TRANSIENT STABILITY
Swing equation
of
Angular frequency of
undamped oscillations
Numerical technique for
solution
of
swing
equation
OBJECTIVE
QUESTIONS
TYPE
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TRANSIENT STABILITY -OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
1. The critical clearing angle of a given power system for a certain fault is
a. proportional to the Inertia Constant M
b. proportional to the Inertia Constant M
c. independent of M.
Ans.:
1. Equal area criterion of stability is applicable to
a. a machine infinite bus system only
b. both to a machine-infinite bus and a two-machine system
c. a multi-machine system.
Ans.: (b)
1. In a two-machine power system, machine A delivers power to machine B. A 3-phase fault occurs at the terminals of machine A. Initial acceleration of machine A is
(a) positive
(b) zero
a. negative
Ans.: (a)
1. Which one of the following enhances the transient stability of a system the most
a. proper choice of make and break capabilities of the circuit breakers
b. installation of 3-pole auto-reclose circuit breakers
c. installation of single pole auto-reclose circuit breakers
Ans.: (c )
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Inertia Constant H:
Inertia constant H is different from inertia constant M. For a synchronous machine inertia constant H is frequently specified. It is defined as the ratio of the stored K.E at rated speed to the rated apparent power of the machine, i.e.
H= Stored K.E in MJ at synchronous speed / machine rating in MVA (5)
Swing equation (4) reduces to the form
(2H/ws) d2d /dt2= Pm -Pe
where Pm and Pe are pu powers, d and ws should have consistent units
d2D d /dt2 + w s . S. D d = 0
2H
where D d = small change in nominal operating angle d
S = Synchronizing power coefficient = d Pe (at d = d o)
dd
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Application of EAC
Consider a machine infinite bus system. The swing equation of the system is
M d2d /dt2= Pm -Pe = Pa
Multiplying both sides of the equation by (2/M) dd /dt, we get
2 dd /dt .d2d /dt2= (2Pa/M) dd /dt (6)
Since dd /dt. (dd /dt)2 = 2 dd /dt .d2d /dt2,
Equation (6) reduces to
d
(dd /dt) 2 = [(2/M) Pa dd ]
do
When the machine comes to rest with respect to the infinite bus- a condition, which may be taken to indicate stability-requiring that
dm
Pa dd =0
do
This integral may be integrated graphically (Fig.9) as the area under a curve of Pa plotted against d between limits d o, the initial angle, and d m, the final angle. Area A1 and A2 may be interpreted in terms of kinetic energy gained /lost by the synchronous generator.
Illustrate the application of equal area criterion by applying it (to the following two simple cases) for a synchronous generator connected to infinite bus through a double-circuit line.
Sustained fault
Line fault cleared after the lapse of a certain time by the simultaneous opening of the circuit breakers at both ends of the line.
1. First, compute the angular position d , and angular speed dd /dt at the end of the time interval using the formal solution of the swing equation from the knowledge of the assumed value of he accelerating power and the values of d and dd /dt a the beginning of the interval
2. Then compute the accelerating power of each machine from the knowledge of the angular position at the end of the interval as computed in step 1.
There are two different point-by-point methods. Method 2 is more accurate compared to method 1.
Method 2
In this method the accelerating power during the interval is assumed constant at its value calculated for the middle of the interval.
The desired formula for computing the change in d during the nth time interval is
D d n =D d n-1 + [(D t) 2 /M] Pa(n-1)
where,
D d n = change in angle during the nth time interval
D d n-1 = change in angle during the (n-1)th time interval
D t= length of time interval
Pa(n-1)= accelerating power at the beginning of the nth time interval
Due attention is given to the effects of discontinuities in the accelerating power Pa which occur, for example, when a fault is applied or removed or when any switching operation takes place. If such a discontinuity occurs at the beginning of an interval, then the average of the values of Pa before and after the discontinuity must be considered. Thus, in computing the increment of angle occurring during first interval after a fault is applied at t=0, the above equation becomes:
D d 1 =[(D t) 2 /M] Pa0+/2
where Pa0+ is the accelerating power immediately after the occurrence of the fault.
If the fault is cleared at the beginning of the mth interval, then for this interval,
Pa(m-1) = 0.5 [Pa(m-1)- + Pa(m-1) +]
Where Pa(m-1)- is the accelerating power before clearing and Pa(m-1) + is that immediately after clearing the fault.. If the discontinuity occurs at the middle of the interval, no special treatment is needed.