INSTRUMENTACION ELECTRONICA S.A.C.I.

Empresa con mas de 30 aos de experiencia en el

mercado de

Instrumentos Electrnicos de Medicin y Fusibles

Representante exclusivo en Chile de las marcas lideres a nivel

mundial.
REPRESENTANTE OFICIAL EN CHILE DE:

SOLUCIONES FLUKE NETWORKS

Redes empresariales

Infraestructura de Redes

Proveedores de Servicios

Soluciones Porttiles y Distribuidas para

comprobacin y Anlisis
LAN, Wireless y WAN

Verificacin y Certificacin de cableado

de Cobre y Fibra ptica
Comprobacin de Redes

Calificacin xDSL Optimizacin de

Procesos
Comprobacin y administracin de Acceso

PROBAR Y SOLUCIONAR
PROBLEMAS DE CABLES DE FIBRA
PTICA DE LA EMPRESA

AGENDA

Tendencias y requisitos de rendimiento en

fibra ptica
Inspeccin y limpieza de fibras
Reflexin
OTDR Tecnologa y Herramientas
Ejercicios prcticos
Prueba MPO Cassettes y cables troncales
Las mediciones de prdida y Herramientas

REQUISITOS DE DESEMPEO

11

CONDUCTORES DE CRECIMIENTO

100000

11
40000

266100

10000
3.56
1000

2.6

E-SR10
IEEE
802.3ba

1.9

1.9

IEEE
802.3ba

Fibre
Fibre
Fibre
Channel
Channel
100BASE100BASEChannel
FX
FX
100BASE1000
1000
FX
BASE-SX
BASE-SX
10GBASE10GBASE1000BAS
E-SXSS
40GBASE40GBASE10GBASESR4
SR4
100GBAS
S
100GBAS
E-SR10

ATM
ATM
ATM

Token

16
Ring16
FDDI/TP
Ring
FDDI/TP
FDDI/TP
PMD
PMD
PMD
10BASE10BASE10BASEFL FL
FL

10BASEToken
FOIL
16
RingFOIL
Token

Token
10BASEToken
Mb
Ring
FOIL44Mb
Ring

10BASE-

3500
120000
3000
100000
2500
13 12.5 13
Higher 12.5
Speeds
80000
2000
10
11
60000
1500
1000
40000
Shorter Distances
500
20000
4
10loss
16 budgets
100 10 52
0 0Smaller

Token
Ring 4 Mb

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Mbps
Meters

dB

40/100 GB Ethernet
- Aprobado por el IEEE en junio de 2010
- La tendencia contina ...

1986
2002 2010
20102010
2010
19861987
19871989
19891992
19921993
1993 1993
1993 1994
1994 1995
1995 1998
1998 2002

1986 1987 1989 1992 1993 1993 1994 1995 1998 2002 2010 2010

FACTORES QUE AFECTAN LA PRDIDA DE

SEAL

Intrnseco
Raleigh Scattering
Prdida por empalme
Fusin: alineacin por Nucleo
Mecnica: la alineacin de los ncleos, la suciedad en la
cara final, la reflexin
Dimetro del campo Modal en fibras monomodo
Discrepancia apertura numrica de las fibras multimodo
Prdida de conector
Par acoplado en el acoplador
La alineacin de los ncleos, la suciedad en la cara final,
la reflexin

MS FACTORES QUE AFECTAN A LA

PRDIDA

Macrocurvaturas

Radio de curvatura ~ 2-15 mm

Afecta primero a longitudes de onda largas
Afectado principalmente por el diseo de la fibra

Micro curvaturas

Radio de curvatura ~ radio del ncleo

Puede ocurrir durante el proceso de fabricacin de la fibra
ptica
Puede ocurrir en la instalacin debido a presiones del punto
Afecta a todas las longitudes de onda, pero aumenta
ligeramente con la longitud de onda
Orden de sensibilidad (menor a mayor): SM, 62,5 , 50
Afectado por la cubierta y el Diseo del Cable

FACTORES QUE AFECTAN AL

RENDIMIENTO

Dispersin Cromtica (fibras monomodo)

Salida de lser es distribuida en longitudes de onda

Diferentes longitudes de onda viajan a diferentes
velocidades

La dispersin por modo de polarizacin (fibras

monomodo)

Ncleo radialmente imperfecta

Provoca retraso en 1 de 2 modos ortogonales

Dispersin Modal (fibras multimodo)

Mode es el nivel cuntico en pulso de luz

Cada uno de ellos ocupa un rea diferente del Ncleo
La imperfeccin del ncleo causa modos con diferentes
velocidades

DISPERSION O ENSANCHAMIENTO DEL

PULSO

MEDICIN DISPERSIN
MODAL

Lanzamiento llenados en exceso (OFL)

utiliza LED
Totalmente llena todos los medios de la fibra multimodo

Diferencial Dispersin Modal

utiliza lser
Inyecta pulsos de luz desde un lado del ncleo a la otra a
intervalos micras
Mide la intensidad del pulso y el tiempo de llegada
El Ancho de banda modal efectivo se determina a partir de
esta prueba

DIFFERENTIAL MODAL DISPERSION

FDDI Grade 62.5 fiber

Laser Optimized 50 fiber

10 Gb/s
Bit Period

10 Gb/s
Bit Period

Fiber
Core
Center

Received pulse at 10 GB/s over 300 meters

MULTIMODE FIBER PERFORMANCE

MULTIMODE PERFORMANCE COMPARISON AT 850 NM
Fiber
Type

Bandwidth (MHzkm @ 850 nm)

1 GB/s
Link Length
(@850 nm)

10 GB/s
Link Length
(@850 nm)

FDDI

62.5

160

220 m

26 m

OM1

62.5

220

275 m

33 m

OM2

50

500

550 m

82 m

OM3

50

1500 (2000)*

~1000 m *

300 m

OM4

50

3500 (4700)*

~1040 m *

400 m *

* Effective Modal
Bandwidth

* Lengths unsupported
by application
standards

OM4 grade multimode fiber was approved in

EIA/TIA 492AAAD on August 5, 2009

* Formally stated by
the IEEE. Some
manufacturers specify
more (500-550m)

LIMITES IEEE GIGABIT ETHERNET

1000BASE-SX (850 nm VCSEL)

- 62.5 micron multimode fiber:
- 62.5 micron multimode fiber:
- 50 micron multimode fiber:
- 50 micron multimode fiber:

MBW
160
200
400
500

Loss
2.38 dB
2.60 dB
3.37 dB
3.56 dB

Distance
220 m
275 m
500 m
550 m

1000BASE-LX (1310 nm laser)

- 62.5 micron multimode fiber:
- 50 micron multimode fiber:
- 50 micron multimode fiber:

500
400
500

2.35 dB
2.35 dB
2.35 dB

500 m
550 m
550 m

- For multimode links >300 m, a mode conditioning patch cord may be required

- singlemode fiber:

4.70 dB

5000 m

20

LIMITES IEEE 10 GIGABIT ETHERNET

10GBASE-SR (850 nm laser)

- 62.5 micron multimode fiber:
- 62.5 micron multimode fiber:
- 50 micron multimode fiber:
- 50 micron multimode fiber:
- 50 micron multimode fiber:

MBW
160
200
400
500
2000

Loss
2.60 dB
2.50 dB
2.20 dB
2.30 dB
2.60 dB

Distance
26 m
33 m
66 m
82 m
300 m

10GBASE-LX4 (1310 nm laser)

- 62.5 micron multimode fiber:
- 50 micron multimode fiber:
- 50 micron multimode fiber:
- 50 micron multimode fiber:
- singlemode fiber:

500
400
500
2000

2.50 dB
2.00 dB
2.00 dB
2.00 dB
6.30 dB

300 m
240 m
300 m
300 m
10 km

21

LIMITES IEEE 40/100 GIGABIT ETHERNET

40GBASE-R4, 100GBSE-SR10
- 50 micron multimode fiber: OM3
- 50 micron multimode fiber: OM4

MBW
2000
4700

Loss
1.90 dB
1.50 dB

Distance
100 m
150 m

22

ANSI/TIA-568-C.0 TEST LIMIT

La prdida permisible depende de:

Nmero de adaptadores (pares de conectores)

Nmero de empalmes
Longitud de la fibra
Longitud de onda medida

Se le permite:
0,75 dB por adaptador (par de conectores)
BICSI limita esto a 0,5 dB
0,3 dB por empalme

ANSI/TIA-568-C.0 TEST LIMIT

Para la fibra multimodo se permite:

3,5 dB por km @ 850 nm
1,5 dB por km @ 1300 nm

Para la fibra monomodo se permite:

1,0 dB por km @ 1310 nm y 1550 nm Planta interna (ISP)
0,5 dB por km @ 1310 nm y 1550 nm planta externa (OSP)

ANSI/TIA-568-C.0 TEST LIMIT

Ejemplo de clculo del presupuesto de prdidas

850 nm:
Adapters
Splices
Fiber

= 2 * 0.75 dB
= 0 * 0.3 dB
= 0.1 km * 3.5 dB

Allowable loss =

1.50 dB
0.00 dB
0.35 dB

1.85 dB

REFLEXIN: EL ASESINO
SILENCIOSO DE REDES DE ALTA
VELOCIDAD

26

WHAT IS REFLECTANCE?
Cuando la luz se mueve de un medio de un ndice de refraccin n1
dado en un segundo medio con ndice de refraccin n2, pueden
ocurrir tanto la reflexin como la refraccin de la luz.
Estas reflexiones Fresnel son lo que se ve
cuando se mira en una ventana.
Causada por la diferencia de ndice de
refraccin entre el aire y el vidrio.
Si no est demasiado mal, todava se
pueden ver a travs del cristal.
Un espacio de aire entre las caras de
extremo de una fibra tambin causan que se
produzca reflexiones de Fresnel.

WHAT DO THOSE NUMBERS MEAN?

La reflectancia es el trmino preferido al caracterizar un solo
conector.

Es una medida de la cantidad de potencia reflejada por una conexin.

Se incluye un conector
Siempre es negativo.
Ms pequeo es mejor (por ejemplo, -35 dB es mejor que-20dB)

Preflected
Refl 10log

P
incident

Prdida de retorno es el trmino preferido al caracterizar un link

completo

Es una medida de la cantidad de energa que no se reflejan por un enlace.

Incluye todas las conexiones y fibra
Siempre es positivo.
Ms grande es mejor (por ejemplo, 35 dB es mejor que 20 dB)

P
ORL 10 log incident
P
reflected

WHY SHOULD YOU CARE?

Alta reflectancia provoca aumento de tasas de error de

bit? (Errores CRC) en la red
La luz del lser se reflejada hacia atrs incrementa la Intensidad de Ruido
Relativa Noise Intensidad relativa (RIN) del lser transmisor.
Si el reflejo es causada por la contaminacin que resulta en prdidas selectivas
de modo (por ejemplo, causado por la suciedad), entonces se incrementa el
ruido modal.
Ruido en la red aumenta el Bit error Rates (afectando negativamente la
experiencia del usuario)

CONNECTOR TYPES

REFLECTANCE IN CONNECTORS

Si la luz ve un cambio en el ndice de refraccin, habr una reflexin.

Las causas ms comunes son:
Espacio de aire entre los conectores
Polvo / contaminacin
Residuos dejados por la solucin de limpieza
En un mundo ideal, no habra ningn espacio de aire entre los conectores
acoplados, pero en realidad, siempre hay un pequeo espacio de aire,
tambin conocido como "corte sesgado":

Los mejores conectores terminados en fbrica tendrn un corte mejor que

50 nm (que es 0,05 um).
La cantidad de rebaje que vea depender de la tcnica de pulido.

FIELD POLISHING NOT THE BEST WAY

La calidad de pulido campo depende en gran medida de la

habilidad del operador y el proceso de pulido que se sigue.
Deben tener una buena conexin para todos los conectores.

Los problemas a menudo se encuentran:

Durante el pulido del conector (espacio de aire, falta de reflectancia)
Tratando de ahorrar dinero o tiempo al no cambiar el papel pulido final
de forma regular (papel pulido final slo es bueno para 5 pulimentos)
Saltarse el documento final porque la prdida / longitud pruebas
probablemente pasar con un lmite de 0,75 dB por conector

El logro de una conexin de baja reflectancia es ms difcil que

lograr una conexin de baja prdida.
Usted puede conseguir lejos con algunas prcticas "descuidados" y
todava pasar las pruebas de prdida / longitud, pero las pruebas de
OTDR revelar las prcticas descuidadas.

MEJOR MANERA
Utilice un conector terminado en fbrica pulida, los ejemplos
incluyen:
Thread-Lock
Corning UniCam
CommScope OptiCam
Hay muchos otros

Por lo general garantizan un mnimo de reflectancia

-35 DB para multimodo
-40 DB para monomodo
A menudo mejor que esto

Pero an as requiere habilidad del usuario en

El corte con precisin de la fibra y Obligadamente de
De un Cortador de Precisin. No usar un Cleaver precisin
es a menudo donde est el problema.

CLEAVE ERRORS

SHEARI
NG

CONC
AVE

CONV
EX

MORE CLEAVE ERRORS

HACKLE /
MIST

SHATTER

SUB-SURFACE
CRACK

EVEN MORE CLEAVING ERRORS

SURFACE
CRACKS

SURFACE
PITS

BEST WAY

Pigtails terminados en Fbrica.

El conector se pule en la fbrica de mquinas automatizadas,
tiene muy poca prdida y excelente reflectancia.
Es entonces fusin empalmada sobre la fibra instalada donde el
empalme es tpicamente 0,003 dB y mucho mejor que el
requisito de 0,3 dB en las normas.
Menos propenso a errores de instalacin, pero el costo de los
componentes y el equipo al principio es ms.

SMART TESTING & TROUBLESHOOTING

Elimine los problemas comunes con las buenas prcticas durante

la instalacin y el mantenimiento
Verifique la continuidad, la polaridad, la adecuada condicin de fin-cara
con las herramientas bsicas para garantizar la buena terminacin y
prcticas de instalacin

Realizar certificacin de cableado completo por TIA-568C

Certificacin bsico (Tier 1)
Certificacin extendida (Tier 2)

TWO-TIER TESTING

Nivel 1 (TIER 1): OLTS (Optical Loss Tes Set) pruebas de

prdida ptica)
Cumple con TIA-526-14B y TIA-526-7
(Ms cerca del sistema Simulado )
Mide la prdida total de un canal de fibra
Verifique la polaridad utilizando OLTS o VFL

Nivel 2 (TIER 2): OTDR (Reflectmetro ptico de dominio en

el Tiempo)
OTDR puede mostrar longitudes de segmento, ubicacin de los
conectores y las prdidas, y los eventos de prdida sin conector
Proporciona evidencia de que el cable se instal sin eventos
degradantes (por ejemplo, curvas, conectores sucios o rotos o
malos empalmes
Es una sola prueba termin
39

EJEMPLO DE PRUEBAS: TIER 1 (OLTS)

Horizontal Cables
TR

50/125 m cabling

X X

104 m backbone cable

3 m patch cord
102 m to the wall outlet
MC

Backbone Cables
2.60 dB for 10GBase-SR per IEEE
Power
Meter

2.00 dB

Light
Source

PMLS measures total

link loss

EJEMPLO DE PRUEBAS: TIER 2 (OTDR)

Horizontal Cables

TR

X X

MC

X
Backbone Cables

OTDR
characterizes link
details

EVENTMAP & EVENT TABLE FROM OTDR

EventMap

Event Table

42

INTRODUCCIN AL
OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR

Company Confidential

QU HAY DENTRO!
La unidad central OptiFiber con
mdulo Quad Pro con NOTA: Los
mdulos monomodo y multimodo
tambin disponible
Cables de lanzamiento / Tail fibra
retrctil
Factor de forma ms pequeo
Inspector de la fibra con consejos
interfaz USB
OneClick Cleaners

OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR

5.7 inches
touchscreen display

Singlemode,
Multimode and
Quad modules

EventMap

Smartphone user
interface

10.6 x 5.0 x 2.5

inches

8-hour battery life

FIBER INSPECTION AND CLEANING

47

#1 PROBLEMA: SUCIEDAD!

Conectores con su extremo contaminado: Principal causa de fallas

de los enlaces de fibra.
Las partculas de polvo y suciedad atrapada entre las caras frontales
de las fibras causan prdida de la seal, la reflexines, y equipo
daado
Muchas fuentes de contaminacin:
Los lugares de instalacin y salas de telecomunicaciones en entornos
de suciedad
tiles de limpieza inapropiados o insuficientes, materiales,
procedimientos
Los escombros y la corrosin de los manguitos de fijacin de baja
calidad
Las manos de los tcnicos
Transportado por el aire

48

POR QU MOLESTARSE FACES

INSPECCIN FINAL?

Para evitar daos

Escombros incrustar en el vidrio cuando se acoplan los conectores

contaminados
Cuando se quita los escombros embebidos, hoyo permanece en el vidrio
como un dao permanente
hoyos causan prdida de la seal y la reflexin hacia atrs

Escombros provoca otros daos, como los quiebres y araazos

49

INSPECTION IMAGES

Good Connector

Fingerprint
on Connector
Dirty Connector

Las imgenes reales tal como se captura de las redes de fibra con un
Fluke Inspector

COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS

Tapas protectoras mantienen caras frontales

limpia- NO
Caps son una fuente de contaminacin:

compuesto de liberacin de molde de la fabricacin

Finales rostros no estn limpios cuando vienen
pre-terminados de la fbrica en una bolsa sellada

Aire comprimido arruinar la suciedad- NO

Es ineficaz en partculas ms pequeas, y en

particuas con carga estatica

Sopla las partculas ms grandes alrededor en
lugar de eliminarlos
Es ineficaz en aceites y contaminantes de
compuestos

El alcohol isoproplico NO
IPA no funciona en los contaminantes no polares
Pulling lubricants, buffer gels, etc.

IPA deja un residuo cuando no se utiliza

correctamente

CLEANING WITH IBC CLEANERS

IBC OneClick Cleaners for cleaning different

end faces/connectors no training required
1.25 mm LC and MU connector and end faces
2.5 mm SC, ST, FC, E2000 connector and end
faces
MPO/MTP connector and end faces

Cleans Ports on devices and patch panels

as well as Cords .with an adapter

Limpieza en seco es menos eficiente para la

limpieza de grasa (aceite de la piel seca) de
limpieza en hmedo con un disolvente y hisopos
/ limpieza de cubos

CLEANING WITH SOLVENT PEN

Start with a clean, lint-free wiping surface every

time
Material left exposed accumulates ambient dust
Material used once should not be used again

Use a minimal amount of specialized solvent

Important that solvent be removed after cleaning

Move the end-face from the wet spot into a dry zone

Cleaning with a saturated wipe will not fully remove

solvent
Cleaning with a dry wipe will not dissolve contaminants
and can generate static, attracting dust

Proper handling and motion

Apply

gentle pressure with soft backing behind

cleaning surface
Hold end-face perpendicular to cleaning surface
No figure-8 motion as thats for polishing only

Inspect both end-faces of any connection before

insertion

If the first cleaning was not sufficient, then clean again

until all contamination is removed

Company Confidential

FIBER INSPECTION

Company Confidential

PROBE TIPS
Connect the FiberInspector to
the OFP USB port
Examine the probe tips
FS tip is for FC and SC
bulkheads. Note that it is
asymmetrical
LC tip for bulkheads
2.5mm tip for SC/ST/FC patch
cords
1.25mm tip for LC patch cords
And many more available

Bulkhead FC/SC

Bulkhead LC

Patch cord 2.5mm

Patch cord 1.25mm

Company Confidential

ATTACHING A TIP
Attach the 2.5mm tip to the
probe
Note that all the tips have a key
Hold the tip in position while
tightening the nut

Company Confidential

FIBER INSPECTION
Tap TOOLS

Tap FiberInspector
Focus the image with the knob
on the probe
Press
to pause or enter
the still mode

Company Confidential

EXERCISE 2: FIBER INSPECTION

Tap SCALE ON
Tap NEXT SCALE
Drag fiber to center of scales

Zoom on image
Tap GRADE
Tap GRADE again

STAND ALONE MICROSCOPE OVERVIEW

FiberInspector Pro
Inspect widest range of patch cords
and port varieties
Dual magnification (250x/400x)
probe
Large 3.5 screen
Rugged, shock-absorbent boot
Extensive range of adapter
probe tips (including MPO)

FiberInspector Mini
Inspect most patch cords and
ports (SC, ST, FC and LC)

Exceptionally compact and

convenient
Competitive price point for a
video microscope

FiberViewer
Inspect patch cords only
Rugged, ergonomic form
factor
Most affordable way to
inspect an end-face

OTDR TECHNOLOGY

60

WHAT DOES AN OTDR DO?

OTDR Port
Connector

OTDR
Directional
Coupler

Two
Laser
Diodes

Fiber
Under
Test

Sends pulses of light out

Color
Display

The farther the light goes,

the more time it takes to
come back
Processing
& Control

Very Sensitive
Photo
Detector

Keeps checking for

reflected light

(measures length)

The farther the light goes,

the more loss it encounters,
so less comes back
(measures fiber loss)

Optical Fiber
Electrical

When light hits a

connection, an extra spike
of light reflects back
(finds connections)
61

OTDR IN ACTION

Loss

Distance

The OTDR measures reflected energy and

NOT the transmitted light level.

62

OTDR TECHNOLOGY

Rayleigh Scattering

Fresnel Reflection

63

Rayleigh Scattering

Scattering, (Rayleigh
Scattering) occurs when
transmitted light energy is
higher than what the glass
molecules can absorb and
the energy is released in all
Backscattering occurs
directions. It is the major
from about 0.0001%
loss factor in fiber.
of the light being
reflected back to the
OTDR.
64

Fresnel Reflection

Fresnel Reflection occurs

when light traveling in one
material encounters a
different density material
(like air). Up to 8% of the
light is reflected back to
the source while the rest
continues out of the
material.

Coupling loss air gap

causes loss of light
transmitted

65

WHAT DO OTDR TEST RESULTS

LOOK LIKE?

66

EVENTMAP

Fcil de entender el mapa de la

infraestructura fsica
Los iconos representan eventos.
Pasa evento de reflexin
Falla de evento de reflexin
Evento de reflexin Ocultos
Pasa evento de prdida
Falla de evento de prdida
Prdida del evento oculto se
aade a la prdida del evento
anterior

TYPICAL OTDR TEST RESULT

Reflection

Backscatter

68

REFLECTION EVENT

Connector

69

LOSS EVENT

Non-reflective event
Splice or severe bend

70

END EVENT

End of Fiber

71

GAINER EVENT
Gainer

50 micron fiber connected to a 62.5 micron fiber

72

GHOST EVENT
Ghosts

73

DYNAMIC RANGE

Determina la longitud de la fibra que se puede probar

Provisto como un valor en dB
Los valores ms altos significan mayor distancia
(tpicamente para las empresas de
telecomunicaciones) ... y una zona muerta ms
grande
Locales OTDR no necesitan un gran rango dinmico ...
y se benefician con una pequea zona muerta
Pulso necesita ser lo suficientemente amplia para
llegar al extremo de la fibra

74

DYNAMIC RANGE

Initial backscatter level at OTDR front connector

Measurement
Dynamic
Range

dB

Noise
0

Length

Dynamic range is the maximum attenuation level that the test

equipment can recognize and therefore may be used to
determine how long of a fiber can be measured.
75

DEAD ZONE

Una zona muerta es como

cuando tus ojos necesitan para
recuperarse de mirar al sol
brillante o el Flash de una
cmara
Puede reducirse mediante el
uso de un ancho de pulso
menor, pero disminuir el
rango dinmico.
76

TWO TYPES OF DEAD ZONES

Typically occurs in a trace

whenever there is a
connector
The OTDR receiver goes
blind from the strong
reflection
Includes duration of the
reflection and recovery
time for the receiver.

Event
dead zone

Attenuation
dead zone

77

ATTENUATION DEAD ZONE

VS. EVENT DEAD ZONE

Attenuation Dead Zone is the minimum distance

between two events on an OTDR where the OTDR can
assess the event loss

In this example, the following event is too close to

the first event to reliably assess the individual losses
at 1300nm (it worked for 850nm)

We say that the second event is within the

Attenuation Dead Zone, so we are unable to
asses the event loss of the first event at 0 ft/ 0 m

OFP Typical Attenuation Dead Zone is:

2.2m @ 850 nm, 3 ns, -40 dB Reflectance

4.5m @ 1300 nm, 3 ns -40 dB Reflectance
3.6m @ 1310 nm, 3 ns, -50 dB Reflectance
3.6 m @ 1550 nm, 3 ns, -50 dB Reflectance

ATTENUATION DEAD ZONE

VS. EVENT DEAD ZONE

Event Dead Zone is the minimum distance it can detect an event after
the preceding event on an OTDR

In this example, we can see that there is an

event 7 ft/2 m after the first event at 0 ft/0 m

The Event Dead Zone distance depends on

The pulse width used
The reflectance of the preceding event

OFP Typical Event Dead Zone is:

0.5m @ 850 nm, 3 ns, -40 dB Reflectance

0.7m @ 1300 nm, 3 ns -40 dB Reflectance
0.6m @ 1310 nm, 3 ns, -50 dB Reflectance
0.6 m @ 1550 nm, 3 ns, -50 dB Reflectance

LAUNCH & TAIL FIBER

A must for measuring the loss of the

first and last connector in a fiber link

Launch fiber must be significantly longer than the

attenuation dead zone of the OTDR

With short dead zones you can use a short launch

fiber

80

USING A LAUNCH AND TAIL FIBER

Tail
Fiber

Launch
Fiber

Will give loss of the

first connector
Will give loss of the
last connector

81

LAUNCH FIBER COMPENSATION

Shows the
end of the
launch
fiber

Shows the
beginning
of the tail
fiber

The zero point is now shifted

to the end of the launch fiber
82

Company Confidential

SIMPLE OTDR TRACE ACQUISITION

Company Confidential

SETUP
Supplies
Launch and Tail Cords
SC/SC adapter
OptiFiber Pro (OFP)
Connect Launch Cord to OFP
Connect Tail to Launch with SC/SC
adapter

Company Confidential

TEST ACQUISITION
Press
or
Always ensure your Port Quality
is good.
Trace progress gives instant
insight into test results.
EventMap interprets the trace
for you.

Company Confidential

EVENT DETAILS
Tap the Summary Bubble to see
the Event Details.
Details are provided for the
events loss, reflectance and
segment attenuation.
Next and previous events can be
viewed.
Context sensitive help is
available.

Company Confidential

EVENT TABLE
Tap the Table tab.
Large tables can be scrolled

Change wavelength here

Overall results are here

Company Confidential

TRACE
Tap on TRACE
Change wavelength here

Jump to next/previous event

Test settings are here

Company Confidential

EXERCISE 4
LAUNCH/TAIL COMPENSATION

Company Confidential

EXERCISE 4: LAUNCH AND TAIL

COMPENSATION
Fluke Networks recommends
the use of launch and tail cords.
Required to measure first and
last connectors in link.
Must have backscatter signal on
both sides of connector to make
a measurement.

Company Confidential

EXERCISE 4: SETUP
Supplies
Launch and Tail Cords
SC/SC adapter
OptiFiber Pro (OFP)
Connect Launch Cord to OFP
Connect Tail to Launch with SC/SC
adapter

Company Confidential

LINK TEST

Company Confidential

SET UP
Supplies
Launch and Tail Cords
Demo Artifact
1m patch cord
OptiFiber Pro (OFP)
Connect Launch cord to port 2
Connect 1m to ports 6 and 8
Connect Tail cord to port 4

1m

MPO/MTP CONNECTORS AND

CASSETTES

MULTI-FIBER CONNECTORS (MPO/MTP)

12 Fiber For plug and play cassettes in

datacom environment
40 Gig
16 Fiber For SAN market, where switch &
director blades come in eight fiber
increments

24 Fiber High density for the data center

server side
100 Gig

MPO/MTP FIBER CASSETTE

Contain a short breakout cable

to change to single fiber
connectors
Considered part of the permanent
link
Have male MPO/MTP connectors
(pins)
Three different wiring methods
specified in the standards

Typical cassette

Premium cassette

20dB Return Loss

40dB RL Typical
1.0dB Insertion Loss
0.75dB IL Typical

>20dB Return Loss

40dB RL Typical
0.5dB Insertion Loss
0.35dB IL Typical

FIBER CASSETTE-BASED CHANNEL

50/125um MM
Pre-terminated MTP
Cassette

MTP Pre-terminated Ribbon

Cable

50/125um MM Patch
Cord

111

WIRING SCHEMES PER EIA/TIA 942

Plug & Play cabling not the

same as legacy trunk cables
and patch panels

MPO cassette configurations:

Method A Straight through
Method B Ribbon Flip
Method C Pair-wise Flip

Potential Issues with Cassettes:

High return loss
Difference between channels
Dirt on one fiber creates air
gap (high reflectance) for all
fibers in the connector!

All must be properly installed

and tested

OTDR TESTING MPO/MTP CASSETTES

OTDR TESTING OF FIBER CASSETTES

The breakout cable from the MPO to the LC is well

within the event dead zone so
- An OTDR will see the cassette as a single connector
- If you cant get a clean trace without ghosts, than the link has
problems
- High reflectance
- High Loss
- An OTDR can still help find the location of link problems

114

OTDR TRACES WITH FIBER CASSETTES

Here is how an OTDR

can help find the
location of problems:
The connector at 154 m
did not get seated
correctly and shows a
big loss
With a power meter,
you would know there
was too much loss, but
would not know where
the problem was
115

OTDR TRACES WITH FIBER CASSETTES

After the connector was

properly seated, the
loss at the second
connector is fine
But the ghosts
indicate we still have
a reflectance issue
Inspect and clean
Retest

116

MEASURING LOSS

117

OPTICAL POWER
Absolute measurement of power measured in dBm as
a reference to one milliwatt of power
Optical Power is measured in dBm
(0 dBm = 1 milliwatt)

Some examples
0 dBm
-10 dBm
-20 dBm
-30 dBm

1. Milliwatt

= 1000 microwatts

=
=
=

0.1 milliwatts
0.01 milliwatts
0.001milliwatts

=
=
=

100 microwatts
10 microwatts
1 microwatt

Every 3 dBm subtracted drops the power in half

FIBER LOSS MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE

Loss Is Measured As A Difference In Power

1. Reference level: light energy arriving at detector through test reference cord

Source

Test Reference Cord

Detector

-20 dBm

2. Loss measurement: light energy arriving at detector through fiber under test
and tail test reference cord
Fiber Optic
Link-under-test
Test Reference
Additional Test
Cord
Reference Cord

Source

Detector

Adapter

Adapter

-24.2 dBm

3. Loss: difference between the two measurements

Loss = 4.2 dB

ONE JUMPER REFERENCE

The method explained in the previous slide is the essence

of one-jumper method (previously known as Method B)
Recommended by TIA 568-C (also TIA-526-7 & TIA-526-14-B)
Advantage:
Correctly yields the loss of the two adapters and the link-under-test

Disadvantages:
Can only be used when adapters at the end of the link-under-test match the
adapter type in the tester (detector)

To maintain the reference:

- The coupling or launch conditions must be kept identical throughout the test

- NEVER REMOVE TRC from the source after the reference

has been set

Fluke Networks introduced Fiber Test Modules with

removable test adapters

ONE JUMPER REFERENCE

Review of the One-jumper Method

Set the reference:

Launch Reference
Cord

Detector

Source
Measure loss:

Launch
Reference
Cord

Fiber
Link-under-test

Tail
Reference
Cord

Detector

Source
CL3

CL4

Measured loss: LossFiber + CL3 + CL4

NO systematic error from connections
Key issue: Detector adapter = adapter of Link-under-test

TWO JUMPER REFERENCE

Formerly known as Method A, it should never be used in an

enterprise environment as it only measures the loss of the fiber
and one adapter and may give negative loss measurements.
Set the reference level:
Launch Patch
Cable

Receiving
Patch Cable

Detector

Source
Measure loss The difference: Link plus ONE connection

Source

Launch
TRC

Fiber Optic
Link-under-test

Adapter

Receiving
TRC

Adapter

Detector

THREE JUMPER REFERENCE

Used for channel measurements

Or when connectors are different at each end and
you have fixed connector at the detector

Launch
Reference
Cord

Reference
Jumper

Tail Reference
Cord

Detector

Source
CL1

CL2
Reads P1

CL1 = Loss of connection 1

CL2 = Loss of connection 2

THREE JUMPER REFERENCE

Link-under-test Loss Measurement

Launch
Reference
Cord

Fiber Optic
Link-under-test

Tail
Reference
Cord

Detector

Source
CL3

CL4

Reads P2

The loss measurement is calculated as P2 - P1

Measured loss = LossFiber + (CL3-CL1) + (CL4-CL2)

FIBER LOSS LAUNCH CONDITIONS

Different power distribution between modes creates

different Link Loss results
- Higher modes are less stable
- Lower modes are more stable

Light source for Multimode Fiber: LED

- LED light source with test reference cord needs to meet ANSI/TIA526-14-B with Encircled Flux

No VCSEL light source

- Optical loss limits in IEEE 802.3 are based on test equipment
using LEDs, same for ANSI/TIA and ISO/IEC
- VCSELs are under-filled; results are more optimistic
- Some vendors will not warrant a cabling system if VCSEL source is
used in testing

WHY AM I REQUIRED TO USE A MANDREL?

WHAT DOES THE MANDREL DO?

Mandrel wrap with LED allows testing 50um and 62.5um

MANDREL CONTROL LAUNCH CONDITIONS

Control the over fill launch condition with the use of a

mandrel
Diameter and number of wraps determine the effect of the
mandrel
Desired result:
Strip out the higher order
modes to achieve
measurement stability

ENCIRCLED FLUX LAUNCH CONTROL

131

LAUNCH CONTROL

Make an optical loss measurement

- Using reference grade connectors
- Better than 0.10 dB on the test reference cords
- With a mandrel at the source

Power Meter 1

Multimode
Source 1

LAUNCH CONTROL

Make another optical loss measurement

- Using the same reference grade connectors
- Better than 0.10 dB on the test reference cords
- With a mandrel at the source
- But using a different source

Power Meter 1

Multimode
Source 2

WHAT IS HAPPENING IN STANDARD BODY?

New TSB:
- Practical Considerations for Implementation of
Multimode Launch Conditions in the Field (Draft as of Dec
2012)

Helps users to understand Encircled Flux and the

options for dealing with it
TSB = Telecommunications System Bulletin
- Not an official standard, more like a memo
- Will likely lead to ANSI/TIA-568-D.3

HOW IS EF DEFINED?

EF is the radial integration of power from the

core center to the core boundary
Optical Power
intensity at each
increment of radius r

Total Power
Intensity in radius
R

EF is a ratio of powers (incremental/total)

HOW IS EF MEASURED?

EF
output

Test cord
output

Near field
measurement

Reference grade
test cord

Source
mandrel

Measured at output of test cord

HOW IS THE LAUNCH CONTROLLER USED?

From:

HOW IS THE LAUNCH CONTROLLER USED?

To:

BEST PRACTICES FOR LOSS TESTING

Loss limits are low

critical

measurement accuracy is

A 0.25 dB measurement error represents ~10% of the

channel budget

Best Practice
Use high-quality Test Reference Cords (TRCs)
Clean TRC ends before you set the reference
Let the tester warm up to steady-state internal temperature
About 10 min with ambient temp and tester temp difference <20F

Use one-jumper (Method B) reference method

After reference, do NOT disconnect TRC from light source
For multimode optical link, use proper mandrel
Repeat the reference after power down

LOSS MEASUREMENT TOOLS:

SIMPLIFIBER PRO, CERTIFIBER AND
DTX-XFM2

148

SIMPLIFIBER PRO

Power meter and light source Verification

kit
Single fiber power meter and light source kits
cannot Certify to TIA or IEEE standards since
they do not measure length.

SIMPLIFIBER PRO COMPONENTS

Multimode Source
Dual Wavelength, Single Port, Auto Wavelength Mode
and FindFiber Mode, 850 nm and 1300 nm

Singlemode Source
Dual wavelength, Single Port, Auto Wavelength and
FindFiber Mode, 1310nm and 1550nm

Power Meter
Calibration points at 850, 1300, 1310, 1490, 1550 and
1625 nm,
CheckActive Mode, FindFiber Mode
Min/Max Feature
USB Port

FindFiber Remote ID
One device for both SM and MM fiber
Sends a unique identifier signal (1 thru 8)

VERIFICATION WITH A VFL

A VisiFault Visual Fault Locator (VFL) is good for

polarity/continuity verification but
Quality cannot be determined by any VFL!
Which Link is better?

12 dB Loss!

0.5 dB Loss!

CERTIFIBER AND DTX FIBER MODULES

CertiFiber and DTX-xFM2

Dual fiber power meter and light source kit
Certifies to TIA and IEEE standards by
measuring loss and length.

DTX-XFM2 LOSS/LENGTH MODULES

Support for four Fiber Optic Adapters: SC, ST,

LC, FC

DTX-SFM2 Laser
1310 nm & 1550 nm

DTX-MFM2 LED
850 nm & 1300 nm

DTX-GFM2 VCSEL/Laser
850 nm & 1310 nm

DUPLEX TEST REFERENCE CORDS

FNET includes high-performance Test Reference Cords

(TRC)

Polarity is marked with colored boots

Red boot on end at which light enters
Black boot on end at which light exits
Light source connection is always an SC adaptor
Longer cord segment to accommodate mandrel

Connector fiber end face: specially hardened HLC

technology
Example: Duplex TRC to test LC system:

SC

LC

LC

LC

DTX-MFM2 DUAL-FIBER LOSS MEASUREMENT

Set the reference with two duplex cords

LC

LC

LC

LC

LC

LC

SC

SC
Out

In

Main Unit

Out

LC Adapter

In

Remote Unit

TEST REFERENCE GUIDELINES

SC adapter with Red boot plugs into the transmitter

(OUT connection)
Do not unplug red boot (on Output) after setting the
reference
Maintain precise launch conditions of the reference

Set reference with DTX-MFM2

-20 dBm nominal level with LED, mandrel and 62.5 m TRC
-24 dBm nominal level with LED, mandrel and 50 m TRC

Set reference with DTX-GFM2 or DTX-SFM2

-7dBm nominal level with VCSEL or laser

DTX-MFM2 DUAL-FIBER LOSS MEASUREMENT

Connect to the link-under-test (LUT)

To LUT End 1

To LUT End 2

LC

LC

LC

LC
LC

LC
SC

SC

Out

In

LC Adapter

Do not move

Out

In

DTX-XFM2 DUAL-FIBER LOSS MEASUREMENT

Loss measurement with two duplex cords

LC

SC
Out

In

LC

LC

LC

LC
LC
SC
Out

In

DTX-XFM2 DUAL-FIBER LOSS MEASUREMENT

Polarity Test
Plug black boot at end of TRC into transmit port on the
panel
Plug red boot at end of TRC into receive port on the panel
LC panel

Out

In

LC panel

TR

RC

RC

TR

Out

In

LOSS TESTING MPO/MTP TRUNK

CABLES

WHAT WAS NEEDED

Measure the performance of all 12 trunk fibers in a single

Test loss
Validate polarity

WHAT WERE THE PROBLEMS?

The old way to test MPO Trunk Cables

Set reference

Install fan-out

Complex

Test 12 times

Repeat all tests

Polarity?
Test to Limit?

Documentation?

Incomplete

Tedious

INTRODUCING MULTIFIBER PRO

The industrys first MPO

fiber trunk tester that
validates the performance of
all 12 trunk fibers in a single
test reducing testing time
by nearly 95%*

Simple & efficient

Measures loss on all 12 fibers
Tests against user-configurable
loss limits
Validates polarity
*According to Fluke Networks research of standard competitive products and processes.

PREPARE THE METER FOR TESTING

Set the loss limit as desired

Press SELECT to enter the loss limit set up mode

Press F1 to decrease the limit
Press F2 to increase the limit
Press and hold MENU
Release when returns to normal measurement mode

Application Budgets At 850nm

Loss Budget
(dB)
1000BASE-S

10GBASE-S

40GBASE-SR4

100GBASE-SR10

Length m (ft)
Loss Budget
(dB)
Length m (ft)
Loss Budget
(dB)
Length m (ft)
Loss Budget
(dB)
Length m (ft)

OM2

OM3

OM4

3.6

4.5

4.8

550 (1804)

550 (1804)

550 (1804)

2.3
82 (269)

2.6
300 (984)

2.9
400 (1312)

-----

1.9
100 (328)

1.5
150 (492)

-----

1.9
100 (328)

1.5
150 (492)

PREPARE TO SET A REFERENCE

Ensure light source

defaults are ON
Scan All: ON, Auto l: ON

Connect meter and source

with 1 meter, Type B,
Pinned/Pinned MPO cord
Patch cord must have pins on
both ends
Source and meter both have
unpinned test ports

NOTE: this method is the preferred 1 jumper reference method

SET REFERENCE

Press MENU repeatedly until the

SET REF segment appears
Once all channels have been
referenced:
Power will be displayed for each
channel
SAVE will be displayed
Press F1 to SAVE the reference

MEASURE THE LOSS OF THE LINK OR

CHANNEL

Measure the loss of the link or channel!

Connect the test cord to the
cassette or bulkhead.
After 6 seconds the meter
will provide a measurement
of all 12 fibers
Press F2 to view the
measurements of each
channel
Note the Polarity
measurement

Press SAVE to save all 12

records!

MEASURE THE LOSS OF CASSETTE

You can also measure loss of MPO Cassette

Loss of each channel
Polarity of cassette

OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR

REVIEW OF FEATURES

OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR: SIMPLICITY

Intuitive smartphone
interface
Capacitive touchscreen: No
stylus required
Gesture-based input
accelerates testing
Pinch & zoom for rapid
trace navigation and analysis

OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR: SIMPLICITY

Event Map: Alternative trace
presentation of link topology
Reduces need for OTDR
expertise
Icons designate the type of
fiber event
One-tap gives access to all
event details

OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR: SIMPLICITY

Project Folders: Preconfigure
settings for specific jobs
or users
Create up to 100 Project
Folders for future jobs or use
by others
Predefine tests and
test parameters
Change configuration
as needed

OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR:

INSIGHT
Integrated Inspection Camera
Probe tips for patch cords and
bulkheads
FS tip is for FC and SC
bulkheads. Note that it is
asymmetrical
LC tip for bulkheads
2.5mm tip for SC/ST/FC patch
cords
1.25mm tip for LC patch
cords
And many more available

Bulkhead FC/SC

Bulkhead LC

OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR:

INSIGHT

The industrys shortest multimode dead

zones
Event: 0.5 meters
Attenuation: 2 meters at 850nm, 3
meters at 1300, 1310 and 1550nm

Top-of-Rack and End-of-Row

architectures employ short links with
many connectors

OptiFiber Pro ensures reliability in

virtualized datacenters and SANs

OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR: INSIGHT

Reflectance: The silent
bandwidth thief
FaultMap is the fastest way
to find reflectance and
eliminate insidious reliability
problems
Icons designate large and
small reflectance
One-tap access to
event details

OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR:

INSIGHT
Extended measurement range
Multimode: 8 35 km
Singlemode: 80 130 km

Ideal for academic, business and

government campus networks
No need for a carrier class OTDR
in enterprise environment

OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR: SPEED

DataCenter OTDR mode:
One-touch configuration to
test datacenter fiber
Optimized for short links,
many connectors and
large reflections
Selects wavelengths for
multimode and singlemode
Fast answers on
datacenter and storage
network infrastructure

OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR: SPEED

The industrys fastest
trace time

QuickTest: 2 seconds*
DataCenter: 2 seconds typical*
Auto OTDR: 5 seconds typical*

Increased accuracy with

decreased test time
You dont have time to waste

*- Per wavelength

OPTIFIBER PRO OTDR DOCUMENTATION

LinkWare: Integrates test
results from OptiFiber Pro
and other Fluke Networks
testers
No learning curve for
reporting and presentations
Results exportable in Bellcore
SR-4731 format

SUMMARY

Do not Plug-and-Pray
VFL testing is not testing
Perform full Tier 1 Certification Testing
Inspect and Clean
Proper loss referencing (1-Jumper)
Meticulous loss testing

Perform Tier 2 OTDR testing for Event Loss and Connector

Reflectance

Provides a rock solid testing strategy

Inspect and Clean the OTDR Port
Use Launch and Tail Cords
Strive for multimode connector reflectance <-35 dB and singlemode
connector reflectance <-40 dB

BACKUP SLIDES
Slides here described the use of DTX to test MPO
cassette, and with MultiFiber Pro, this is no longer
necessary. The slides are left here such that in case
there are prospects who still use DTX and want to
know how to test MPO cassette, they can be used to
illustrate the steps and upsell them to MultiFiber
Pro.

WERE GOING TO TEST THIS

LOSS BUDGETS - TIA

Does not work for data centers

0.75 dB

0.75 dB

300 m
1.05 dB
0.75 dB

0.75 dB

10GBASE-SR requirement is 2.6 dB @ 850 nm

The loss budget here would be 4.05 dB; not good enough

LOSS BUDGETS WHAT YOU NEED

The cassette has to be better than two adapters of 0.75 dB each
0.75 dB

0.75 dB

300 m
1.05 dB

10GBASE-SR requirement is 2.6 dB @ 850 nm

The loss here would be 2.55 dB; GOOD

COMPONENTS NEEDED WITH DTX

SET A REFERENCE

Inspect and clean all test reference cords and DTX-xFM2

Output ports first!

INSERT KNOWN GOOD CORD INTO INPUT

PORT ON REMOTE UNIT

RUN AN AUTOTEST

If the loss is better than 0.10 dB, we know our reference

cords are good

This is critical to a successful measurement

CONNECT TO THE LINK AND RUN AN

AUTOTEST

0.75 dB

0.75 dB

300 m
1.05 dB

PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF EF

Option 2
- Use an external mode controller
- Replaces the mandrels

PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF EF

The mode controllers are not a popular option

Theyre bulky and not what you would call cheap

So why not just make the source EF compliant?

EF compliance is at the end of the test cord

EF Compliance is met at the end of the Test Reference Cord

A Test Reference Cord will alter the EF template

PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF EF

Todays solution

When that LC connector breaks or

wears out, it cannot be re-terminated
in the field
Re-terminations need to be
verified for EF compliance

MUCHAS GRACIAS
Hugo Barros 2927-4422
hbarros@intronica.com