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Seismicanalysis
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Seismicanalysisisasubsetofstructuralanalysisandisthecalculation
oftheresponseofabuilding(ornonbuilding)structuretoearthquakes.
Itispartoftheprocessofstructuraldesign,earthquakeengineeringor
structuralassessmentandretrofit(seestructuralengineering)inregions
whereearthquakesareprevalent.
Asseeninthefigure,abuildinghasthepotentialtowavebackand
forthduringanearthquake(orevenaseverewindstorm).Thisiscalled
thefundamentalmode,andisthelowestfrequencyofbuilding
response.Mostbuildings,however,havehighermodesofresponse,
whichareuniquelyactivatedduringearthquakes.Thefigurejustshows
thesecondmode,buttherearehighershimmy(abnormalvibration)
modes.Nevertheless,thefirstandsecondmodestendtocausethemost
damageinmostcases.

Firstandsecondmodesof
buildingseismicresponse

Theearliestprovisionsforseismicresistanceweretherequirementtodesignforalateralforceequaltoa
proportionofthebuildingweight(appliedateachfloorlevel).Thisapproachwasadoptedintheappendix
ofthe1927UniformBuildingCode(UBC),whichwasusedonthewestcoastoftheUSA.Itlaterbecame
clearthatthedynamicpropertiesofthestructureaffectedtheloadsgeneratedduringanearthquake.Inthe
LosAngelesCountyBuildingCodeof1943aprovisiontovarytheloadbasedonthenumberoffloorlevels
wasadopted(basedonresearchcarriedoutatCaltechincollaborationwithStanfordUniversityandthe
U.S.CoastandGeodeticSurvey,whichstartedin1937).Theconceptof"responsespectra"wasdeveloped
inthe1930s,butitwasn'tuntil1952thatajointcommitteeoftheSanFranciscoSectionoftheASCEand
theStructuralEngineersAssociationofNorthernCalifornia(SEAONC)proposedusingthebuildingperiod
(theinverseofthefrequency)todeterminelateralforces.[1]
TheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeleywasanearlybaseforcomputerbasedseismicanalysisofstructures,
ledbyProfessorRayClough(whocoinedthetermfiniteelement[2]).StudentsincludedEdWilson,who
wentontowritetheprogramSAPin1970,[3]anearly"FiniteElementAnalysis"program.
Earthquakeengineeringhasdevelopedalotsincetheearlydays,andsomeofthemorecomplexdesigns
nowusespecialearthquakeprotectiveelementseitherjustinthefoundation(baseisolation)ordistributed
throughoutthestructure.Analyzingthesetypesofstructuresrequiresspecializedexplicitfiniteelement
computercode,whichdividestimeintoverysmallslicesandmodelstheactualphysics,muchlikecommon
videogamesoftenhave"physicsengines".Verylargeandcomplexbuildingscanbemodeledinthisway
(suchastheOsakaInternationalConventionCenter).
Structuralanalysismethodscanbedividedintothefollowingfivecategories.

Contents
1Equivalentstaticanalysis
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2Responsespectrumanalysis
3Lineardynamicanalysis
4Nonlinearstaticanalysis
5Nonlineardynamicanalysis
6Seealso
7References

Equivalentstaticanalysis
Thisapproachdefinesaseriesofforcesactingonabuildingtorepresenttheeffectofearthquakeground
motion,typicallydefinedbyaseismicdesignresponsespectrum.Itassumesthatthebuildingrespondsin
itsfundamentalmode.Forthistobetrue,thebuildingmustbelowriseandmustnottwistsignificantly
whenthegroundmoves.Theresponseisreadfromadesignresponsespectrum,giventhenaturalfrequency
ofthebuilding(eithercalculatedordefinedbythebuildingcode).Theapplicabilityofthismethodis
extendedinmanybuildingcodesbyapplyingfactorstoaccountforhigherbuildingswithsomehigher
modes,andforlowlevelsoftwisting.Toaccountforeffectsdueto"yielding"ofthestructure,manycodes
applymodificationfactorsthatreducethedesignforces(e.g.forcereductionfactors).

Responsespectrumanalysis
Thisapproachpermitsthemultiplemodesofresponseofabuildingtobetakenintoaccount(inthe
frequencydomain).Thisisrequiredinmanybuildingcodesforallexceptforverysimpleorverycomplex
structures.Theresponseofastructurecanbedefinedasacombinationofmanyspecialshapes(modes)that
inavibratingstringcorrespondtothe"harmonics".Computeranalysiscanbeusedtodeterminethese
modesforastructure.Foreachmode,aresponseisreadfromthedesignspectrum,basedonthemodal
frequencyandthemodalmass,andtheyarethencombinedtoprovideanestimateofthetotalresponseof
thestructure.Inthiswehavetocalculatethemagnitudeofforcesinalldirectionsi.e.X,Y&Zandthen
seetheeffectsonthebuilding..Combinationmethodsincludethefollowing:
absolutepeakvaluesareaddedtogether
squarerootofthesumofthesquares(SRSS)
completequadraticcombination(CQC)amethodthatisanimprovementonSRSSforclosely
spacedmodes
Theresultofaresponsespectrumanalysisusingtheresponsespectrumfromagroundmotionistypically
differentfromthatwhichwouldbecalculateddirectlyfromalineardynamicanalysisusingthatground
motiondirectly,sincephaseinformationislostintheprocessofgeneratingtheresponsespectrum.
Incaseswherestructuresareeithertooirregular,tootallorofsignificancetoacommunityindisaster
response,theresponsespectrumapproachisnolongerappropriate,andmorecomplexanalysisisoften
required,suchasnonlinearstaticanalysisordynamicanalysis.

Lineardynamicanalysis
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Staticproceduresareappropriatewhenhighermodeeffectsarenotsignificant.Thisisgenerallytruefor
short,regularbuildings.Therefore,fortallbuildings,buildingswithtorsionalirregularities,ornon
orthogonalsystems,adynamicprocedureisrequired.Inthelineardynamicprocedure,thebuildingis
modelledasamultidegreeoffreedom(MDOF)systemwithalinearelasticstiffnessmatrixandan
equivalentviscousdampingmatrix.
Theseismicinputismodelledusingeithermodalspectralanalysisortimehistoryanalysisbutinboth
cases,thecorrespondinginternalforcesanddisplacementsaredeterminedusinglinearelasticanalysis.The
advantageoftheselineardynamicprocedureswithrespecttolinearstaticproceduresisthathighermodes
canbeconsidered.However,theyarebasedonlinearelasticresponseandhencetheapplicabilitydecreases
withincreasingnonlinearbehaviour,whichisapproximatedbyglobalforcereductionfactors.
Inlineardynamicanalysis,theresponseofthestructuretogroundmotioniscalculatedinthetimedomain,
andallphaseinformationisthereforemaintained.Onlylinearpropertiesareassumed.Theanalytical
methodcanusemodaldecompositionasameansofreducingthedegreesoffreedomintheanalysis.

Nonlinearstaticanalysis
Ingeneral,linearproceduresareapplicablewhenthestructureisexpectedtoremainnearlyelasticforthe
levelofgroundmotionorwhenthedesignresultsinnearlyuniformdistributionofnonlinearresponse
throughoutthestructure.Astheperformanceobjectiveofthestructureimpliesgreaterinelasticdemands,
theuncertaintywithlinearproceduresincreasestoapointthatrequiresahighlevelofconservatismin
demandassumptionsandacceptabilitycriteriatoavoidunintendedperformance.Therefore,procedures
incorporatinginelasticanalysiscanreducetheuncertaintyandconservatism.
Thisapproachisalsoknownas"pushover"analysis.Apatternofforcesisappliedtoastructuralmodelthat
includesnonlinearproperties(suchassteelyield),andthetotalforceisplottedagainstareference
displacementtodefineacapacitycurve.Thiscanthenbecombinedwithademandcurve(typicallyinthe
formofanaccelerationdisplacementresponsespectrum(ADRS)).Thisessentiallyreducestheproblemto
asingledegreeoffreedom(SDOF)system.
NonlinearstaticproceduresuseequivalentSDOFstructuralmodelsandrepresentseismicgroundmotion
withresponsespectra.Storydriftsandcomponentactionsarerelatedsubsequentlytotheglobaldemand
parameterbythepushoverorcapacitycurvesthatarethebasisofthenonlinearstaticprocedures.

Nonlineardynamicanalysis
Nonlineardynamicanalysisutilizesthecombinationofgroundmotionrecordswithadetailedstructural
model,thereforeiscapableofproducingresultswithrelativelylowuncertainty.Innonlineardynamic
analyses,thedetailedstructuralmodelsubjectedtoagroundmotionrecordproducesestimatesof
componentdeformationsforeachdegreeoffreedominthemodelandthemodalresponsesarecombined
usingschemessuchasthesquarerootsumofsquares.
Innonlineardynamicanalysis,thenonlinearpropertiesofthestructureareconsideredaspartofatime
domainanalysis.Thisapproachisthemostrigorous,andisrequiredbysomebuildingcodesforbuildings
ofunusualconfigurationorofspecialimportance.However,thecalculatedresponsecanbeverysensitive
tothecharacteristicsoftheindividualgroundmotionusedasseismicinputtherefore,severalanalysesare
requiredusingdifferentgroundmotionrecordstoachieveareliableestimationoftheprobabilistic
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distributionofstructuralresponse.Sincethepropertiesoftheseismicresponsedependontheintensity,or
severity,oftheseismicshaking,acomprehensiveassessmentcallsfornumerousnonlineardynamic
analysesatvariouslevelsofintensitytorepresentdifferentpossibleearthquakescenarios.Thishasledto
theemergenceofmethodsliketheIncrementalDynamicAnalysis.[4]

Seealso
ModalAnalysisusingFEM
StructuralDynamics
OpenSeesAnalysisSoftware
Vibrationcontrol
Earthquakesimulation
Appliedelementmethod
ExtremeLoadingforStructuresSeismicAnalysisSoftware

References
1. ^ASCE.(2000).PrestandardandCommentaryfortheSeismicRehabilitationofBuildings(FEMA
356)(ReportNo.FEMA356).Reston,VA:AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineerspreparedforthe
FederalEmergencyManagementAgency.
2. ^ATC.(1985).EarthquakeDamageEvaluationDataforCalifornia(ATC13)(Report).Redwood,
CA:AppliedTechnologyCouncil.
3. ^Bozorgnia,Y,Bertero,V,"EarthquakeEngineering:FromEngineeringSeismologyto
PerformanceBasedEngineering",CRCPress,2004.
4. ^"EarlyFiniteElementResearchatBerkeley"(http://www.edwilson.org/History/fehistory.pdf),
Wilson,E.andCloughR.,presentedattheFifthU.S.NationalConferenceonComputational
Mechanics,Aug.46,1999
5. ^"HistoricDevelopmentsintheEvolutionofEarthquakeEngineering"
(http://www.curee.org/image_gallery/calendar/essays/1998CUREE_excerpt.pdf),illustratedessays
byRobertReitherman,CUREE,1997,p12.
6. ^VamvatsikosD.,CornellC.A.(2002).IncrementalDynamicAnalysis.EarthquakeEngineeringand
StructuralDynamics,31(3):491514.
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seismic_analysis&oldid=627507636"
Categories: Earthquakeandseismicriskmitigation Structuralanalysis Earthquakeengineering
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