BAHAN MAGNETIK

Klasifikasi bahan magnetik

Berdasarkan responnya terhadap medan
magnetik, bahan magnetik dikelompokkan dalam
tiga kelompok utama
1. Diamagnetik
2. Paramagnetik
3. Ferro-, ferri-, antiferromagnetik

Diamagnetik (1)

Suseptibilitas
magnetik kecil dan
negatif
M
H

Diamagnetik (2)

Suseptibilitas magnetik
tidak bergantung
pada temperatur

Contoh mineral diamagnetik

Mineral

(SI)

Quartz (SiO2)

- (13-17) x 10-6

Calcite (CaCO3)

- (8-39) x 10-6

Graphite (C)

- (80-200) x 10-6

Halite (NaCl)

- (10-16) x 10-6

Sphalerite (ZnS)

- (0.77-19) x 10-6
Data from Hunt et al (1995)

Paramagnetik (1)
Suseptibilitas magnetik kecil dan positif
H = 0, M = 0

H > 0, M > 0

Paramagnetik (2)
Suseptibilitas magnetik bergantung pada
temperatur

Hukum Curie-Weiss

Contoh mineral paramagnetik

Mineral

(SI)

Olivine (Fe,Mg)2SiO4

1.6 10-3

Montmorillonite (clay)

0.34 10-3

Siderite (FeCO3)

1.3-11.0 10-3

Serpentinite
(Mg3Si2O5(OH)4)

3.1-75.0 10-3

Chromite (FeCr2O4)

3-120 10-3
Data from Hunt et al (1995)

Mineral ferromagnetik : FeO-TiO2-Fe2O3

Diagram Ternary

Ferromagnetik (1)
Suseptibilitas magnetik bernilai positif dan besar
Magnetic ordering
H=0

M 0
Unsur ferromagnetik :
Iron (Fe)

Cobalt (Co)

Nickel (Ni)

Gadolinium (Gd)

Antiferromagnetik dan
non-perfect antiferromagnetik
Antiferromagnetik

Non- perpect antiferromagnetik

(spin-canted antiferromagnetik)

M= 0

Unsur antiferromagnetik :
Chromium (Cr)
Manganese (Mn)

M
Contoh: Hematite (Fe2O3)

Ferrimagnetik

Contoh: Magnetite (Fe3O4)

Kurva histeresis
M = Ms

M=
Msr

M=0

Summary
Diamagnetism
Paramagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Non-perfect
Antiferromagnetism Antiferromagnetism

Ferrimagnetism

important for rock and

paleomagnetism

Bahan magnetik berdasarkan ukuran

SPM (superparamagnetik)
SD (single domain)
PSD (pseudo-single domain)
MD (multidomain)

Magnetic domain (1)

Domain adalah daerah pada bahan magnetik

yang mempunyai spinning electron bebas.

single domain

dua domain

empat domain

closure domain

Magnetic domain (2)

Tanda panah menunjukkan
dipol magnetik.
Dalam masing-masing domain,
semua dipol sejajar,
sedangkan arah dipol antara
satu domain dengan yang
lainnya bervariasi.

Domain wall
Domain wall merupakan
daerah transisi antar
domain di mana
magnetisasi mempunyai
arah yang berbeda.

Iron single crystal

photomicrographs
Domain magnetik berubah
bentuk ketika bahan
magnetik dikenakan pada
medan magnetik

c18f13

Konfigurasi domain
pada beberapa
tahap magnetisasi

Magnetite
Chemical
Fe++Fe+++2O4
Formula:
Composition: Molecular Weight = 231.54 gm
Iron 72.36 % Fe 31.03 % FeO / 68
.97 % Fe2O3
Oxygen 27.64 % O
Empirical
Fe3+2Fe2+O4
Formula:
Environment: Common accessory mineral in igneous and
metamorphic rocks. Can be biogenically
produced by a wide variety of organisms.
Locality:
Many localities and environments world
wide.
Name Origin: Named for Magnes, a Geek shepherd,
who discovered the mineral on Mt, Ida, He
noted that the nails of his shoe and the iron
ferrule of his staff clung to a rock.

Sifat Fisis Magnetite

Cleavage:
Color:
Density:
Habit:
Habit:
Habit:
Hardness:
Luminescence:
Luster:
Magnetism:
Streak:

None
Grayish black, Iron black.
5.1 - 5.2, Average = 5.15
Crystalline - Fine - Occurs as well-formed fine sized
crystals.
Massive - Granular - Common texture observed in granite
and other igneous rock.
Massive - Uniformly indistinguishable crystals forming
large masses.
5.5-6 - Knife Blade-Orthoclase
Non-fluorescent.
Metallic
Naturally strong
black

Hematite
Chemical
Fe2O3
Formula:
Composition: Molecular Weight = 159.69 gm
Iron 69.94 % Fe 100.00 % Fe2O3
Oxygen 30.06 % O
Empirical
Fe3+2O3
Formula:
Environment: Magmatic, hydrothermal, metamorphic and
sedimentary.
Locality:
Matto Grosso, Brazil. Mesabi iron ore range,
Minnesota, USA. Link to MinDat.org Location
Data.
Name Origin: From the Greek, haimatites, "bloodlike'" in
allusion to vivid red color of the powder.

Sifat Fisis Hematite

Cleavage:
Color:
Density:
Fracture:
Habit:
Habit:
Habit:
Hardness:
Luminescence:
Luster:
Magnetism:
Streak:

None
Reddish gray, Black, Blackish red.
5.3
Conchoidal - Fractures developed in brittle materials
characterized by smoothly curving surfaces, (e.g. quartz).
Blocky - Crystal shape tends to be equant (e.g.
feldspars).
Earthy - Dull, clay-like texture with no visible crystalline
affinities, (e.g. howlite).
Tabular - Form dimensions are thin in one direction.
6.5 - Pyrite
Non-fluorescent.
Metallic
Magnetic after heating
reddish brown

Maghemite
Chemical
gamma-Fe+++2O3
Formula:
Composition: Molecular Weight = 159.69 gm
Iron 69.94 % Fe 100.00 % Fe2O3
Oxygen 30.06 % O
Empirical
Fe3+2O3
Formula:
Environment: Formed by weathering or lowtemperature oxidation of spinels
containing ferrous iron, commonly
magnetite or titanian magnetite.
Widespread yellow pigment in sediments.
Name
From MAGnetite and HEMatite, in allusion
Origin:
to the mineral's magnetism and
composition.

Sifat Fisis Maghemite

Cleavage:
Color:
Density:
Fracture:

Habit:
Habit:
Hardness:
Luster:
Magnetism:
Streak:

None
Dark brown.
4.9
Sub Conchoidal - Fractures developed in brittle materials
characterized by semi-curving surfaces.
Massive - Granular - Common texture observed in
granite and other igneous rock.
Massive - Uniformly indistinguishable crystals forming
large masses.
6 - Orthoclase
Metallic
Strongly magnetic
brown

Goethite
Chemical
Fe+++O(OH)
Formula:
Composition: Molecular Weight = 88.85 gm
Iron
62.85 % Fe 89.86 % Fe2O3
Hydrogen 1.13 % H 10.14 % H2O
Oxygen 36.01 % O
Empirical
Fe3+O(OH)
Formula:
Environment: Common in iron ore deposits.
Name Origin: Named after the German poet, J. W.
Goethe (1749-1832)

Sifat Fisis Goethite

Cleavage:
Color:
Density:
Fracture:
Habit:
Habit:
Habit:
Hardness:
Luminescence:
Luster:
Streak:

{010} Perfect, {100} Distinct

Brown, Reddish brown, Yellowish brown, Brownish yellow,
Ocher yellow.
3.3 - 4.3, Average = 3.8
Hackly - Jagged, torn surfaces, (e.g. fractured metals).
Acicular - Occurs as needle-like crystals.
Radial - Crystals radiate from a center without producing
stellar forms (e.g. stibnite)
Reniform - "Kidney like" in shape (e.g.. hematite).
5-5.5 - Apatite-Knife Blade
Non-fluorescent.
Adamantine - Silky
yellowish brown

Citra SEM mineral magnetik (1)

Huliselan et al., 2010

Citra SEM mineral magnetik (2)

R-9998

MO-4228

Citra SEM mineral magnetik (3)

KS

M Brown

KP

Citra SEM mineral magnetik (4)

Fly ash

Magiera et al., 2011