RESIDENTIAL
BUILDINGS
I r . H . P. L o o i ( m e k t r i c o n @ g m a i l . c o m )
B.Eng (Hons), FIEM, Jurutera Gas
h t t p : / / w w w . j k r. g o v. m y / b s e e p /
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CONTENT
Executive Summary
Introduction The Residential Building Sector
Components of Building Energy
Electrical Appliances and MEPS
Thermal Comfort and Passive Design
Energy Use in Common Areas
Review of International Standards
Conclusion and Recommendations
Appendix A Estimating Energy Use for Residential
Ty p e s
A p p e n d i x B E s t i m a t i n g E n e r g y U s e f o r Ty p i c a l
Te r r a c e H o u s e ( C a s e S t u d y )
Appendix C MEPS & Energy Star Label
Appendix D Building Thermal Envelope
Ap p en d i x E F an g er s T h ermal Co mfo rt
Appendix F Simplified for Calculating Radiant
Te m p e r a t u r e .
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The
building
sector
consumes 15% of total
energy. The residential
building sector accounts
for 6% of total energy
consumption.
We can conclude that, the use of primary energy at final consumer-end is more
efficient than the use of secondary-electrical energy. In this example, a clear
advantage of at least 2 times higher efficiency using gas-ring as compared to an
electric water heater. It should be noted that a closed-type gas-heater has efficiency
as high as 90%. In such case, the site-source efficiency of enclosed-type gas heater
will be at least 3 times that of electric heater.
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Arithmetic mean of electricity use based on sum total of all domestic consumers in Malaysia
(kWh per domestic consumer per year).
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2009
481
375
149
278
387
473
821
678
1203
2010
489
382
154
284
394
482
824
679
1229
2011
470
369
153
277
380
465
784
644
1190
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Recommendations:
NO MEPS exist for washing machine in Malaysia. Given that the
penetration rate of washing machine exceeds 90% in Malaysian
households, it can be expected that an implementing MEPS for
washing machine may afford significant result in energy reduction for
the residential sector. The case study of Table 7 and Figure 11 indicate
that, even for 50% penetration in urban households, a 1% reduction in
total residential electrical energy (which amounts to about
20GWh/month or about 14.8 ktonnes CO2 equivalent per month) can
be expected.
While MEPS for lighting has recently being made mandatory, no star
label for lighting exist. It is recommended that the regulator draft
energy
star
labels
for
lighting.
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Design Approach
Issues Addressed
Technical Standards
Building Thermal
(i) Reducing cooling load for (1)ASHRAE fundamentals, chapter 17 and 18.
Envelope (OTTV and
active air cond. (static load)
(2)MS1525
RTTV)
(ii)Thermal comfort
(1)ASHRAE 55;
(2)ISO 7730
Cooling Load
(i) Cooling load for active air (1)ASHRAE fundamentals, chapter 17 and 18
Calculation
conditioning units (static and (2)MS1525
dynamic load)
(3)ISO 13786
Building Thermal
(i) Reducing cooling load for (1)ASHRAE fundamentals, chapter 17 and 18
Mass
active
air
conditioning (2)MS1525
(dynamic cooling load).
(3)ISO 13786
(ii)Thermal comfort
(1)ASHRAE 55;
(2)ISO 7730
Natural Ventilation (i) Natural thermal comfort
(1)ASHRAE 55;
(2)ISO 7730
(3)UBBL by-law 39 and 40
Day Lighting
(i) Day lighting
(1)MS 1525
(2)UBBL by-law 39
Table 8 Summary of Passive Design and Technical Standards for Residential Buildings
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OTTV= + +
36
37
38
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TDeq
1.
2.
Heat capacity and mass (the capacity of the wall to store heat)
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TDeq
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TDeq
TD
Malaysia
Singapore
Thailand
Wall TDeq
15
ETTV: 12
RETV: 3.4
12 (8 27.8)
<50kg/m: 15K
<230kg/m: 12K
>230kg/m 10K
Roof TDeq
Light: 24
Heavy: 20
12.5
12 (8 27.8)
<50kg/m: 24K
<230kg/m: 20K
>230kg/m 16K
Notes
Light <50kg/m
Heavy<50kg/m
ETTV:
envelope
thermal envelope:
RETV:
Residential
thermal envelope.
Tabulation
of
TDeq
which
depends on wall
/roof construction
Air
cond
in
residential is mainly
switched on at night
therefore
lower
TDeq. Alpha is not
considered.
Philippines
Malaysia
Singapore
Thailand
Wall glazing
T
6K
ETTV: 3.4K
RETV: 1.3K
5K
Roof skylight
T
6K
4.8K
??
Philippines
Office: 3.35K
Hotel: 1.1K
??
Notes
Malaysia
Singapore
Thailand
Philippines
194
ETTV: 211
RETV: 58.6
160
OF (Orientation
Factor)
0.9 1.23
ETTV:
0.69 1.56
RETV:
0.83 1.55
tabulation
Inclination of wall
Not considered
Yes in OF
Yes in OF
Yes in OF
323
370
??
485
Office: 161
Hotels: 142
Stores: 151
tabulation
l
4th March 2015
Sunlight is diffused
and reflected off the
landscape,
reducing
heat gain the building
Source: ASEAN-USAID; Building Energy Conservation Project, Final Report; June 1992
Source: ASEAN-USAID; Building Energy Conservation Project, Final Report; June 1992
Source: ASEAN-USAID; Building Energy Conservation Project, Final Report; June 1992
Source: Building Energy Efficiency Guidelines: Passive Design; (BSEEP, 2013, CK Tang)
Source: ASEAN-USAID; Building Energy Efficiency Guidelines: Passive Design; (BSEEP, 2013, CK Tang)
OTTV and RTTV provide an index of TOTAL external energy infiltration into internal
building space via the building envelope.
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Thermal comfort (ASHRAE 55[1] and ISO 7730[2]) is defined as the conditions
of environment which can be expressed as thermal comfort.
[1]
[2]
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Factors
affecting
thermal
comfort
(1)Metabolic rate of occupant
(1)Clothing Insulation
(1)Air temperature (internal)
Unit
Secondary factors
Activity of occupant.
Skin temperature of occupant.
outside temperature,
solar insolation,
thermal performance of building
envelope,
Air infiltration.
(1)Mean radiate temperature
C
outside temperature,
solar insolation,
radiant emissivity of walls, ceiling,
glazing,
Thermal capacity of building mass at
vicinity.
(1)Air speed (internal)
m/s
Air infiltration, natural ventilation,
Presence of fan(s)
(1)Relative humidity
%
Air infiltration, natural ventilation.
14th November 2014
Figure 13 The thermal comfort model and six factors affecting thermal comfort
W/m
m.C/W
C
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0.5 Clo
0.70 Clo
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BUILDING THERMAL MASS
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The basic properties that indicate the thermal behavior of materials are:
density (p), specific heat (cm), and conductivity (k).
The specific heat for most masonry materials is similar (about 0.20.25Wh/kgC).
Therefore, the total heat storage capacity is a function of the total mass of
masonry materials, regardless of its type (concrete, brick, stone, and
earth).
Material Density(kg/m3)
Concrete
600-2200
Stone
1900-2500
Bricks
1500-1900
Earth
1000-1500 (uncompressed)
Earth
1700-2200 (compressed)
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An important property of thermal mass is the Thermal Time Constant of a building envelope.
QAiRi= (cm*l*p)i*(R0+R1++0.5Ri)
For a composite surface of n layers, TTCA=QA1R1+QA2R2+QAnRn .
The TTCs for each surface is the product of the TTCA multiplied by the area. Glazed areas are assumed
to have a TTC of 0. The total TTC total of the building envelope equals the sum of all TTCs divided by the
total envelope area, including the glazing areas.
A high TTC indicates a high thermal inertia of the building and results in
a strong suppression of the interior temperature swing.
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DHC is a measure of the buildings capacity to absorb solar energy entering the
interior space, and to release the heat to the interior during the night hours. The
DHC is of particular importance for buildings in tropical zones.
The DHC of a material is a function of building
materials density, specific heat, conductivity,
and thickness. The total DHC of a building is
calculated by summing the DHC values of each
surface exposed to the interior air.
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NATURAL VENTILATION
MS 1525:2007 - Section 8.1.4 Ventilation
Outdoor Air-Ventilation Rates should comply with Third
Schedule (By Law 41) Article 12 (1) of Uniform Building
By Laws, 1984 ( UBBL )
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NATURAL VENTILATION
BUILDING TYPE
RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
OFFICES
SCHOOL CLASSROOM
HOSPITAL WARDS
0.14/occupant
(0.23 lit/sec/m2 floor area
average)
CONFERENCE ROOMS
0.28/occupant
FACTORIES
0.21/occupant
6 air change/hour
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NATURAL VENTILATION
Thermal Comfort ;
ASHRAE DEFINITION 3 basic conditions in Passive Design for thermal
comfort:
Operative temperature
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NATURAL VENTILATION
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NATURAL VENTILATION
Natural means to maintain air
quality
Vents build-up of toxic gases and
indoor
pollutants
(principally
pathogens)
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NATURAL VENTILATION
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NATURAL VENTILATION
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NATURAL VENTILATION
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NATURAL VENTILATION
Cross Ventilation
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NATURAL VENTILATION
STACK VENTILATION
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D a y S o l a r r a d i a n t h e a t e n t e r i n g f r o m t h e s k y. C e i l i n g
i n s u l a t i o n w i l l p r e ve n t h e a t f r o m e n t e r i n g i n t e r n a l s p a c e .
T h e d yn a m i c s o f c o o l i n g / h e a t i n g wi t h i n r o o f s p a c e
a r e g o v e r n e d b y t h e f o l l o wi n g h e a t t r a n s f e r
problems:
Radiation
Convection
Radiation
= (W/m)
U =Conductivity (W/m.K)
=Temperature gradient (K/m)
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=
= (W/m)
h = Heat transfer coeff. (W/m.K)
A = Area of heat transfer (ceiling in roof space)
=Temperature gradient (K/m) between Troof2 and Tceiling1
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= (W/m)
= Emissivity of surface (less than 1; with 1 for black body)
= Stephen Boltzmann constant
A = Area of view for radiation (roof and ceiling in roof space)
1= Troof2 and 2 = Tceiling1
4th March 2015
"Malqaf" by Fred the Oysteri Licensed under GFDL via Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malqaf.svg#mediaviewer/File:Malqaf.svg
"Egypte louvre 299" by Anonymous - Guillaume Blanchard, Juillet 2004, Licensed Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Egypte_louvre_299.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Egypte_louvre_299.jpg
4th March 2015
"Zion Visitors Center Cool Tower" by P. Torcellini, R. Judkoff, and S. Hayter, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory - http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/32157.pdf. Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zion_Visitors_Center_Cool_Tower.PNG#mediaviewer/File:Zion_Visit
ors_Center_Cool_Tower.PNG
4th March 2015
I r . H . P. L o o i ( m e k t r i c o n @ g m a i l . c o m )
B.Eng (Hons), FIEM, Jurutera Gas
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h t t p : / / w w w . j k r. g o v. m y / b s e e p /