33

Section 2: Brain, peripheral nervous system, muscle

Chapter 33

The structure
Normal
anatomy
and function of skin

Figure 331 shows a midsagittal section of the brain revealing features of its major subdivisions.
Figure 332 demonstrates an oblique frontal section and
horizontal sections of the brain.

The coverings of the brain are shown in Figure 333. The

ow of cerebrospinal uid is illustrated in Figure 334.
Spinal nerves are shown in Figure 335 and their dermatome distribution is illustrated in Figure 336.

S
A
I

Diencephalon

Cerebrum

P
Cortex

Corpus
callosum

Thalamus
Pineal body
Hypothalamus

Midbrain
Brainstem

Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Cerebellum

Fig 331
Divisions of the brain. A midsagittal section of the brain reveals features of its major divisions. A, anterior; I, inferior; P, posterior;
S, superior.
(From Thibodeau GA, Patton KP: Anatomy and Physiology, 4th ed. St. Louis, Mosby, 1999.)

162

33

Chapter 33: Normal anatomy

Caudate
nucleus
Lateral ventricle (head)
(anterior horn)
Septum pellucidum
Lateral ventricle

Choroid plexus
Fornix (of lateral
Internal capsule
ventricle)
Globus
Lentiform
pallidus
nucleus
Putamen

Corpus callosum
Caudate
nucleus (head)
Internal
capsule

Corpus callosum
Lateral ventricle

Choroid
plexus

Insula
Third ventricle
Thalamus
Optic
tract

Thalamus

Lateral
ventricle
(posterior
horn)

Insula
Putamen
Globus
pallidus
Lentiform
nucleus

Pons
Substantia nigra

Lateral
ventricle
Caudate (inferior
nucleus horn)
(tail)
Hippocampus
Optic
Cerebellum
radiation
Olive
S
(of medulla)
Visual area of cortex
Pyramid
R
L
(of medulla)

Fourth ventricle

A
L

R
P

Fig 332
Human brain specimens. A, Oblique frontal section. B, Horizontal sections. The left section is slightly inferior to the right sections:
A, anterior; I, inferior; L, left; P, posterior; R, right; S, superior.
(From Thibodeau GA, Patton KP: Anatomy and Physiology, 4th ed. St. Louis, Mosby, 1999)

163

33

Section 2: Brain, peripheral nervous system, muscle

Superior
sagittal sinus
(of dura)

Epidural
space

Periosteum
Dura mater

One functional
layer

Periosteum
Arachnoid

Subdural
space

Superarachnoid
space

Skull
Falx
cerebri

Skin

Pia
mater

Muscle

S
R

L
I

Falx cerebri

Superior sagittal
sinus of dura
Inferior sagittal
sinus of dura
Transverse sinus
of dura

Free margin of
tentorium cerebelli
Attached margin of
tentorium cerebelli

Margin of foramen
magnum

Tentorium cerebelli
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord
S

P
I

Fig 333
Coverings of the brain. A, Frontal section of the superior portion of the head, as viewed from the front. Both the bony and membranous coverings
of the brain can be seen. B, Transverse section of the skull, viewed from below. The dura mater has been retained in this specimen to show how it
lines the inner roof of the cranium and the falx cerebri extending inward. A, anterior; I, inferior; L, left; P, posterior; R, right; S, superior.
(From Thibodeau GA, Patton KP: Anatomy and Physiology, 4th ed. St. Louis, Mosby, 1999.)

164

Chapter 33: Normal anatomy

33

Arachnoid
villus
Superior
sagittal sinus

Arachnoid
villus
Choroid plexus
of lateral ventricle
Pia
mater

Subarachnoid
space

Falx cerebri
(dura mater)
Superior
sagittal
sinus

Arachnoid layer
Subarachnoid
space
Cerebral cortex

Interventricular
foramen
Choroid plexus
of third ventricle
S
Cerebral aqueduct
Choroid plexus
of fourth ventricle
Median
foramen

Lateral
foramen
Cisterna
magna

P
I

Dura mater

Central canal
of spinal cord

Fig 334
Flow of cerebrospinal uid. The uid produced by ltration of blood by the choroids plexus of each ventricle ows inferiorly through the lateral
ventricles, interventricular foramen, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, and subarachnoid space and to the blood.
A, anterior; I, inferior; P, posterior; S, superior.
(From Thibodeau GA, Patton KP: Anatomy and Physiology, 4th ed. St. Louis, Mosby, 1999.)

165

33

Section 2: Brain, peripheral nervous system, muscle

C1
C2
C3
Cervical C4
vertebrae C5
C6
C7
Brachial
plexus

C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8

Cervical
plexus

Posterior median
sulcus of spinal cord

Dorsal roots of
C2, C3, and C4 nerves

Intervertebral
foramen

Cervical
nerves

T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Thoracic T6
vertebrae T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12

T1
L
T2
T3
T4
T5 Thoracic
T6 nerves
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
Dura mater
Cauda equina
L1
L2
Lumbar
L3
nerves
L4

Transverse
processes
of vertebrae
(cut)

Dorsal
root
ganglion

Lumbar
plexus

L1
L2
Lumbar
vertebrae L3
L4
L5

L5

S1
S2
S3
S4
S5

Coccyx

Sacral
nerves

Sacral
plexus

Sacrum

Coccygeal
nerve

Filum terminale

Fig 335
Spinal nerves. Each of 31 pairs of spinal nerves exits the spinal cavity from the intervertebral foramina. A, Shown are the names of the vertebrae
(left) and the names of the corresponding spinal nerves (right). Notice that after leaving the spinal cavity, many of the spinal nerves interconnect to
form networks called plexuses. B, Dissection of the cervical region, showing a posterior view of cervical spinal nerves exiting the intervertebral foramina on the right side. I, inferior; L, left; R, right; S, superior.
(From Thibodeau GA, Patton KP: Anatomy and Physiology, 4th ed. St. Louis, Mosby, 1999.)

166

33

Chapter 33: Normal anatomy

V1
V2

C3

V3

C3
C4
C5
C6

C5

C4
C7 C8

C5
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9

C6

C6
T1

T10
T11
T12
S2
L1
S3

C5

L3

L5

C8
C8
CX

S4
S5
L2

L3

C3

V2

Trigeminal
cranial nerve (V)
T1

C6

C5

C5
C8
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5 T6

T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5

S3

S2
S1

V1

C4

L1
L2
L3
L4
L5

L4

C2

V3

C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8

T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1
L2

C5

L2

L2

Spinal cord
segments

C2

Trigeminal
cranial nerve (V)

C8
C7
C6

T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1

S2

L2
S1

C8

S2
S3
L1
L2

L3

S2

L3

CX
L5

L1

L3

L4

L3
L4

S2

L4

L5

L5

L5

S
L4

L4

S2

S1

S2 S2

L5
S1

Fig 336
Dermatome distribution of spinal nerves. A, The front of the bodys surface. B, The back of the bodys surface. C, The side of the bodys surface.
Inset, Segments of the spinal cord associated with each of the spinal nerves associated with the sensory dermatomes shown. A, anterior;
I, inferior; P, posterior; S, superior.
(From Thibodeau GA, Patton KP: Anatomy and Physiology, 4th ed. St. Louis, Mosby, 1999.)

167