6 - Stresses in Soil Mass

University of Anbar
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Iraq-Ramadi
Stresses in a Soil Mass

Topics
Normal and Shear Stresses on a Plane
Stress distribution in soils
Stress Caused by a Point Load
Vertical Stress Caused by a Line Load
Geostatic
Vertical Stress Caused by a Strip Load
Stress
Vertical Stress Due to Embankment Loading
Vertical Stress below the Center of a uniformly Loaded Circular Area
Vertical Stress at any Point below a uniformly Loaded Circular Area
Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangularly Loaded Area
Influence Chart for Vertical Pressure (Newmark Chart)
Approximate methods
Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)
Added Stress
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Normal and Shear Stresses on a Plane

Y>
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From geometry for the free body diagram EBF

EB
EF cos
FB
EF sin
Summing forces in N and T direction, we have

n
( EF ) sin 2
( EF )
( EF ) cos 2
cos 2
xy
sin 2
xy
( EF ) sin cos
..
.(1)
Again
n ( EF )
x ( EF ) sin cos
y
n
sin 2
xy
cos 2
y ( EF ) sin cos
2
(
EF
)
cos
xy
2
(
EF
)
sin
xy
(2)
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If
n=
0 then
tan 2
xy
.(3)
This eq. gives 2 values of that are 90o apart, this means that
there are 2 planes that are right angles to each other on which
shear stress = 0, such planes are called principle planes and the
normal stress that act on the principle planes are to as principle
stresses.
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To find the principle stress substitute eq.3 into eq.1, we get

2
y
n
xy
major principle stress
xy
min or principle stress
2
y
n
These stresses on any plane can be found using Mohrs circle
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Mohrs circle
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Refer to the element shown in Fig. above
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Pole Method
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Added
Stress Distribution in Soils

Geostatic
Geostatic stresses
Total Stress
Effective Stress
Pore Water Pressure
Total Stress= Effective Stress+ Pore Water

Pressure
Added Stresses (Point, line, strip, triangular, circular, rectangular)
Westergaards Method
Bossinisque Equations
Point Load
Line Load
Strip Load
Triangular Load
Circular Load
Rectangular Load
Approximate Method
x
y
xy
Stress Bulbs
Influence Charts
Newmark Charts
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Geostatic stresses
The vertical geostatic stress at point X will be computed as following
homogenous soils
n
V
hi
stratified soils
dz
v
0
density varies continuously with depth

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The horizontal geostatic stress can be computed as following

K v
h
where K is the coefficient of lateral stress or lateral stress
ratio
h
v
Geostatic stress are principle stresses ( 1, 2 and 3 major,

intermediate and minor principle stresses) and hence the
horizontal and vertical planes through any point are
principle planes.
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Isotropic
The largest shear stress will found on plane lying at 45o to the
horizontal
K
K
1
1
v
max
(1
max
v
max
K)
(K
1)
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Stress Caused by a Point Load

Boussinesqs Equation
z
= (3P/2
(Z3/L5)
GROUND
SURFACE
Using Influence Factor Tablebelow

z
= (P/Z2) Ip
L=(x2+y2+z2)1/2=(r2+z2)1/2
Principal
r=(x2+y2)1/2
Stresses
General
v
Stresses
h
Z
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Vertical Stress Caused by a Line Load
q (Load/Unit Length)
q (Load/Unit Length)
X
WALL
= {2 q Z3/
General
Using Influence Factor Table below

z
= (q/Z) IL
Principal
Stresses
h
Stresses
Z
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Vertical Stress Caused by a Strip Load
q (Load/Unit Area)
Strip footing
X
Using Influence Factor Tablebelow
z
= (q/Z) IB
General
z
Stresses
Principal
h
Stresses
Z
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Vertical Stress Due to Embankment Loading

z
= q/
2)]
q= H
Using Influence Factor fig.(9.11-pp238)

z
1(radians)=tan
= qI2
2=tan
B2
B1
B1
-1
{(B1+B2)/z}-tan-1(B1/z)
-1
(B1/z)
B2
H
X
Z
Highway embankment
General
v
EMBANKMENT
h
Principal
Z
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Vertical Stress below the Center of a uniformly Loaded Circular Area
Qo
X
GROUND
SURFACE
X
Z
z=
q { 1- 1/[(R/Z)2 + 1 ]3/2 }
Using Influence Factorfrom table.

z = qIc
Principle
Z
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Vertical Stress at any Point below a uniformly Loaded Circular Area
Qo
X
GROUND
SURFACE
X
Z
z=
q (A/+B/)
/
Z
General
Where (A &B ) are functions of z/R and r/R

z
from tables
r
Stresses
Or we can use the stress bulb charts

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qs
X/R
0.95
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
xy
Z/R
0.30
1
xy
0.20
x
2
x
x=
0.15
3
1/qs
0.10
4
Circular Load: (Major Principal Stress)/(Surface Stress)
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qs
1
X/R
0.40
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
Z/R
0.30
0.25
0.20
x
x=
0.15
3
1
3)/qs
0.10
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qs
1
X/R
0.90
0.80
0.70
1 0.60
0.50
0.40
Z/R
0.30
2
0.20
x
x=
0.15
3
z/qs
0.10
0.05
4
Circular Load: (Vertical Stress)/(Surface
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Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangularly Loaded Area

P = q IR
IR = 1/4 {[ (2. m.n (m2 + n2 + 1)1/2 ) / (m2 + n2 + m2. n2 + 1) ] [(m2 + n2 + 2)/(m2 + n2 + 1)] +tan-1
(2.m .n (m2 + n2 + 1)1/2 / (m2 + n2 - m2 . n2 + 1)}
IR = f (m,n)
L
B
q = Load /Area
Loaded Area
Foundation Level
Corner of the Building
m = B/Z
m & n from Charts or tables
n = L/Z
v
h
from tables or one can use the charts below

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Calculation of Stress below an interior point of the loaded area

z
q[ I (OXAY )
I (OYBZ )
I (OZCT )
C
O
I (OTDX )
Q = q x Area
Plan
Elevation
z
O P o in t o f in t e r e s t
F ig . 1 0 s tr e s s in c r e a s e a t a p o in t b e lo w a lo a d e d r e c ta n g u la r r e g io n
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Calculation of Stress below a point outside of the loaded area

z
q[ I ( ABCD) I (TYBZ ) I ( XZCD) I (OZCT )

D
O P o in t o f in t e r e s t
F ig . 1 0 s t r e s s in c r e a s e a t a p o in t b e l o w a l o a d e d r e c t a n g u l a r r e g i o n
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Influence Chart for Vertical Pressure (Newmark Chart)

Stresses due to foundation loads of arbitrary shape applied at
the ground surface
Newmarks chart provides a graphical method for calculating
the stress increase due to a uniformly loaded region, of arbitrary
shape resting on a deep homogeneous isotropic elastic region.
Newmarks chart is given in the data sheets and is reproduced in
part in Fig 15. The procedure for its use is outlined below
1.The scale for this procedure is determined by the depth z at
which the stress is to be evaluated, thus z is equal to the
distance OQ shown on the chart.
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2.Draw the loaded area to scale so that the point of interest

(more correctly its vertical projection on the surface) is at the
origin of the chart, the orientation of the drawing does not
matter
3.Count the number of squares (N) within the loaded area, if
more than half the square is in count the square otherwise
neglect it.
4.The vertical stress increase z = N [scale factor(0.001)]
[surface stress (p)]
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4m
O
Loaded
Area
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Approximate Methods
Equivalent Point Load Method
In dividing the loaded area into smaller units, we have to
remember to do it such that
z/B 3; that is to say, in relation to the specified depth, the size
of any unit area should not be greater than one-third of the
depth.
Qi
I
2 pi
z
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Each Q is the resultant of the uniform load on

the unit area acts at the center of it and treated
as a point load
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2:1 Method
z
(B
Q
Z )( L
Z)
Q
(B Z )2
Rectangular area
Square area
Q
z
(D
Z )2
Circular area
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Examples (1-3)
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Example 4
A rectangular foundation 6 x 3m carries a uniform pressure of 300 kN/m2 near the
surface of a soil mass. Determine the vertical stress at a depth of 3m below a point
(A) on the centre line 1.5m outside a long edge of the foundation using influence
factors
m=1
m=1
n =1.5
n=0.5
I = 0.193
I=0.120
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Example 5
Determine the stress increase under the embankment at points A1 and A2
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6 - Stresses in Soil Mass

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University of Anbar

Stresses in a Soil Mass

Normal and Shear Stresses on a Plane

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

From geometry for the free body diagram EBF

Summing forces in N and T direction, we have

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

To find the principle stress substitute eq.3 into eq.1, we get

major principle stress

min or principle stress

These stresses on any plane can be found using Mohrs circle

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Refer to the element shown in Fig. above

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Stress Distribution in Soils

Total Stress= Effective Stress+ Pore Water

Added Stresses (Point, line, strip, triangular, circular, rectangular)

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

density varies continuously with depth

The horizontal geostatic stress can be computed as following

Geostatic stress are principle stresses ( 1, 2 and 3 major,

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Stress Caused by a Point Load

Using Influence Factor Tablebelow

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Vertical Stress Caused by a Line Load

Using Influence Factor Table below

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Vertical Stress Caused by a Strip Load

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Vertical Stress Due to Embankment Loading

Using Influence Factor fig.(9.11-pp238)

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Vertical Stress below the Center of a uniformly Loaded Circular Area

Using Influence Factorfrom table.

Vertical Stress at any Point below a uniformly Loaded Circular Area

Where (A &B ) are functions of z/R and r/R

Or we can use the stress bulb charts

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangularly Loaded Area

Corner of the Building

m & n from Charts or tables

from tables or one can use the charts below

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Calculation of Stress below an interior point of the loaded area

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Calculation of Stress below a point outside of the loaded area

q[ I ( ABCD) I (TYBZ ) I ( XZCD) I (OZCT )

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Influence Chart for Vertical Pressure (Newmark Chart)

2.Draw the loaded area to scale so that the point of interest

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Each Q is the resultant of the uniform load on

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)

Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.)