THEORY

Like bending, torsion is an important type of loading that can produce critical
stresses in engineering applications. Under torsion, shear stresses are produced.
The stiffness under shear stress is called the modulus of rigidity, G (MPa). It is also
called the shear modulus. The modulus of rigidity of mild steel was determined by
performing this test. The theory that were applied in this laboratory are;
1. Torque: Twisting effect of couple or force is called as torque. It is denoted by
double head arrow.
2. Torsion: Torque applied in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a
member is called as torsion.
3. Difference between Torque and Moment:

4. Twisting Moment: It is the summation of torque either left or right section.

5. Bending Theory:

6. Torsion Theory:
Assumptions:
a. Material is homogenous
b. Circular section remains circular and do not wrap
c. A plane section of a material is perpendicular to its longitudinal axis
remain plane and do not warp after the torque is applied.
d. Shaft is loaded by a couple or torque in a plane perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the plane.
e. Shear stress is proportional to shear strain, it means that Hooks Law is
applicable.
f. In circular shafts subjected to torque shearing strain varies linearly.

Where,
t, shearing stress
r, radius of shaft
T, twisting moment
J, polar moment of inertia
G, modulus of rigidity,
, angle of twist
L, length of specimen
7. Polar moment of inertia: The geometric rigidity of the X-sec is termed as
polar moment of inertia. It is the resistance against twisting, summation of 2
moment of area about x-axis.
Circular section:

Hollow Shaft:

Torsional Rigidity/ Modulus of Rigidity/ Modulus of Elasticity in Shear:

When material is subjected to pure twist loading, the slope of shear stress
verses shear strain curve is termed as modulus of rigidity (modulus of
elasticity in shear, torsional rigidity)
8. Poisons Ratio: The ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain when material
is subjected to axial loading and always less than 1

9. Relation between yield strength in tension to torsion for mild steel: The
relationship between yield stress in simple tension and that in pure shear can
be found from VON MISES for a yield criteria

10. Torsional Strength:

It is the ultimate strength of a material subjected to a torsional loading
It is maximum torsional stress that a material sustains before rupture
It is similar to the tensile strength

11. Torsional Deformation: Angular displacement of specimen caused by

specified torque in torsion test. It is equal to angle of twist in radians divided
by gauge length or effective length.
12. Torsional strain, y: Strain corresponding to specified torque in torsion test. It
is equal to torsional deformation multiplied by the radius of the shaft. Its units
are radians.

13. Torsional Stress, T: Shear stress developed in a material subjected to a

specified torque in torsion test for a circular shaft. It can be calculated using
the expression

14. Expected failure for mild steel and cast iron specimens and reasoning:
Fracture in torsion for ductile materials generally occur in the plane of
maximum shear stress perpendicular to the axis of bar where as for the brittle
material failure occurs along 45 to the axis of bar due to tensile stress across
that plane.