TRANSFORMERS
Power Transformers-Indian
Standards
TYPE
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MENU-DRIVEN GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) PROGRAMS- by Prof. H. Sadat. -The transformer program obtains the transformer equivalent circuit from open-circuit and short-circuit
tests. It also finds the transformer performance characteristics using the transformer parameters. In the induction motor program the parameters of the equivalent circuit can be entered on the circuit
diagram. The program draws the Thevenin's equivalent circuit. Performance characteristics are then obtained for the specified slip and the torque slip curve is plotted on the screen. The analysis can be
repeated for different slips. A GUI program deals with the design of a first-order controller in the forward path of a closed-loop control system. This GUI program designs the following controllers:
Proportional, phase-lag, phase-lead, PD,PI, and PID controllers. To run the controller design program at the MATLABprompt type>> rldesigngui
TRANSFORMERS -OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
1. For a delta-star 3-phase transformer the primary winding has N1 turns/phase and a secondary has N2 turns /phase. The single-phase equivalent circuit will have a turns ratio
a. N1/N2
b. N1/ 3/N2
c. N1/N2/ 3
Ans: (b)
2.
a)
b)
c)
Ans. a
3.
a)
b)
c)
Ans. b
4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
dc shunt motor
transformer
induction motor
synchronous motor
Ans. b
TOP
Power Transformers [ISD: 2026 (Part 1)-1977]
TYPE TESTS
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Type test
Measurement of winding resistance
Measurement of voltage ratio and check of
voltage vector relationship
Measurement of impedance voltage/ shortcircuit impedance (principal tapping) and load
loss
Measurement of no-load loss and current
Measurement of insulation resistance
Dielectric tests (Lightning impulse on line
terminals
Temperature rise test
Tests on on-load tap changer (where
appropriate)
Purpose
To know resistance of winding utilized
To know correct voltage ratio at each tap and to check
vector symbol (To ascertain phase displacement)
To know copper (load) loss and impedance voltage
SPECIAL TESTS
S. No.
1
Special test
Dielectric test (Modified impulse test on
Neutral
Purpose
To verify impulse voltage withstand capacity of
insulation (Neutral terminal to earth & other
winding)
To check zero sequence impedance of 3-phase
transformers
To ensure mechanical strength under short circuit
condition
To measure sound level produced by transformer
during rated excitation under no-load condition
To measure harmonics of the no-load current
To know power consumption of fans & oil pumps
ROUTINE TESTS
S. No.
Routine test
Purpose
Type Tests 1,2,3,4,5,6, and 9 will also be the Routine Tests. In addition, the following Dielectric tests will be
performed as a Routine test
Dielectric Tests
Separate AC source
To verify power frequency withstand capacity
Induced over voltage
of winding (winding to other winding and to
earth)
To verify power frequency withstand capacity
of winding (phases to earth and other winding)
ACCEPTANCE TESTS
The routine tests on each transformer are to be considered as acceptance tests
SAMPLE CRITERIA: Each power transformer to be tested
TOP
Insulating Oils- Indian & IEC standards
S. No.
Property
Appearance
Density
g/cm3
Kinematic viscosity at
270 Max.
Interfacial tension Min.
0.89 at 270C
27 cSt
at 270C
16.5 cSt
at 40 0C
16.5 cSt
at 40 0C
Flash point
Pansky-Marten (closed)
Min
Pour point
Max.
Neutralization value
Total acidity
Max.
Inorganic
acidity/alkalinity
Corrosive sulpher
Electric Strength
(Breakdown voltage)
Min.
After filtration
Dielectric dissipation
factor( tand) at 900 Max.
Specific resistivity
At 900 Min.
At 27 0 Min.
Oxidation stability
Neutralization
value after
oxidation Max.
Total sludge
after oxidation
Max.
1400C
1400C
1400C
-90 C
-300 C
-300 C
0.03mg
KOH/g
Nil
0.03mg
KOH/g
Nil
0.03mg
KOH/g
Nil
Non-corrosive
Non-corrosive
Non-corrosive
30 kV (RMS)
50 kV (RMS)
30 kV (RMS)
50 kV (RMS)
30 kV (RMS)
50 kV (RMS)
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.40 mg
KOH/g
0.40 mg
KOH/g
No limit
0.10% by weight
0.10% by weight
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
SAMPLING CRITERIA
As per IS:6855-1973 OR relevant specification of equipment where oil is required.