AUTOMATIC GATE OPEN CLOSE SYSTEM

PROJECT REPORT 2008-2009

Submitted by:
(Team name)

COLLEGE LOGO

Guided by:

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the
Award of Diploma in
-----------------------------------------
By the State Board of Technical Education
Government of
Tamilnadu, Chennai.
Department:
College name:
Place:

COLLEGE NAME

COIMBATORE

DEPARTMENT
PROJECT REPORT-2008-2009

This Report is certified to be the Bonafide work done by

Selvan/Selvi ---------------- Reg.No. ------------ Of VI
Semester class of this college.

Guide Head of the Department

Submitter for the Practical Examinations of the board of

Examinations,State Board of Technical Education,Chennai,
TamilNadu.On -------------- (date) held at the ------------
(college name),Coimbatore

Internal Examiner External Examiner

DEDICATED TO OUR BELOVED

PARENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing movement of having successfully

completed our project, we wish to convey our sincere thanks
and gratitude to the management of our college and our
beloved chairman------------------------.who provided all the
facilities to us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our

principal ------------------for forwarding us to do our project and
offering adequate duration in completing our project.

We are also grateful to the Head of Department

prof…………., for her/him constructive suggestions
&encouragement during our project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest

&sincere thanks to our guide --------------------, Department of
Mechanical for her/him kind guidance and encouragement
during this project we also express our indebt thanks to our
TEACHING staff of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,
---------- (college Name).

AUTOMATIC GATE OPEN CLOSE SYSTEM

CONTENTS
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE

SYNOPSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
NOMENCLATURE
1 Introduction
2 Literature review
3 Description of equipments
3.1 Battery
3.2 Motor
3.3 Sensors
3.4 Control unit
4 Design and drawing
5 Working principle
6 Merits
7 Applications
8 List of materials
9 Cost Estimation
10 Working principle
11 Conclusion
Bibliography
photography
LIST OF FIGURES
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Number Title

1 Motor
2 Battery
3 Lead acid cell
4 Battery (with dimension)
5 Sensors
6 Overall Diagram
NOMENCLATURE
 NOMENCLATURE

 D=Diameter of motor shaft(m)

 T= torque (N)
SYNOPSIS

SYNOPSIS:
 Railways being the cheapest mode of transportation are

preferred over all the other means .When we go through the daily

newspapers we come across many railway accidents occurring at

unmanned railway crossings. This is mainly due to the carelessness

in manual operations or lack of workers. We, in this project have

come up with a solution for the same. This project utilizes two

powerful proximity sensors, which is used to control the railway gate

automatically.

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION
 The term level crossing (also called a railroad crossing, road

through railroad, railway crossing, train crossing or grade crossing) is

a crossing on one level without recourse to a bridge or tunnel of a

railway line by a road, path, or another railroad. It also applies when a

light rail line with separate right-of-way (or a reserved track tramway)

crosses a road.

Early level crossings had a flagman in a nearby booth that

would, on the approach of a train, wave a red flag or lantern to stop

all traffic and clear the tracks. Manual or electrical closable gates that

barricaded the roadway were later introduced. The gates were

intended to be a complete barrier against intrusion of any road traffic

onto the railway. In the early days of the railways much road traffic

was horse drawn or included livestock. It was thus necessary to

provide a real barrier. Thus, crossing gates, when closed to road

traffic, crossed the entire width of the road. When opened to allow

road users to cross the line, the gates were swung across the width

of the railway, preventing any pedestrians or animals getting onto the

line. To avoid the above problem we are using the sensors to operate

the gate model when the trail will be arrival time.

CHAPTER-2
 LITERATURE SURVEY

LITERATURE SURVEY

MOTOR:
 An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical

energy. The reverse process which of using mechanical energy to

produce electrical energy is accomplished by a generator or dynamo.

Traction motors used on locomotives and some electric and hybrid

automobiles often performs both tasks if the vehicle is equipped with

dynamic brakes. Electric motors are found in household appliances

such as fans, refrigerators, washing machines, pool pumps, floor

vacuums, and fan-forced ovens. They are also found in many other

devices such as computer equipment, in its disk drives, printers, and

fans; and in some sound and video playing and recording equipment

as DVD/CD players and recorders, tape players and recorders, and

record players. Electric motors are also found in several kinds of toys

such as some kinds of vehicles and robotic toys.

The principle of conversion of electrical energy into mechanical

energy by electromagnetic means was demonstrated by the British

scientist Michael Faraday in 1821 and consisted of a free-hanging

wire dipping into a pool of mercury. A permanent magnet was placed

in the middle of the pool of mercury. When a current was passed

through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that

the current gave rise to a circular magnetic field around the wire. This
motor is often demonstrated in school physics classes, but brine (salt

water) is sometimes used in place of the toxic mercury. This is the

simplest form of a class of electric motors called homopolar motors. A

later refinement is the Barlow's Wheel. These were demonstration

devices, unsuited to practical applications due to limited power.

The first real electric motor, using electromagnets for both

stationary and rotating parts, was demonstrated by Ányos Jedlik in

1828 Hungary. He built an electric-motor propelled vehicle in 1828.

The first English commutator-type direct-current electric motor

capable of a practical application was invented by the British scientist

William Sturgeon in 1832. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-

type direct-current electric motor made with the intention of

commercial use was built by the American Thomas Davenport and

patented in 1837. Although several of these motors were built and

used to operate equipment such as a printing press, due to the high

cost of primary battery power, the motors were commercially

unsuccessful and Davenport went bankrupt. Several inventors

followed Sturgeon in the development of DC motors but all

encountered the same cost issues with primary battery power. No

electricity distribution had been developed at the time. Like

Sturgeon's motor, there was no practical commercial market for these

motors.

The modern DC motor was invented by accident in 1873, when

Zénobe Gramme connected the dynamo he had invented to a second

similar unit, driving it as a motor. The Gramme machine was the first

electric motor that was successful in the industry.

In 1888 Nikola Tesla invented the first practicable AC motor

and with it the polyphase power transmission system. Tesla

continued his work on the AC motor in the years to follow at the

Westinghouse Company.

LEVEL CROSSING:

The first U.S. patent for such crossing gates was awarded on

27 August 1867, to J. Nason and J. F. Wilson, both of Boston,

Massachusetts.

With the appearance of motor vehicles, this barrier became less

effective and the need for a barrier to livestock diminished

dramatically. Many countries therefore substituted the gated

crossings with weaker but more highly visible barriers and relied upon

road users following the associated warning signals to stop.

In many countries, level crossings on less important roads and

railway lines are often "open" or "uncontrolled", sometimes with

warning lights or bells to warn of approaching trains. Ungated

crossings represent a safety issue; many accidents have occurred

due to failure to notice or obey the warning. Railways in the United

States are adding reflectors to the side of each train car to help

prevent accidents at level crossings. In some countries, such as

Ireland, instead of an open crossing there may be manually operated

gates, which the motorist must open and close. These too have

significant risks, as they are unsafe to use without possessing

knowledge of the train timetable: motorists may be instructed to

telephone the railway signaler, but may not always do so.

The director of rail safety at the UK Railway Inspectorate commented

in 2004 that "the use of level crossings contributes the greatest

potential for catastrophic risk on the railways." Eighteen people were

killed in the UK on level crossings in 2003-4. Bridges and tunnels are

now favoured, but this can be impractical in flat countryside where

there is insufficient space to build a roadway embankment or tunnel

(because of nearby buildings).

At railway stations a pedestrian level crossing is sometimes provided

to allow passengers to reach other platforms in the absence of an

underpass or bridge.

Where third rail systems have level crossings, there is a gap in the

third rail over the level crossing, but the power supply is not

interrupted since trains have current collectors on multiple cars.

ULTIMATE AIM

The aim of our project is to operate the gate model when the

train will comes at the certain distance before the level crossing. So

here we are using the sensors to identify the train coming and going

on the bath.
 CHAPTER-3

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

CHAPTER-III
 DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

3.1 BATTERY:

BATTERY CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DETAILS:

In our project we are using secondary type battery. It is

rechargeable Type. A battery is one or more electrochemical cells,

which store chemical energy and make it available as electric current.

There are two types of batteries, primary (disposable) and secondary

(rechargeable), both of which convert chemical energy to electrical

energy. Primary batteries can only be used once because they use

up their chemicals in an irreversible reaction. Secondary batteries can

be recharged because the chemical reactions they use are reversible;

they are recharged by running a charging current through the battery,

but in the opposite direction of the discharge current. Secondary, also

called rechargeable batteries can be charged and discharged many

times before wearing out. After wearing out some batteries can be

recycled.

Batteries have gained popularity as they became portable and

useful for many purposes. The use of batteries has created many

environmental concerns, such as toxic metal pollution. A battery is a

device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy it

consists of one or more voltaic cells. Each voltaic cell consists of two

half cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte.

One half-cell is the positive electrode, and the other is the

negative electrode. The electrodes do not touch each other but are

electrically connected by the electrolyte, which can be either solid or

liquid. A battery can be simply modeled as a perfect voltage source

which has its own resistance, the resulting voltage across the load
depends on the ratio of the battery's internal resistance to the

resistance of the load.

When the battery is fresh, its internal resistance is low, so the

voltage across the load is almost equal to that of the battery's internal

voltage source. As the battery runs down and its internal resistance

increases, the voltage drop across its internal resistance increases,

so the voltage at its terminals decreases, and the battery's ability to

deliver power to the load decreases.

Battery is use for storing the energy produced from the solar

power. The battery used is a lead-acid type and has a capacity of

12v; 2.5A.the most inexpensive secondary cell is the lead acid cell

and is widely used for commercial purposes. A lead acid cell when

ready for use contains two plates immersed in a dilute sulphuric acid

(H2SO4) of specific gravity about 1.28.the positive plate (anode) is of

Lead –peroxide (PbO2) which has chocolate brown color and the

negative plate (cathode) is lead (Pb) which is of grey color.

When the cell supplies current to a load (discharging), the chemical

action that takes place forms lead sulphate (PbSO4) on both the
plates with water being formed in the electrolyte. After a certain

amount of energy has been withdrawn from the cell, both plates are

Transformed into the same material and the specific gravity of the

electrolyte (H2so4) is lowered. The cell is then said to be discharged.

There are several methods to ascertain whether the cell is discharged

or not.

To charge the cell, direct current is passed through the cell in

the reverse direction to that in which the cell provided current. This

reverses the chemical process and again forms a lead peroxide

(PbO2) positive plate and a pure lead (Pb) negative plate. At the

same time,(H2so4) is formed at the expense of water, restoring the

electrolyte (H2so4 ) to its original condition. The chemical changes that

Occur during discharging and recharging of a lead-acid cell.

3.2. MOTOR:

D.C.MOTOR PRINCIPLE:
 A machine that converts direct current power into mechanical

power is known as D.C Motor. Its generation is based on the principle

that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field,

the conductor experiences a mechanical force. The direction iof this

force is given by Fleming’s left hand rule.

WORKING OF A DC MOTOR:

Consider a part of a multipolar dc motor as shown in fig. when the

terminals of the motor are connected to an external source of dc

supply;

(i) The field magnets are excited developing alternate N and S

poles.

(ii) The armature conductors carry currents. All conductors

under N-pole carry currents in one direction while all the

conductors under S-pole carry currents in the opposite

direction.

Suppose the conductors under N-pole carry currents into the plane

of paper and those under S-pole carry current out of the plane of

paper as shown in fig. Since each armature conductor is carrying

current and is placed in the magnetic field, mechanical force acts on

it. Applying Fleming’s left hand rule, it is clear that force on each

conductor is tending to rotate the armature in anticlockwise direction.

All these forces add together to produce a driving torque which sets

the armature rotating. When the conductor moves from one side of

the brush to the other, current in the conductor is received and at the

same time it comes under the influence of next pole which is of

opposite polarity. Consequently the direction of force on the

conductor remains same.

PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION:

In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism.

A current-carrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is

then placed in an external magnetic field, it will experience a force

proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the

external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with

magnets as a kid, opposite (North and South) polarities attract, while

like polarities (North and North, South and South) repel. The internal

configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic

interaction between a current-carrying conductor and an external

magnetic field to generate rotational motion.

Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red

represents a magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while

green represents a magnet or winding with a "South" polarization).

Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (armature), stator,

commutator, field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC

motors, the external magnetic field is produced by high-strength

permanent magnets. The stator is the stationary part of the motor --

this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent

magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached

commutator) rotate with respect to the stator. The rotor consists of

windings (generally on a core), the windings being electrically

connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a common

motor layout -- with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.

The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor

windings are such that when power is applied, the polarities of the

energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are misaligned, and the
rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field

magnets. As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the

next commutator contacts, and energize the next winding. Given our

example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current

through the rotor winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic

field, driving it to continue rotating.

In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles

(three is a very common number). In particular, this avoids "dead

spots" in the commutator. You can imagine how with our example

two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its rotation

(perfectly aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there.

Meanwhile, with a two-pole motor, there is a moment where the

commutator shorts out the power supply. This would be bad for the

power supply, waste energy, and damage motor components as well.

Yet another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it would

exhibit a high amount of torque "ripple" (the amount of torque it could

produce is cyclic with the position of the rotor).

So since most small DC motors are of a three-pole design, let's tinker

with the workings of one via an interactive animation (JavaScript

required):
 A few things from this -- namely, one pole is fully

energized at a time (but two others are "partially" energized). As each

brush transitions from one commutator contact to the next, one coil's

field will rapidly collapse, as the next coil's field will rapidly charge up

(this occurs within a few microsecond). We'll see more about the

effects of this later, but in the meantime you can see that this is a

direct result of the coil windings' series wiring:

There's probably no better way to see how an average DC motor is

put together, than by just opening one up. Unfortunately this is

tedious work, as well as requiring the destruction of a perfectly good

motor.

The guts of a disassembled Mabuchi FF-030-PN motor (the same

model that Solarbotics sells) are available for (on 10 lines / cm graph

paper). This is a basic 3-pole DC motor, with 2 brushes and three

commutator contacts.

The use of an iron core armature (as in the Mabuchi, above) is quite

common, and has a number of advantages. First off, the iron core

provides a strong, rigid support for the windings -- a particularly

important consideration for high-torque motors. The core also

conducts heat away from the rotor windings, allowing the motor to be

driven harder than might otherwise be the case. Iron core

construction is also relatively inexpensive compared with other

construction types.

But iron core construction also has several disadvantages. The iron

armature has a relatively high inertia which limits motor acceleration.

This construction also results in high winding inductances which limit

brush and commutator life.

In small motors, an alternative design is often used which features a

'coreless' armature winding. This design depends upon the coil wire
itself for structural integrity. As a result, the armature is hollow, and

the permanent magnet can be mounted inside the rotor coil. Coreless

DC motors have much lower armature inductance than iron-core

motors of comparable size, extending brush and commutator life.

The coreless design also allows manufacturers to build smaller

motors; meanwhile, due to the lack of iron in their rotors, coreless

motors are somewhat prone to overheating. As a result, this design is

generally used just in small, low-power motors. Beamers will most

often see coreless DC motors in the form of pager motors.

Again, disassembling a coreless motor can be instructive -- in this

case, my hapless victim was a cheap pager vibrator motor. The guts

of this disassembled motor are available (on 10 lines / cm graph

paper). This is (or more accurately, was) a 3-pole coreless DC motor.

LIMITAION OF THE DC MOTOR:

We never aim at achieving maximum power due to the following

reasons:

The armature current under this condition is very large – much

excess of rated current of the machine.

Half of the input power is wasted in the armature circuit. in fact ,if we

take into account other losses (iron and mechanical),the efficiency

will be well below 50%

3.3 SENSORS:

3.3.1 LIMIT SWITCH:

Limit switch is a mechanical device. It is used for making a

breaking for electrical connections. There are many configurations of

the contact possible. A switch is normally a switch is type of touch

sensor. To reduce the force needed to actuate the switch. Mechanical

switches have long been replaced by electronic switching devices

which can be automated and intelligently controlled.

3.3.2 PROXIMITY SENSOR:

PROXIMITY SENSOR:

APPLICATION:

• Inductive proximity sensors are widely used in various

applications to detect metal devices.

• They can be used in various environments (industry, workshop,

lift shaft) and need high reliability.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

Inductive proximity sensors generate an electromagnetic field

and detect the eddy current losses induced when the metal target

enters the field. The field is generated by a coil, wrapped round a

ferrite core, which is used by a transistorized circuit to produce

oscillations. The target, while entering the electromagnetic field

produced by the coil, will decrease the oscillations due to eddy

currents developed in the target. If the target approaches the sensor

within the so-called "sensing range", the oscillations cannot be

produced anymore: the detector circuit generates then an output

signal controlling a relay or a switch.

DRAWING FOR PROXIMITY SENSOR:

3.4 CONTROL UNIT

In our project the main device is micro controller. It is help to

control the whole unit of this project. In this we are using the motor to

run gate model, which is connected through the control unit. The unit

is connected with the battery.

 Microcontrollers are destined to play an increasingly important

role in revolutionizing various industries and influencing our day to

day life more strongly than one can imagine. Since its emergence in

the early 1980's the microcontroller has been recognized as a

general purpose building block for intelligent digital systems. It is

finding using diverse area, starting from simple children's toys to

highly complex spacecraft. Because of its versatility and many

advantages, the application domain has spread in all conceivable

directions, making it ubiquitous. As a consequence, it has generate a

great deal of interest and enthusiasm among students, teachers and

practicing engineers, creating an acute education need for imparting

the knowledge of microcontroller based system design and

development. It identifies the vital features responsible for their

tremendous impact; the acute educational need created by them and

provides a glimpse of the major application area.

 CHAPTER-4

DESIGN AND DRAWING

 CHAPTER-IV

DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING

4.1 COMPONENTS

The “automatic dc motor gate control system for railway level

cross” consists of the following components to full fill the

requirements of complete operation of the machine.

1. Battery

2. Motor

3. Sensors

4. Control unit
DRAWING
AUTOMATIC DC MOTOR GATE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR

RAILWAY LEVEL CROSS

 CHAPTER -5

WORKING PRINCIPLE
 CHAPTER-V

WORKING PRINCIPLE

When foreside sensor gets sensed, the gate motor is turned on

in one direction and the gate is closed and the motor is off position at

the period of reach the limit switch and stays closed until the train

crosses the gate and reaches aft side sensors. When after side

sensor gets sensed, motor turns in opposite direction and gate opens

and motor stops at the time of gate model is touch the limit switch.

Using simple electronic components we have tried to automate

the control of railway gates. As a train approaches the railway

crossing from either side, the sensors placed at a certain distance

from the gate detects the approaching train and accordingly controls

the operation of the gate. The gate opening and closing can be done

with the help of DC motor by the specific instruction of

microcontroller.
CHAPTER -6

MERITS
 CHAPTER-VI

MERITS

 Avoid accidents in level crossings.

 No manual work is needed.

 CHAPTER-7

APPLICATIONS
 CHAPTER-VII

APPLICATIONS

• It can be applicable in level crossing of railway.

 CHAPTER-8

LIST OF MATERIALS
 CHAPTER-VIII

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are

discussed below.
1. Properties:

The material selected must posses the necessary properties for

the proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied

Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand

environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials

decisively affect their selection

a. Physical

b. Mechanical

c. From manufacturing point of view

d. Chemical

The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific

gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,

Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue

resistance, impact resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit, and

modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding

properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point

of view are,

 Cast ability

 Weld ability

 Surface properties

 Shrinkage

 Deep drawing etc.

2. Manufacturing case:

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or

surface qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating

substances may demand the use of special materials.

3. Quality Required:
 This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately

the material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of

a less number of components which can be fabricated much more

economically by welding or hand forging the steel.

4. Availability of Material:

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. It then

becomes obligatory for the designer to use some other material which

though may not be a perfect substitute for the material designed. the

delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should also be

kept in mind.

5. Space consideration:

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the

forces involved are high and space limitations are there.

6. Cost:
 As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of

material plays an important part and should not be ignored.

Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-

maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of

proper materials.
 CHAPTER-9

COST ESTIMATION
 CHAPTER-IX

COST ESTIMATION

1. LABOUR COST:

Lathe, drilling, welding, drinding, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost

2. OVERGHEAD CHARGES:

The overhead charges are arrived by “manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing Cost =Material Cost +Labour Cost

Overhead Charges =20%of the manufacturing cost

3. TOTAL COST:

Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges

Total cost for this project =

 Chapter-10

CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER-X

CONCLUSION

The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the

field of railway department.

This project will reduce the cost involved in the concern. Project

has been designed to perform the entire requirement task at the

shortest time available.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Design data book -P.S.G.Tech.

2. Machine tool design handbook –Central machine tool

Institute, Bangalore.

3. Strength of Materials -R.S.Kurmi

4. Manufacturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.

5. Design of machine elements- R.s.Kurumi

PHOTOGRAPHY