International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences

ISSN: 2229-3701

____________________________________________Research Article

Formulation and Evaluation of Ibuporfen Transdermal Patches

Madhulatha A1* and Naga Ravikiran T2
1Department

of Pharmaceutics, 2Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry, Narasaraopeta

College of Pharmaceutical sciences, Narasaraopet, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

ABSTRACT
The present investigation was aimed to develop sustained release transdermal therapeutic system containing
Ibuprofen with different ratios of chitosan, HPMC and combination of chitosan-HPMC by solvent-evaporation
technique. Delivery of the drug via skin would provide a useful alternative to oral delivery, which has
undesirable side effects, such as esophageal ulceration and disturbance of normal gut flora. The
physicochemical compatibility of the drug and the polymers was by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR). The
results suggested no physicochemical incompatibility between the drug and the polymers. Blank films were
prepared and evaluated characteristics like smoothness and flexible. Further drug loaded films were prepared
and evaluated for thickness, percentage flatness, tensile strength, weight uniformity, drug content, moisture
content, moisture uptake, swelling index, water vapor transmission, skin irritation and invitro-drug permeation
study. The results followed Higuchi kinetics(r = 0.9382) and the mechanism of release was diffusion controlled
release and further it was found to be linear with korsemeyer-peppas equation (r = 0.9698 and slope n =
0.5075) and confirmed that diffusion follows Non-Fickian law. Based on the invitro dug permeation studies
using rat skin, D4 formulation (0.2% plain chitosan+HPMC) produce 86% drug release in 24 hours.
Key Words: Transdermal Drug delivery, Ibuprofen, HPMC, Chitosan, Invitro skin permeation studies.
INTRODUCTION
reproducible release of the drug into the blood
Ibuprofen act by inhibiting the biosynthesis and
stream of patient.
release of prostaglandins but they do not alter the
The objectives of the investigations were: To
synthesis of other inflammatory mediators. It has
formulate transdermal patches using chitosan and
been amply proved and established that the
Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC),
pharmacological activity of the drug exclusively
evaluate the patches and study the release profile
resides in the S-(+)-isomer. It is used in the
and release mechanisms from patches.
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and
other musculo-skeletal disorders, simple analgesic
MATERIALS AND METHODS
and antipyretic in lower dose, dysmenorrheal1.
Ibuprofen, as a gift sample, was obtained from
Existing dosage forms of ibuprofen for gel, oral
Aescul pharma Pvt. Ltd. Andhra Pradesh, India.
dosing are composed of tablets, capsules and syrup.
Chitosan, HPMC (E5LV) was from LOBA
In conventional form such products require dosing
Chemie Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai. All other chemicals
at least three times daily and in sustained- release
used were of analytical grade.
form twice daily, because of high first-pass
metabolism and short elimination half-life of the
Preformulation Studies
drug. Adverse side-effects such as Gastric
Before preformulation of drug substances in to a
discomfort, Nausea, Vomiting, Gastric erosion,
dosage forms, it is essential that it should be
headache and because the drug is taken for long
chemically
and
physically
characterized.
periods in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Preformulation studies give the information needed
disorders, compliance problems can arise. The drug
to define the nature of drug Substances and provide
has a low daily dose (20-50mg) and consequently
a frame work for the drug combination with
is a candidate for design into an effective
pharmaceutical excipients in the fabrication of
transdermal system which would eliminate firstdosage form. In the characterization studies certain
pass metabolism, ensure more uniform plasma
common tests were performed to the active
levels, and reduce side-effects like gastric irritation
ingredient.
and aid compliance.
The benefits of using transdermal drug delivery
Physico-chemical characterization study
include improved systemic bioavailability resulting
Physicochemical studies are usually associated
from bypassing the first hepatic metabolism2, 3.
with great precision accuracy and in the case of a
Variables due to oral administration, such as pH, the
new drug substance would include solubility and
presence of food or enzymes, and side effects of
melting point.
drug can be eliminated. The aim in the
development of new transdermal drug delivery
devices is to obtain a controlled, predictable, and

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(a)Drug characterization
Solubility analysis 4
The solubility studies were performed in phosphate
buffer solution, as the procedure described in USP.
Excess amount of drug was added to the phosphate
buffer pH 7.2 in each case and keeping it on a
water bath shaker for 24hrs at 32C. After 24hrs,
solutions were analyzed spectrophotometrically at
221nm, which was the absorption maxima
determined earlier.
Partition coefficient 5
50mg of ibuprofen is placed in a separating funnel.
50ml of purified water and 50ml of octanol were
added. The two phases were shaken
for 15min with intermittent release of pressure that
builds up within the separating funnel. The mixture
is set aside to allow the two phases to separate. The
concentration of drug in aqueous and organic phase
is determined by spectrophotometrically. The
absorbance of solution is measured at 221nm.
Partition coefficient = Conc of drug in organic
phase/ Conc of drug in aqueous phase
(b) Compatibility studies
In order to find out the possible interactions
between ibuprofen and the polymer, Fourier
transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR) were
carried out on the pure substance, their physical
mixtures.10 mg of sample and 40 mg of KBr were
taken in a mortar and pestle and triturated. A small
amount of triturated sample was taken into a pellet
maker and was compressed at 10 kg/cm2 using a
hydraulic press. The pellet was kept on the sample
holder and scanned from 4000cm-1 to 400 cm-1 in
Spectrometer Model 2500. Samples were prepared
for pure polymer, pure drug and for physical
mixture of drug and polymer. The spectra obtained
through those samples were compared and
interpreted for shifting of major functional peaks
and disappearance of functional peaks.

(c)Development of calibration data curve of

Ibuprofen
Standard solution
100 mg of Ibuprofen was dissolved in pH 7.2
phosphate buffer in a 100 ml volumetric flask and

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ISSN: 2229-3701

the solution was made up to volume with pH 7.2

phosphate buffer.
Procedure
The standard solution of Ibuprofen was
subsequently diluted with pH 7.2 phosphate buffers
to obtain a series of dilutions containing
5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 g of Ibuprofen per ml of
solution. The absorbance of the above dilutions
was
measured
in
double
beam
UV
spectrophotometer at 221 nm using 7.2 phosphate
buffers as blank. The method obeyed Beer's law in
the concentrations range of 0-10 g /ml
Reproducibility of the method was tested by
analyzing six separately weighed samples of
Ibuprofen.
Formulation of Blank Films 6
Solvent Casting Technique was employed in the
present work for the preparation of blank films.
Solution of plain Chitosan, Chitosan/ HPMC blend
and were prepared by dissolving the specified
amount of polymer in 1.0% w/v Acetic acid
solution and the solution of HPMC was prepared
by dissolving in a mixture of water and ethanol
(8:2) respectively. To the above prepared Solution
0%, 10%, 20%, 30% w/w (with respect to dry
weight of polymer) of glycerol was added and
stirred for 30 min. The above solution (10ml) was
poured into a Petri dish (15.19 cm2) and kept in an
oven at 40c for complete drying. The dried films
were removed from the Petri dish and stored in
desiccators until use (Table 1).
Formulation of Drug Loaded Films
Solvent Casting Technique was employed in the
present work for the preparation of drug films.
Solution of plain Chitosan and Chitosan/ HPMC
blend were prepared by dissolving the polymer in
1.0% w/v Acetic acid solution, and the solution of
HPMC was prepared by dissolving in a mixture of
water and ethanol (8:2) respectively. To the above
polymeric solution, 20%, 30% w/w (with respect to
dry weight of polymer) of glycerol was added.
Glycerol was used as a plasticizer in the
preparation of films. 40mg of Ibuprofen was added
and stirred for 30 min. Drug containing polymeric
solution (10ml)
were poured into a Petri
dish(15.19 cm2), and kept in an oven at 40C for
complete drying. The dried films were removed
from the Petri dish and stored in desiccators until
use (Table 2).

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Table 1: Composition of Blank Films

S.No

Chitosan
(%W/V)

F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
F9
F10
F11
F12
F13
F14
F15
F16
F17
F18
F19
F20
F21
F22
F23
F24
F25
F26
F27
F28
F29
F30
F31
F32
F33
F34
F35
F36

1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
-

Chitosan/
HPMC
(%W/V)
50:50
50:50
50:50
50:50
25:75
25:75
25:75
25:75
75:25
75:25
75:25
75:25
-

HPMC
(%W/V)

Glycerol
(%w/w)

1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5

10
20
30
10
20
30
10
20
30
10
20
30
10
20
30
10
20
30
10
20
30
10
20
30
10
20
30

Table 2: Composition of Drug Loaded Films

Formulation
Code

Polymeric
solution

Polymer/s

Plasticizer
(glycerol)%

Drug
(mg)

D1

0.2

Plain Chitosan

20

40

D2

0.2

Plain Chitosan

30

40

D3

0.2

Plain Chitosan+HPMC

20

40

D4

0.2

Plain Chitosan+HPMC

30

40

D5

0.25

Plain HPMC

20

40

D6

0.25

PLAIN HPMC

30

40

EVALUATION TESTS
A. Physical Characterization
Physical appearance
All the transdermal films were visually inspected
for color, clarity, flexibility and smoothness.
Tensile strength 7
The films were evaluated using a texture analyzer
equipped with a 500 gm load cell. Film strip in 10
mm x 10 mm of dimension and free from air

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bubbles or physical imperfections, was held

between two clamps positioned at a distance of 1
cm. During measurement, the film was pulled by
top clamp at a rate of 10 mm/minutes. The force
and elongation was measured when the films
broke. Measurements were run four times for each
film. The tensile strength at break was calculated as
below.
Tensile strength (kg/mm2) = Breaking force (kg)/
cross section area of sample (mm2)

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Swelling Index
Weighed pieces 1x1 cm2 of film were immersed in
distilled water; at 5, 10, 30, 60min. Soaked films
were removed from the medium at predetermined
time, blotted to remove excess liquid and weighed
immediately. The swelling index was calculated
from the weight increase, as follows.

ISSN: 2229-3701

Percentage of moisture content = [Initial weight

Final weight/Final weight] x100
Percentage moisture uptake
The weighed films were kept in a desiccator at
room temperature for 24 hours and then exposed to
84% RH using a saturated solution of potassium
chloride. The films were weighed repeatedly until
they showed a constant weight. Values for the
percentage of moisture uptake were calculated
using the formula.

Swelling Index = (W2-W1)/ W1

Where, W1 and W2 are the weight of the film
before and after immersion in the medium,
respectively.
Weight uniformity 8
The films of different batches were dried at 60 C
for 4 hours before testing. Five patches from each
batch were accurately weighed in a
digital balance. The average weight and the
standard deviation values were calculated from the
individual weights.

Percentage of moisture uptake = [Final weight

Initial weight/Initial weight] x100
Flatness 11
Longitudinal strips were cut out from each film,
one from the center and two from either side. The
length of each strip was measured and the variation
in the length because of non-uniformity in flatness
was measured by determining percent constriction,
considering 0% constriction is equivalent to 100%
flatness.
Percentage of constriction = L1- L2 / L2 X 100

Thickness of the films

The thicknesses of the drug-loaded polymeric films
were measured at five different points using a
digital micrometer. The average and standard
deviation of five reading were calculated for each
film.
Folding endurance 9
The folding endurance was measured manually for
the prepared films. A strip of film (2x2 cm) was cut
evenly and repeatedly folded at the same place till
it broke. The number of times the film could be
folded at the same place without breaking gave the
exact value of folding endurance.
Water Vapor Transmission (WVT) 1
The film was fixed over the glass vial with an
adhesive containing 1 g of fused calcium chloride
as a desiccant. Then the vial was placed in a
desiccator containing saturated solution of
potassium chloride 200ml (RH 84%). The cells
were taken out and weighed after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and
7 days of storage. Water vapor transmissions were
calculated by taking the differences in the weight
of the film before and after the study at regular
intervals of 24 h for a total period of seven days.
Percentage moisture content
The prepared films were weighed individually and
kept in a desiccator containing calcium chloride at
room temperature for 24 hours. The films were
weighed repeatedly until they showed a constant
weight. Values for the percentage of moisture
content were calculated using the formula.

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Where, L1 = Initial length of each strip,

L2 = Final length of each strip
B. Drug Content
Transdermal films of specified area (3.066 cm2)
was cut into small pieces and taken into a 50 ml
volumetric flask and 25 ml of phosphate buffer pH
7.2 was added, gently heated to 45C for 15
minutes, and kept for 24 hours with occasional
shaking. Then, the volume was made up to 50 ml
with phosphate buffer of pH 7.2. Similarly, a blank
was carried out using a drug-free patch. The
solutions were filtered and the absorbance was
measured at 221 nm.
C. Invitro skin permeation studies12
The Invitro skin permeation studies were carried
out using dorsal section of full thickness skin from
albino rats (weighing between 200 to 250 gm)
whose hair had been removed on the previous day
using electric clipper. The
transdermal patches were firmly pressed on the
center of the rat skin once adhesion to the skin
surface had been confirmed; the skin was quickly
mounted on the diffusion tube which acted as a
donor compartment. 50 ml of phosphate buffer pH
7.2 as a diffusion medium was taken in the beaker
which acted as the receptor compartment to
maintain the sink condition. The donor
compartment was kept in contact with receptor
compartment and receptor compartment was stirred
magnetically during the study. Sample 2ml was
withdrawn and replaced with 2ml of fresh
phosphate buffer pH 7.2 at different time intervals.

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The samples were analyzed using UV specter at

221nm to estimate Ibuprofen.
D. Release kinetics
The release kinetics was found out by using
Higuchi and Peppas model. The Higuchi equation
was plotted by taking square root of time on x-axis
and cumulative percent release on y-axis. The
Peppas model was plotted by taking log time on xaxis and log cumulative percent release on y-axis.

E. Skin irritation test

A primary skin irritation test was performed on six
healthy rabbits, weighing between 2 to 3.5 kg. The
patch of area 3.14cm2 was used as a test patch. The
dorsal surface of rabbits was cleared well and the
hair was removed by using a depilatory
preparation. The skin was cleared with rectified
spirit. The transdermal patch was placed on the
dorsal surface of the abdominal skin with the help
of an adhesive tape. The patches were removed
after 24 hr and the skin was examined for erythema
and edema.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The solubility study was performed according to
the procedure described in USP to determine
whether the media phosphate buffer PH 7.2, is able
to maintain sink conditions in permeation studies.
The solubility of drug was found to be 9.08mg/ml
in buffer solution and 11.34mg/ml in polymeric
solution. The drug showed higher solubility in
polymeric solution when compared to phosphate
buffer. Hence, to maintain sink condition in
diffusion studies. The phosphate buffer was chosen
as the permeation medium.
Partition coefficient of ibuprofen in the octanol /
phosphate buffer PH 7.2 was found to be 0.850. The
results obtained also indicate that the drug possess
sufficient lipophilicity, which fulfill the
requirements of formulating the selected drug into
a transdermal film. The biphasic nature of drug
mimics the biphasic nature of skin. Thus ensuring
easy penetration through the skin.
The calibration curve for ibuprofen was developed
in phosphate buffer PH 7.2. A plot was obtained in
the concentration range of 5- 25g/ml and the
absorbance was measured at 221nm. The
absorbance of the standard solutions is shown in
Table 3 and Fig.1. Then the k and b values
were 19.3853 and -0.7277 respectively.
The compatibility studies of the selected drug and
polymer were evaluated using FTIR method. The
FTIR spectra of the pure drug, polymers and
physical mixture are shown in Fig 2 to 6. Was
taken to confirm the compatibility of the drug.
Chitosan showed peak at 1637cm-1 corresponding
to amino groups. Drug Ibuprofen showed peak at

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ISSN: 2229-3701

1720cm-1 corresponding to acidic group. HPMC

showed peak at 1650cm-1 corresponding to ether
group. There was no change in their original
spectra which indicate that there is no appearance
or disappearance of peak of drug, polymers,
physical mixture of drug and polymers. The result
shows clearly that, the absence of chemical
interaction between drug and polymers could be
used as polymers for developing patches.
The films formulated using polymers was
evaluated for film characteristics at different
concentration and it is shown in Table 4. The result
from the table clearly indicates with out adding
plasticizer the film formation was not occurred. F7,
F8, F23, F24, F35, F36 forms smooth, flexible
films. Based on the film forming characters F7, F8,
F23, F24, F35, F36 were selected for formulation
of drug loaded films.
The drug loaded films were formulated using
different ratios of plasticizer using solvent casting
technique. All the drug loaded films were thin,
smooth, flexible and transparent. As the
concentration of plasticizer increases the physical
characters like flexibility, smoothness also
improves. The prepared patches were subjected to
thickness, % flatness, tensile strength, weight
uniformity, drug content, moisture content,
moisture uptake, swelling index, water vapor
transmission, skin irritation and their values are
shown in Tables 5 and 6.
All the loaded films were found to be quite uniform
in thickness, % flatness of drug loaded films was
ideal. D4 showed highest tensile strength and the
D5 showed lowest tensile strength. All the films
were uniform in weight.
Drug content analyses of the prepared formulations
have shown that the process employed to prepare
the patches was capable of giving uniform drug
content.
Plain Chitosan films exhibited around 5-7% of
moisture content with significantly change in
moisture uptake and in HPMC films exhibited
around 12-14% of moisture content with no
significantly change in moisture uptake because
HPMC already have high moisture content.
Moisture content and moisture uptake studies
indicated that the increase in the moisture uptake
may be attributed to the hygroscopic nature of the
polymer-glycerol composite films.
The % swelling index was determined and found to
high for D1 and D2. The result from the table
clearly indicates the moisture uptake value was
found to have direct relationship with swelling
index %. As the moisture uptake increases the %
swelling index also increases and as the time
increases the % swelling index increases. Water
vapor transmission values are different in
formulations. As the plasticizer concentration
increases the thickness, swelling index, water vapor
transmission rate, folding edurance also improves.

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The invitro release profile is an important tool that

predicts in advance how a drug will behave in vivo;
these studies were conducted by using rat skin. The
result of in vitro skin permeation studies of
Ibuprofen were shown in fig 7. The percentage
cumulative amount of drug release from
formulations D4 was 86.0% so it was optimized.
When the data was plotted as % cumulative of drug
release Vs time and data were depicted in table 7.
Plain HPMC showed less % cumulative release at
initial hours followed by burst release at final hours
and the plain chitosan showed low % cumulative
release. Because of its high swelling property.
Chitosan / HPMC showed optimum drug release.
As the plasticizer concentration increases the
percentage cumulative release also increases. D4

ISSN: 2229-3701

was selected as an ideal formulation for further

release kinetic studies. The drug permeation data
was plotted (Fig 9, 10) according to Higuchis and
korsemeyer - peppas equation to know the release
mechanisms. The D4 formulation was found to be
linear with Higuchi equation and its R2 value was
0.9382 hence to confirm the diffusion controlled
release mechanism further it was found to be linear
with korsemeyer - peppas equation and its R2 was
0.9698 and slope value n was 0.5072 which
confirmed that diffusion follows Non-Fickian law.
Skin irritation test performed on rabbit the results
of skin irritation test were showed absence of
Erythema Edema for test patches compare with
control. The results of skin irritation were show in
(Table 8).

Table 3: Calibration Data of Ibuprofen

S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Concentration
(g/ml)
5
10
15
20
25

Absorbance
0.3124
0.5331
0.8074
1.0731
1.3306

A b so rb a n c e

Calibration curve of Ibuprofen

1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

concentration(g/ml)
Absorbance

K and b values were 19.3853 and -0.7277

Fig. 1: Calibration Curve of Ibuprofen

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Fig. 2: FTIR of Drug

Fig. 3: FTIR of Chitosan

Fig. 4: FTIR of HPMCE5LV

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Fig. 5: FTIR of Drug+Chitosan

Fig. 6: FTIR of Drug+HPMCE5LV

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Table 4: Film Forming Characters of Blank Film

Formulation
Code
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7*
F8*
F9
F10
F11
F12
F13
F14
F15
F16
F17
F18
F19
F20
F21
F22
F23*
F24*
F25
F26
F27
F28
F29
F30
F31
F32
F33
F34
F35*
F36*

Appearance
Absence of film
Brittle
Thin, Brittle
Thin, Brittle
Absence of film
Thin, Sticky
Smooth, Flexible
Smooth, Flexible
Absence of film
Uneven, Thin, Sticky
Thin, Sticky
Thin, Sticky
Absence Of Film
Brittle, Rough
Rough
Rough, Brittle
Absence Of Film
Brittle, Thick
Rough, Thick
Thick, Sticky
Absence Of Film
Brittle, Thin
Smooth, Flexible
Smooth, Flexible
Absence Of Film
Brittle
Brittle
Brittle, Thick
Absence Of Film
Brittle
Thick, Rough
Thick, Rough
Absence Of Film
thick, brittle
Flexible, Smooth
Smooth, Flexible

Table 5: Physicochemical Properties of Ibuprofen Transdermal Patches

For.
Code
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6

Appearance

Avg.Thic-kness
(mm)

Smooth,
Flexible
Smooth,
Flexible
Smooth,
Flexible
Smooth,
Flexible
Smooth,
Flexible
Smooth,
Flexible

0.252
0.024
0.274
0.038
0.192
0.016
0.210
0.122
0.152
0.115
0.172
0.057

Tensile
Strength
(kg/cm2)

Folding
Edurance

Drug
Content

4.00.057

120

2.6

4.20.208

125

2.59

4.80.115

130

2.61

5.00.208

133

2.58

3.20.038

80

2.62

3.80.101

85

2.63

Weight
Uniformity
(gm)
0.468
0.03
0.47
0.06
0.45
0.03
0.45
0.02
0.441
0.019
0.429
0.021

Flatness
(%)
98
98.5
97.4
98
95.5
96

able 6: Physicochemical Properties of Ibuprofen Transdermal Patches

Form.
Code

Moisture
Content
(%)

Moisture
Uptake
(%)

Water Vapor
Transmission Rate
(gm/cm. day)

D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6

5.9
6.8
16.2
17.7
12.7
13.6

13.5
14.8
19.5
20.2
15.5
16.3

8.57*10-3
16.03*10-3
18.5*10-3
20.1*10-3
12.7*10-3
14.0*10-3

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%Swelling Index
5min
73.5
75.9
66.5
67.1
60.5
62.2

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10min
75.9
77.0
67.7
68.5
63.6
64.5

30min
77.1
78.7
70.4
72.5
64.2
66.2

60min
78.7
80.0
72.5
78.5
65.8
67.7

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% C u m u la tiv e re le a s e

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

Time(hrs)
D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

Fig. 7: InVitro Diffusion Profiles of Transdermal Patches

Fig. 8: Transdermal Patches

Table 7: Release Kinetics of Transdermal Patches (D4)
Form.
Code

% Cumulative
release

D4

86

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Higuchis
equation
R2
0.9398

Korsmeyers-peppas
equation
R2
n
0.9698
0.5072

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Higuchi plot

% C um ulative released

8
7
6
5
4
3
Actual
2

Matrix

1
0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Square root of time

Fig. 9: Release Kinetics Using Higuchi Equation (D4)

peppas Plot

log cumulative % release

9
8
7
6
5
4
3

Actual

Peppas

1
0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

log Time

Fig 10: Release Kinetics Using Peppas Equation (D4)

Table 8: Results of Primary Skin

Irritation Test of Transdermal Films
Days
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Erythema
formation
Control
Test
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

CONCLUSION
Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems are ideally
suited for drugs that undergo hepatic first pass
metabolism along with a short elimination half life
of less than 4 hours. Ibuprofen Transdermal
patches were prepared by using plain Chitosan,
plain HPMC and Chitosan/HPMC. Among all the
patches D4 showed optimum sustained release
characteristics following Non-Fickian type of
diffusion.
Hence
it can
conclude the
Chitosan/HPMC (75:25) with 30% plasticizer may
be suitable for development of Transdermal Drug
Delivery System of Ibuprofen.

www.ijrpbsonline. com

Edema formation
Control
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Test
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge the kind help
received from Aescul Pharma, Ongole, Andhra
Pradesh, for gift samples of ibuprofen and various
polymers like chitosan and HPMCE5LV. We also
acknowledge the cooperation provided by PRIST
UNIVERSITY for FTIR studies
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