U3 M1 - Responding to Differences

of Opinion and Culture

The kinds of graphs are:
1. Pictograph. This is a simple kind of graph using pictures. A picture represents a number
which is indicated in a legend.
2. Bar graph. This maybe horizontal or vertical and gives information about numbers. It is
used to show comparison by means of bars of different sizes or heavy
lines drawn to scale.
3. Pie or Circle graph. This is used to show the relationships of the parts to the whole.
4. Line/ flowchart or line graph. This is used to show organizational relationship or
directional trends.
Generalizations
The present perfect tense is formed by the helping verb has or have and the past participle of
the main verb (S 1 and S 2 ). The present perfect progressive is formed by the helping verbs
has been or have been + V-ing (S 3). This form emphasizes the duration of time.
The present perfect tense expresses an action which began in the past and continues to the
present. Expressions introduced by for and since are used.
Other uses of the present perfect tense are:
1. The present perfect tense expresses an action which began in the past and has just been
completed.
2. The present perfect tense with already and yet shows indefinite time. Already is used in an
affirmative statement. Yet is used in a negative statement. Yet may be used in an affirmative
question to express a negative statement.
3. The present perfect tense may be used to express actions which occurred at intervals in the
past.
The expressions always, ever and never are used.
3. The present perfect tense may be used to express actions which occurred at intervals in the
past. The expressions always, ever and never are used.

U3 M2 - Responding to Personal Problems

1. The past perfect tense is used to express two past actions.
- one started and finished before another occurred.
2. The past perfect form is had + past participle of the verb. It is used to express the earlier past
action.
3. The second past action is expressed in the simple past form.

U3 M3 - Responding to Societal Problems

New words are formed by affixation.
A prefix is a word part with a distinct meaning of its own that is added or attached to the
beginning of a word or another word part to form a new word.
A suffix is a word part with distinct meaning of its own that is added or attached to the end of
a word or another word part to form a new word
A root is the part of a word that carries the basic meaning.
the literal dimension involves questions, the answer of which are directly stated in
the reading material.
The inferential dimension requires you to read between the lines
critical dimension makes you read beyond the lines. The integrative dimension makes you look
into your attitudes, values and outlook and use these as a yardstick for your reactions to the
material you read.
The future perfect tense is used to express
1. an action that will have been completed before a point of time in the future.
2. an action that will have been completed before another future action. It indicates
the earlier of two future actions.
U3 M4 - Responding to Uncertainties and Changes
One note-taking device you can use to sort out main ideas and
major details is an outline.
If you intend to communicate two equally important and closely related ideas,
place them together in a compound sentence (two or more independent clauses).
When you combine two sentences by using a coordinating conjunction, drop the
period, change the capital letter to a small letter and insert a comma before the
coordinating conjunction.
Generalizations
A. Coordination
1. When you combine two sentences with equally important and closely related ideas use
a comma and a coordinating conjunction.
The following words may be used to combine sentences by compounding.
and (shows coordination)
or (shows choice)

but (indicates contrast)

yet (indicates contrast)
so (shows purpose or reason).
for (shows cause or reason)
nor (used only with compounded negative sentences)
2. When used for compounding, all of the connectors (and, or, but, yet, so, for, nor) are
called coordinating conjunctions.
If you have two ideas that are closely related, but one is secondary or dependent on the
other, you may want to use a complex sentence. A sentence with an independent clause and
one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence.
U3-M5 - Responding to Media
Direct speech gives the exact words of the speaker. Indirect speech
gives the words of the speaker as reported by another person

When changing direct speech to indirect speech, the following changes take place.
For statements
1. The introductory word that is used.
2. When the verb in the introductory part is in the present tense, the verb in the indirect
speech in also in the present tense.
.
3. When the verb in the introductory part is in the past tense, the verb in the indirect speech
is also in the past tense.
4. When the quoted part expresses a general truth, the same present form is used in the
indirect speech

Rules to remember when changing questions from direct speech to indirect

speech.
1. In Wh-questions, the question words who, what, how, when, etc. serve as link
between the introductory clause and the reported question.
2. In yes-no questions, the connectors if or whether is used as a link between the
introductory clause and the reported question.
3. The verbs tell, order, request, bid or command are used in the introductory part.
4. The infinitive (to + verb) is used instead of the imperative form.
Quotation Marks are used to enclose the exact words of the speaker. The first word
of a direct quotation begins with a capital letter. A comma or commas separate the main
idea except in questions.

U3-M6 - Becoming a Reflective Learner

Scanning is a planned hunt-skip-read process for finding specific facts
In making inferences you may have to determine a) who is speaking or referred to; b) places
or situations described: c) time, season or age talked about. d) objects described or incidents
taking place, e) type of person, feeling, reaction or character traits.
Modals are auxiliary verbs used to express special meanings.

U4-M1 - Viewing Problems and Issues From Different

Vantage Points
Key Points
1. Gerunds are the ing form of the verb.
2. Gerunds are used:
- as the subject of the sentence.
- as the complement of a verb.
- as the object of preposition.

U4-M2 - Reflecting on and Evaluating Previous Efforts

Compound words are those that are made up of two smaller words
An infinitive is a verb form that is usually preceded by to + the base form of the main verb and
in used as a noun, an adjective or an adverb

U4-M3 - Noting Facts and Analyzing Results

A participle is a verbal used as an adjective.
A participial phrase consists of the participle, its modifier and its object (if any)
A participle/participial phrase has two forms.
1. The present participle is recognized by the ending -ing
2. The past participle ends in ed, -d, -en or n.

U4-M4 - DRAWING UP PLANS

Verb in the active voice
a. takes the doer of the action as subject.
b. is followed by a receiver of the action or direct object (D.O.).
Verb in the passive voice
a. takes the receiver of the action or (D.O.) as subject.
b. may or may not be followed by a by phrase (doer)
c. is in verb phrase form
- is/are + past participle form
- was/were + past participle form
- has/have/had + been + past participle form
U4-M5 - Creating New Applications
Parallelism - Using similar structures within a sentence or within a series of sentences

U4-M6 - Analyzing and Evaluating Results

A condition clause is often called if-clause. It may be found at the beginning or at the end of
a sentence that expresses a condition.
when the if clause is placed at the beginning of a sentence, a comma separates it
from the main or result clause. When the condition clause is found at the end of a sentence, no
comma is required.