c
oes B
asicas
Seg. Lei Newton
Conserv. Massa
Impenetrabilidade
P
Massa Aceler. =
Fexternas
Massa e Invariante
Igual. Comp. Normais: Contorno e Fluido
D
Derivada Substantiva: Dt
f = f
t + v f
Fluido Newtoniano: Incompressivel, Tensao proporcional a taxa de variacao de velocidade
O contorno fluido e descrito por uma F (x, y, z, t) = 0
Forcas de corpo Fcorpo = g V ol derivam de um potencial g = (gz)
Equacao de Navier-Stokes
diverg. (v) = var. tempo de
un = vn
D
2
Dt
v = v
t + v v = g p + v
(v) =
t
F
D
F
=
+
v
F
=0
Dt
t
Equacao de Euler
Equacao da Continuidade
un = vn
D
Dt
v = v
t + v v = g p
v =0
D
F
Dt F = t + v F = 0
Conserv. Massa
Impenetrabilidade
Equacao da Continuidade
un = vn
1
2
| v |2 + p + gz = 0
v = 2 = 0
D
F
Dt F = t + v F = 0
Ondas Lineares
Efeitos Viscosos Desprezveis (As ondas se propagam ao longo de grandes distancias quase sem
perda de amplitude)
Forcas de Corpo derivam de um Potencial (Na Terra, campo gravitacional)
e aponta para cima. A onda basica de referencia aqui adotada e cossenoidal, isto e, na origem x = 0,
no instante inicial t = 0, observamos que a onda forma uma funcao cosseno, com a superfcie livre
passando pelo ponto z = 0 .
A elevacao da onda e a cota da superfcie livre em um instante ao longo do eixo x.
Equa
c
oes B
asicas
Integral da Equacao de Euler
p
+ + gz = 0
t
Solu
c
ao
Potencial de velocidades
=i
0 g cosh(m0 (z + d))
exp[i(t m0 x)]
cosh(m0 d)
Perfil da onda
=
(1)
1 (x, 0, t)
g
t
= 0 cos(t m0 x)
(2)
2 = gm0 tanh m0 d
(3)
Equacao da Dispersao
Campos de velocidade
vx =
0 cosh[m0 (z + d)]
cos(t m0 x)
sinh(m0 d)
vz =
0 sinh[m0 (z + d)]
sin(t m0 x)
sinh(m0 d)
Aceleracoes
ax =
0 2 cosh[m0 (z + d)]
sin(t m0 x)
sinh(m0 d)
az =
0 2 sinh[m0 (z + d)]
cos(t m0 x)
sinh(m0 d)
Orbitas
x x0 =
z z0 =
(x x0 )2
(z z0 )2
+
=
(cosh[m0 (z0 + d)])2 (sinh[m0 (z0 + d)])2
Pressao
gz
t
cosh(m0 (z + d))
p = g
g
cosh(m0 d)
p =
0
sinh(m0 d)
2
Aguas
Profundas
G(z) = a exp(m0 z)
Convenciona-se que o limite de aguas profundas se da quando L/d = 2.
Potencial de Velocidades
=i
0
exp(m0 z) exp[i(t m0 x)]
m0
Equacao da Dispersao
2 = gm0
Celeridade e Comprimento da Onda
gT
L
=
c= =
T
2
L=
g
m0
gT 2
2
Campos de velocidade
vx = 0 exp(m0 z) cos(t m0 x)
vz = 0 exp(m0 z) sin(t m0 x)
Aceleracoes
ax = 0 2 exp(m0 z) sin(t m0 x)
az = 0 2 exp(m0 z) cos(t m0 x)
Orbitas
circulares
(x x0 )2 + (z z0 )2 = 02 e2m0 z0
Pressao
p = gem0 g
Aguas
Rasas
Limite quando m0 d << 1:
lim sinh(m0 d) = m0 d
m0 d
m0 d
m0 d
= gd
c=
m0
Orbitas
x x0 =
0
sin(t m0 x0 )
m0 d
z
z z0 = 0 (1 + ) cos(t m0 x0 )
d
(x x0 )2
( m00d )2
(z z0 )2
=1
(0 (1 + dz ))2
=E
t cn
G
1
n=
2
2m0 d
1+
sinh(2m0 d)
A energia total da onda por unidade de comprimento de onda propaga-se com velocidade de
grupo cg :
cg = cn
2
=E
t cn = gH cg
G
8
2
cg H 2 = cg, H
Aguas
Profundas
n=
1
2
cg = c/2
Aguas
Rasas
n=1
cg = c
m0 d
0.006283
0.012566
0.018850
0.025133
0.031416
0.037699
0.043982
0.050265
0.056549
0.062832
0.094248
0.125664
0.157080
0.188496
0.219911
0.251327
0.282743
0.314159
tanh(m0 d)
0.006283
0.012566
0.018847
0.025127
0.031406
0.037681
0.043954
0.050223
0.056488
0.062749
0.093970
0.125006
0.155800
0.186294
0.216434
0.246166
0.275442
0.304216
2 d/g
0.000039
0.000158
0.000355
0.000632
0.000987
0.001421
0.001933
0.002524
0.003194
0.003943
0.008856
0.015709
0.024473
0.035116
0.047596
0.061868
0.077879
0.095572
d/L
0.000006
0.000025
0.000057
0.000101
0.000157
0.000226
0.000308
0.000402
0.000508
0.000627
0.001410
0.002500
0.003895
0.005589
0.007575
0.009847
0.012395
0.015211
L /L
159.157013
79.581650
53.057922
39.797108
31.841454
26.538385
22.751078
19.911118
17.702728
15.936430
10.641727
7.999591
6.418472
5.367848
4.620353
4.062298
3.630526
3.287136
n
0.999987
0.999947
0.999882
0.999789
0.999671
0.999527
0.999356
0.999159
0.998936
0.998686
0.997051
0.994775
0.991869
0.988350
0.984236
0.979549
0.974314
0.968556
m0 d
0.314159
0.345575
0.376991
0.408407
0.439823
0.471239
0.502655
0.534071
0.565487
0.596903
0.628319
0.785398
0.942478
1.099557
1.256637
1.413717
1.570796
1.727876
1.884956
2.042035
2.199115
2.356194
2.513274
2.670354
2.827433
2.984513
3.141593
tanh(m0 d)
0.304216
0.332446
0.360092
0.387119
0.413498
0.439200
0.464202
0.488487
0.512037
0.534842
0.556893
0.655794
0.736359
0.800340
0.850134
0.888281
0.917152
0.938804
0.954931
0.966880
0.975701
0.982193
0.986963
0.990461
0.993024
0.994900
0.996272
2 d/g
0.095572
0.114885
0.135751
0.158102
0.181866
0.206968
0.233334
0.260886
0.289550
0.319249
0.349906
0.515060
0.694002
0.880020
1.068310
1.255777
1.440660
1.622138
1.800002
1.974403
2.145678
2.314239
2.480508
2.644881
2.807708
2.969291
3.129881
d/L
0.015211
0.018285
0.021605
0.025163
0.028945
0.032940
0.037136
0.041521
0.046083
0.050810
0.055689
0.081974
0.110454
0.140060
0.170027
0.199863
0.229288
0.258171
0.286479
0.314236
0.341495
0.368322
0.394785
0.420946
0.446861
0.472577
0.498136
L /L
3.287136
3.008011
2.777071
2.583183
2.418393
2.276868
2.154232
2.047139
1.952984
1.869711
1.795676
1.524869
1.358034
1.249469
1.176285
1.125770
1.090331
1.065185
1.047196
1.034254
1.024904
1.018129
1.013210
1.009631
1.007025
1.005127
1.003742
n
0.968556
0.962305
0.955590
0.948444
0.940900
0.932990
0.924751
0.916215
0.907418
0.898394
0.889175
0.841285
0.792958
0.746922
0.704926
0.667871
0.636015
0.609185
0.586958
0.568790
0.554102
0.542336
0.532983
0.525596
0.519795
0.515261
0.511734
m0 d
3.141593
3.455752
3.769912
4.084070
4.398230
4.712389
5.026548
5.340708
5.654867
6.283185
tanh(m0 d)
0.996272
0.998009
0.998938
0.999433
0.999698
0.999839
0.999914
0.999954
0.999976
0.999993
2 d/g
3.129881
3.448873
3.765906
4.081755
4.396899
4.711628
5.026115
5.340462
5.654728
6.283142
d/L
0.498136
0.548905
0.599363
0.649632
0.699788
0.749879
0.799931
0.849961
0.899978
0.999993
L /L
1.003742
1.001994
1.001063
1.000567
1.000303
1.000161
1.000086
1.000046
1.000025
1.000007
n
0.511734
0.506886
0.504007
0.502316
0.501331
0.500761
0.500433
0.500245
0.500139
0.500044
10
11
12
Figura 7: Orbitas
das partculas Fluidas
13
14
15
16