i
2 i
N ui
vi
Or if we do not wish to rotate the axes to
iZ
Appendix I
M X = bO K iZ y i b1 K iZ xi y i b2 K iZ y i
M X = b1 K iZ xi y i b2 K iZ y i
M Y = bO K iZ xi + b1 K iZ xi + b2 K iZ xi y i
2
and
M Y = b1 K iZ xi + b2 K iZ xi y i
2
Solving
P = bO K iZ bO =
b1 =
P
K iZ
M X K iZ xi yi + M Y K iZ y i
( K iZ xi y i ) +
2
( K
iZ
xi
M Y K iZ xi y i M X K iZ xi
b2 =
( K iZ xi y i ) +
2
( K
iZ
xi
yi
iZ
iZ
yi
M X K iZ xi y i + M Y K iZ y i
PK iZ
+
K iZ xi
PiZ =
K iZ ( K iZ xi yi )2 + K iZ xi 2 K iZ yi 2
2
M Y K iZ xi y i M X K iZ xi
( K iZ xi y i ) +
2
( K
iZ xi
K iZ yi
K iZ y i .
If all piles are identical, i.e. all KiZ are equal, then the formula is reduced
M Y xi y i M X xi
M X xi y i + M Y y i
P
+
+
x
yi
i
2
2
2
2
N ( xi y i ) + xi 2 y i 2
( xi y i ) + xi y i
2
PiZ =
PiZ =
x y
i
MY
MX
P
x +
yi
+
2 i
N xi
yi 2
I-3
Appendix J
Mathematical Simulation of
Curves related to Shrinkage and
Creep Determination
Appendix J
he = 200 mm
he = 400 mm
he = 800 mm
Days
Kj
Days
Kj
Days
Kj
Days
Kj
0.09
0.09
16.6
0.065
60
0.065
0.108
0.095
20
0.08
70
0.075
0.125
0.1
30
0.115
80
0.084
0.145
0.105
40
0.145
90
0.092
0.165
10
0.112
50
0.165
100
0.099
0.185
11
0.12
60
0.185
200
0.17
0.2
12
0.13
70
0.2
300
0.22
0.213
13
0.138
80
0.22
400
0.265
10
0.225
14
0.145
90
0.235
500
0.31
20
0.33
20
0.18
100
0.25
600
0.35
30
0.4
30
0.23
200
0.375
700
0.386
40
0.45
40
0.275
300
0.46
800
0.42
50
0.5
50
0.31
400
0.54
900
0.45
60
0.543
60
0.345
500
0.6
1000
0.48
70
0.57
70
0.37
600
0.64
2000
0.73
80
0.6
80
0.4
700
0.67
3000
0.83
90
0.625
90
0.425
800
0.7
4000
0.888
100
0.645
100
0.445
900
0.72
5000
0.923
200
0.775
200
0.61
1000
0.74
6000
0.95
300
0.827
300
0.7
2000
0.87
7000
0.97
400
0.865
400
0.75
3000
0.935
8000
0.98
500
0.892
500
0.79
4000
0.97
600
0.91
600
0.81
5000
0.99
700
0.927
700
0.84
800
0.937
800
0.855
900
0.945
900
0.87
1000
0.955
1000
0.883
1500
0.975
2000
0.955
J-1
Appendix J
Curves are plotted accordingly in Microsoft Excel as shown :
Simulation of Kj Values
Effective thickness = 100mm
Effective thickness = 400mm
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
Kj
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1
10
100
1000
10000
These curves are divided into parts and polynomial equations (x denote days) are
simulated by regression done by the Excel as follows :
(i)
Effectiveness thickness he = 100 mm
(ii)
for 2 x 10
Kj = 1.574074076410-6x6 + 7.108974369910-5x5 1.234864673810-3x4 +
1.039645494310-2x3 4.421810674610-2x2 + 1.078536675010-1x
1.442222215410-2;
for 10 < x 100
Kj = 8.263888872610-12x6 + 2.942467943610-9x5 4.164610036110-7x4 +
2.999517040810-5x3 1.196468809810-3x2 + 3.090544616210-2x +
9.300004948710-3
for 100 < x 1000
Kj = 9.999999955310-18x6 + 3.787179472910-14x5 5.748717930310-11x4
+ 4.482972016910-8x3 1.926881349210-5x2 + 4.678719812810-3x +
3.305999989010-1
Effectiveness thickness he = 200 mm
for 1 x 10
Kj = 5.555555558410-7x6 + 1.923076923610-5x5 2.363247863110-4x4 +
1.188811188710-3x3 1.837245515410-3x2 + 5.196619772110-3x +
5.066666739410-2
for 10 < x 100
Kj = 6.090588679910-12x6 + 2.028755901210-9x5 2.670683634010-7x4 +
J-2
Appendix J
1.7840233064E10-5x3 6.645433170510-4x2 + 1.773623472710-2x -
(iii)
1.369617836510-2
for 100 < x 1000
Kj = 4.166666531710-19x6 + 4.618589703810-15x5 1.289903840810-11x4
+ 1.617915207110-8x3 1.063184207310-5x2 + 3.884871331610-3x +
1.479333321410-1
Effectiveness thickness he = 400 mm
for 1 x 16.6
Kj = 1.418721446610-6x4 3.546408036110-5x3 + 3.338421873710-4x2
(iv)
2.268825644810-5x + 2.783605334710-2
for 16.6 < x 100
Kj = 1.574074076410-6x6 + 7.108974369910-5x5 1.234864673810-3x4 +
1.039645494310-6x3 4.421810674610-2x2 + 1.078536675010-1x
1.442222215410-2
for 100 < x 1000
Kj = 9.374999967810-18x6 + 3.119391015710-4x5 4.043669859110-11x4
+ 2.627990231410-8x3 9.811216473510-6x2 + 2.847581002210-3x +
4.116666581110-2
for 1000 < x 5000
Kj = 8.333333333410-16x4 + 1.416666666710-11x3 9.666666666710-8x2
+ 3.333333333310-4x + 4.900000000010-1
Effectiveness thickness he = 800 mm
for 3 x 60
Kj = 9.588934830110-12x5 1.560472526210-8x4 + 1.871528089810-6x3
7.563503055010-5x2 + 1.880593065510-3x + 1.498131183110-2
for 60 < x 100
Kj = 5.421010862410-20x4 + 1.301042607010-17x3 5.000000001210-6x2
+ 1.650000000010-3x 1.600000000010-2
for 100 < x 1000
Kj = 3.958333315810-18x6 + 1.481891020210-14x5 2.196714736610-11x4
+ 1.638344255810-8x3 6.589985130110-6x2 + 1.824951165710-3x
3.190000054410-2
Simulation of K m values
Values of Figure 3.2 of the Code for Ordinary Portland Cement are read, Excel chart
is plotted and polynomial equations are simulated as :
J-3
Appendix J
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
Km
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1
10
100
for 1 x 7
Km = 8.333333333310-3x2 1.333333333310-1x + 1.925
for 7 < x 28
Km = 7.312925170110-4x2 4.464285714310-2x + 1.6766666667
for 28 < x 90
Km = 3.896719978310-5x2 8.630387638910-3x + 1.2111005693
for 90 < x 360
Km = 2.366255144010-6x2 1.972222222210-3x + 9.083333333310-1
J-4
1000