Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Geologi Fisik
(Sejarah, Struktur & Komposisi Bumi)

Oleh :
Irvani

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Referensi :
Thomson, G. R. and Turk, J. 1991. Modern Physical Geology.
Saunder College Publishing, USA.
Lutgens, F. K., Tarbuck, E. J. and Tasa, D. 2012. Essentials of
Geology, 11th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Freeman, T. 2004. Environmental Geology Laboratory. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., USA.
Monroe, J. S. and Wicander, R. 2009. The Changing Earth:
Exploring Geology and Evolution. 5th Edition. Pre-Press PMG, USA.
Carlson, D. H., Plummer, C. C. and Hammersley, L. 2011. Physical
Geology : Earth Revealed. 9th Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Bates, R.L. and Jackson, J.A., 1987. Glossary Geology. 3th Edition.
American Geological Institute Elexandria, Virginia.
Williams, L. 2004. Earth Science Demystified. McGraw-Hill, New
York.
DLL

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Materi :
-

Pendahuluan (P.1)
Sejarah, Struktur & Komposisi Bumi (P.2)
Proses-Proses Geologi & Tektonik Lempeng (P.3-4)
Pengenalan Unsur, Mineral & Batuan (P.5-8) :
- Unsur & Mineral
- Batuan Beku
- Batuan Sedimen
- Batuan Metamorf
Prinsip Stratigrafi, Paleontologi & Umur Geologi (P.9)
Pengenalan Struktur Geologi (P.10-11)
Pengenalan Hidrogeologi & Geomorfologi (P.12)
Pengenalan Kebencanaan Geologi (P.13)
Pengenalan Peta, Kompas, Navigasi dan Peralatan
Geologi (P.14)
Kuliah Lapangan (Situasional)

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FENOMENA KEBUMIAN SEBAGAI

OBJEK ILMU PENGETAHUAN

Atmosfer (Tentang Udara / Non

Geologi)

Geografi

Meteorologi Klimatologi

Cuaca / Iklim (Angin; Curah Hujan)

Topan, Badai, Tornado
Temperatur Bumi, Kekeringan

Permukaan Tanah/Laut

Litosfer (Tentang Bumi / Geologi)

Geodesi

Geofisika Geokimia - Paleontologi

Petrologi Mineralogi - Stratigrafi

Bachtiar (2008)-Slide

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Specialties of Geology and Their Broad

Relationship to the Other Sciences

Monroe & Wicander (2009)

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Pencatatan Sejarah Bumi

The nature of our Earthits materials and
its processeshas been a focus of study
for centuries. Writings about fossils, gems,
earthquakes, and volcanoes date back to
the Greeks, more than 2300 years ago.

Lutgens, Tarbuck and Tasa (2012)

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..... Sejarah Pembentukan Bumi

Competition of ideas: catastrophism

or uniformitarianism?
Catastrophism (mid. 1600an)
Catastrophists
believed
that
Earths
landscapes had been shaped primarily by
great catastrophes. Features such as
mountains and canyons were explained as
having been produced by sudden and often
worldwide disasters produced by unknown
causes that no longer operate.
Lutgens, Tarbuck and Tasa (2012)

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...... Catastrophism
Examples of catastrophic
events: asteroid impacts,
mass extinctions, eruptions
of supervolcanoes

Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)

father of catastrophism and vertebrate, paleontology,
established extinction as a fact. Professor and later
secretary of a National Institute, held important
government positions during both Napoleon and
Bourbons.
Durant (?) - Slide

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Uniformitarianism (1700an)
Uniformitarianism: physical, chemical and
biological laws that operate today also
operated in geologic past. All changes were
slow and gradual.
The Present is a key to the past

Durant (?) - Slide

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........ Uniformitarianism

James Hutton (1726-1797)

Most famous advocate of
uniformitarianism
The Principles of Geology
(3 volumes, 1830-33)
Durant (?) - Slide

Charles Lyell (1797-1875)

Father of uniformitarianism,
trained as lawyer and
Doctor. Recognized the
immensity of geologic time.
Theory of the Earth

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Pembentukan Bumi & Semesta

Big Bang dan Teori Nebula (Geologi modern)

Scenario begins about 13.7 billion years ago with the Big Bang.
The debris from this explosion (almost hydrogen and helium),
began to cool and condense into the first stars and galaxies.
Lutgens, Tarbuck and Tasa (2012)

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Struktur Bumi
Subsystems of Earth :
The atmosphere,
hydrosphere,
biosphere, lithosphere,
mantle, and core.

Monroe & Wicander (2009)

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.....Struktur Bumi
Interactions Among Earths
Principal Subsystems

Monroe & Wicander (2009)

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Struktur Tubuh Bumi

Earths interior is
divided into three
different layers based
on compositional
differencesthe crust,
mantle, and core.

Lutgens, Tarbuck and Tasa (2012)

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....Struktur Tubuh Bumi

Schmince (2004)

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.....Struktur Tubuh Bumi

Earths interior based on physical propertiesthe

lithosphere, asthenosphere, lower mantle, outer core,
and inner core.
Lutgens, Tarbuck and Tasa (2012)

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.....Struktur Tubuh Bumi

The rigid lithosphere includes the crust and uppermost mantle; it

forms the plates. The ductile asthenosphere acts as a lubricating
layer beneath the lithosphere. Oceanic lithosphere averages 70
kilometers thick; continental lithosphere varies from 125 to 250
kilometers thick.

Carlson et al. (2011)

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..... Struktur Tubuh Bumi

Estimated (A) temperature and
(B) pressure with depth into Earth

Carlson et al. (2011)

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.....Struktur Tubuh Bumi

Temperature
2800

Temperature (K)

2600
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
0

1000

2000

3000

Depth (km)
CIDER/ITP Course (2004) - Slide

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.....Struktur Tubuh Bumi

Pressure
350
PREM

Upper Mantle

250
200

Transition Zone

Pressure (GPa)

300

Lower
Mantle

150
Outer
Core

100

Inner
Core

50
0
0

2000

4000

6000

Depth (km)
CIDER/ITP Course (2004) - Slide

10

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Geofisika Struktur Bumi

The P-wave shadow zone, caused by

refraction of P waves within the Earths
core.

The S-wave shadow zone. Because no S

waves pass through the core, the core is
apparently a liquid (or acts like a liquid).

Carlson et al. (2011)

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....... Geofisika Struktur Bumi

The velocity of seismic P and S waves generally increases with depth

except in the low-velocity zone. The plastic asthenosphere slows down
seismic waves. Velocity increases at 400 and 670 kilometers may be
caused by mineral collapse.
Carlson et al. (2011)

11

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.....Geofisika Struktur Bumi

Characteristics of Oceanic Crust
and Continental Crust

Carlson et al. (2011)

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Struktur Kulit Bumi

Earths Crust
ocean

ocean

shelf

Continental crust (SIAL)

slope

Oceanic crust (SIMA)

Durant (?) - Slide

12

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........ Struktur Kulit Bumi

Idealized cross section of a continent
Orogenic belt
(mountains): deformed,
folded and faulted,
rocks

Platform: mostly flat

(undeformed)
Phanerozoic rocks (0-540 ma)
Shield: Oldest
(Precambrian)
rocks exposed

Orogenic belt

shield+ platform= craton

Durant (?) - Slide

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.......Struktur Kulit Bumi

Profiles of seafloor topography

The vertical scales differ from the horizontal scales, causing vertical
exaggeration, which makes slopes appear steeper than they really are.
Carlson et al. (2011)

13

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.......Struktur Kulit Bumi

Continental shelf and continental slope

(A) Vertical exaggeration 25 times.

The continental slope has an actual
slope of only 4 or 5 degrees, but the
great vertical exaggeration
of this drawing about 60.

The continental shelf lies upon

continental crust, and the
continental rise lies upon oceanic
crust.

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Carlson et al. (2011)

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.......Struktur Kulit Bumi

Passive Continental Margin

A contour current flowing along the continental margin shapes

the continental rise by depositing fine sediment. Coarse layers
within the continental rise were deposited by turbidity currents
flowing down the continental slope.
Carlson et al. (2011)

14

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.......Struktur Kulit Bumi

Active continental margin

Carlson et al. (2011)

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.......Struktur Kulit Bumi

mid-oceanic ridge

(A) Hydrothermal circulation of seawater

at ridge crest creates hot springs and
metallic deposits in rift valley.
(B) Black smoker or submarine hot
spring on the crest of the mid-oceanic
ridge in the Pacific Ocean
Carlson et al. (2011)

15

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....... mid-oceanic ridge

fast-spreading: magma enters a large magma chamber in

crust;broad bulge exists at ridge
slow-spreading: magma chamber freezes between pulses of
spreading; axial rift valley occurs

from: http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270

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.......Struktur Kulit Bumi

Seamounts

(A) Seamounts are conical mountains on the sea floor,

(B) The flat summit of a guyot was probably eroded by
waves when the top of a seamount was above sea level.
(C) The present depth of a guyot is due to subsidence.
Carlson et al. (2011)

16

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.......Struktur Kulit Bumi

Shape of Ocean floor

Durant (?) - Slide

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Komposisi Bumi

Reichard (2011)

17

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........ Komposisi Bumi

Komposisi Kerak Bumi

Reichard (2011)

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Lifetime Mineral Usage

According to the Mineral
Information Institute in Golden,
Colorado, the average American
born in 2006 has a life
expectancy of 77.8 years and will
need 1,672,393 kg of minerals,
metals, and fuels to sustain his or
her standard of living over a
lifetime. That is an average of
21,496 kg of mineral and energy
resources per year for every
man, woman, and child in the
United States.

Monroe & Wicander (2009)

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Terima Kasih

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