2

Using Fuzzy Logic

Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Facies Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
fuzzy6_facies_calc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
fuzzy6_facies_apply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Permeability Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
fuzzy6_k_calc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
fuzzy6_k_apply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Fuzzy Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

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Introduction
Fuzzy Logic is a suite of modules that use fuzzy mathematics for the prediction of facies and/or permeability
from wireline logs. Fuzzy logic works by assigning a probability to the quality of the prediction from each
parameter, and then combines the probabilities and predicts the most likely outcome. A full description of
the fuzzy logic used within these modules is given by Cuddy1.
The modules can be used on a single well or on a number of wells in a well list. For instance, take a field
with 40 wells of which 10 were cored. The 10 wells are selected for processing in Geolog's Project application,
and the "fuzzy6_k_calc" on page 2-5 module is then run. This is followed by selecting all wells and running
"fuzzy6_k_apply" on page 2-6 to predict permeability in all wells. The same situation could also apply to
"fuzzy6_facies_calc" on page 2-3 and "fuzzy6_facies_apply" on page 2-4.

1. Cuddy, S.J. (1998): "The Application of the Mathematics of Fuzzy Logic to the Geosciences". SPE
Paper 49470.
Cuddy, S.J. (2000): "Litho-facies and Permeability Prediction from Electrical Logs Using Fuzzy Logic".
SPE Paper 65411.

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Facies Prediction
fuzzy6_facies_calc
fuzzy6_facies_calc calibrates n logs to a facies log by finding the fuzzy correlations. The "fuzzy6_facies_apply"
on page 2-4 module subsequently makes facies predictions. For each facies, a probability distribution is built
such that a particular log reading will be most probable but any reading is finitely possible. Then, during
application at any depth, values for CURVE1 to CURVEn will provide a fuzzy possibility that a particular
facies is the most likely answer. This technique is run as two separate modules.
To start the fuzzy6_facies_calc module
1. Select Geology > Fuzzy Logic > Facies Learn to open the fuzzy6_facies_calc module.
2. Set the parameters for this module as described in Table 2-1, "Inputs for fuzzy6_facies_calc
Module" on page 2-3.

Table 2-1: Inputs for fuzzy6_facies_calc Module

Location

Name

Description

Input Log

CURVE1 . . . CURVE6

CURVE1 to CURVEn are input wireline logs.

FACIES

The FACIES curve is numerical (maximum 10) relating to the facies

type. For gaps in the data, the facies code should be set at 0 or
MISSING so that is it ignored by the program.

Supplementary Information
Processing can be done by INTERVAL or over the entire RANGE.
INTERVAL is recommended.
The fuzzy correlation information is held in the project data directory.

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The facies data is usually aperiodic TOPS data. If this is the case, it is essential that the wireline log curves
control the process sampling. This can be ensured by allowing one of the logs to control the sampling, or by
setting the log set containing the wireline data to be the input set.
As the facies data is numerical, you must also ensure that the interpolation for the facies log is set to TOPS,
otherwise the facies codes will be interpolated rather than re-sampled to the wireline sample rate.

fuzzy6_facies_apply
fuzzy6_facies_apply predicts facies types from n logs using fuzzy correlations found by previously running
the "fuzzy6_facies_calc" on page 2-3 module. The n input curves are used to calculate the fuzzy possibility
of each facies, then the most probable facies is selected.
To start the fuzzy6_facies_apply module
1. Select Geology > Fuzzy Logic > Facies Apply to open the fuzzy6_facies_apply module.
2. Set the parameters for this module as described in Table 2-2, "Inputs for fuzzy6_facies_apply
Module" on page 2-4.

Table 2-2: Inputs for fuzzy6_facies_apply Module

Location

Name

Description

Input Log

CURVE1 . . . CURVE6

The input logs are the same as those used in "fuzzy6_facies_calc" on

page 2-3, and MUST be selected in the same order.

Output Log

FACIES

Predicted facies number.

FACICOL

Predicted facies on a color scale.

PROB_FACIES

Probability of predicted facies.

Supplementary Information
The fuzzy correlation information is held in the <project>/data directory.

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Permeability Prediction
fuzzy6_k_calc
fuzzy6_k_calc calibrates up to 6 logs to core permeability by finding fuzzy correlations. Initially, the
permeability range within an interval is divided into NBINS bins such that there are the same number of
samples in each bin. These bins are then compared with the wireline logs and probability tables are built.
Within each bin, a linear regression is performed between CURVE1 and core permeability which will be used
by "fuzzy6_k_apply" on page 2-6. This technique is run as two separate modules.
To start the fuzzy6_k_calc module
1. Select Geology > Fuzzy Logic > Permeability Learn to open the fuzzy6_k_calc module.
2. Set the parameters for this module as described in Table 2-3, "Inputs for fuzzy6_k_calc Module" on
page 2-5.

Table 2-3: Inputs for fuzzy6_k_calc Module

Mode / Location

Name

Description

Input Constant

NBINS

The number of fuzzy bins of permeability to use; the default of 10 is

recommended for most applications.
This number can be raised if the number of core points is large, or
lowered for small core data sets. The number of bins should be selected
so that for each interval there are at least 30 core plug samples.

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Table 2-3: Inputs for fuzzy6_k_calc Module

Mode / Location

Name

Description

Input Log

PERM

Permeability log from core.

CURVE1 . .
CURVE6

The CURVEn input wireline logs that will be used to predict

permeability.
Recommended logs to try include raw logs such as RHOB and GR,
computed logs such as Sw and B.V.W or height above free-water-level.
For best results, these logs should be independent and should vary in
some fashion with permeability. It is important to note here that the
CURVE1 variable is used for the regression to pinpoint the predicted
permeability within the selected bin.

Supplementary Information
Processing can be done by INTERVAL or over the entire RANGE.
INTERVAL is recommended when there is adequate core data over each interval.
The core data is usually aperiodic POINT data. If this is the case, it is important that the permeability curve
controls the process sampling to prevent its interpolation. This can be ensured by allowing the permeability
curve to control the sampling, or by setting the core set to be the input set.
The fuzzy correlation information is held in the project /data directory.

fuzzy6_k_apply
fuzzy6_k_apply predicts permeability from n logs using fuzzy correlations found by previously running the
"fuzzy6_k_calc" on page 2-5 module. The same n wireline logs are used to define the most probable
permeability bin at the current frame, and then the linear regression between CURVE1 and core
permeability is used to pinpoint the permeability values within that bin.
To start the fuzzy6_k_apply module
1. Select Geology > Fuzzy Logic > Permeability Apply to open the fuzzy6_k_apply module.
2. Set the parameters for this module as described in Table 2-4, "Inputs for fuzzy6_k_apply
Module" on page 2-7.

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Table 2-4: Inputs for fuzzy6_k_apply Module

Location

Name

Description

Input Log

CURVE1 . . CURVE6

The input logs are the same as those used in "fuzzy6_k_calc" on

page 2-5, and MUST be selected in the same order.

Output Log

PROB_PERM

Fuzzy probability of result.

PERM_PRED

Predicted permeability.

PERM_PRED_LO

Low end of permeability bar.

PERM_PRED_HI

High end of permeability bar.

PROB_A_PERM

Permeability array - relative possibility of fuzzy bin selection.

FACIES_PERM

Number of the selected fuzzy bin.

FACICOL_PERM

Predicted permeability scaled in colour.

FILEUSED

File to store coefficients used in analysis.

FACIMAX_PERM

Number of fuzzy bins selected in "fuzzy6_k_calc" on page 2-5.

Supplementary Information
Processing must be set to RANGE or INTERVAL (same as for "fuzzy6_k_calc" on page 2-5).
For calculation of the high and low permeability bars, a normal distribution is fitted through the BIN fuzzy
possibilities. The permeability error bar is the standard deviation of the new distribution.

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Fuzzy Layout
An example Fuzzy layout (see Fig. 1) is supplied with the software release and shows input logs, core
training data and the fuzzy predicted results. Corresponding to the track numbers identified in Fig. 1:

Track 1 shows log porosity, Vsh and core derived lithofacies.

Track 2 shows the predicted lithofacies calculated from the fuzzy logic module.

Track 3 scale track.

Track 4 is core permeability and fuzzy predicted wireline permeability.

Track 5 gives an indication of the certainty of the permeability prediction.

Track 6 shows the fuzzy probability for each of the permeability bins and the line shows the
most probable permeability bin.

Track 7 splits the predicted permeability into permeability lithofacies based on the number of
permeability bins.

TRACK1

TRACK2 TRACK3

TRACK4 TRACK5

TRACK6

TRACK7

Fig. 1: Fuzzy layout example.

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Acknowledgements
These modules were developed in collaboration with BP.

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Index
B
bins, division of permeability range into 5

C
core
data, Fuzzy Logic processing information 6

D
data
core, Fuzzy Logic processing information 6
facies, Fuzzy Logic processing information 4

F
facies
data, Fuzzy Logic processing information 4
Fuzzy Logic
core data processing information 6
division of peremeability range into bins 5
facies data processing information 4
layout example 8

L
Layout
Fuzzy Logic example 8

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